Sambalpuri is an Indo-Aryan language variety spoken in western Odisha, India. It is alternatively known as Western Odia, and as Kosali (with variants Kosli, Koshal and Koshali),[6] a recently popularised but controversial term, which draws on an association with the historical region of Dakshina Kosala, whose territories also included the present-day Sambalpur region.[7][8]
Its speakers usually perceive it as a separate language, while outsiders have seen it as a dialect of Odia,[9] and standard Odia is used by Sambalpuri speakers for formal communication.[10] A 2006 survey of the varieties spoken in four villages found out that they share three-quarters of their basic vocabulary with Standard Odia.[11]
Distribution of Sambalpuri language in the district of Odisha[12]
Bargarh (42.9%)
Subarnapur (13.8%)
Balangir (12.7%)
Sambalpur (10.4%)
Jharsuguda (9.3%)
Nuapada (5.5%)
Boudh (3.4%)
Sundargarh (1.6%)
Other districts (0.4%)
There were 2.63 million people in India who declared their language to be Sambalpuri at the 2011 census, almost all of them residents in Odisha.[12] These speakers were mostly concentrated in the districts of Bargarh (1,130,000 speakers), Subarnapur (364,000), Balangir (335,000), Sambalpur (275,000), Jharsuguda (245,000), Nuapada (145,000), Baudh (90,700), and Sundargarh (42,700).[13]
Script
The inscriptions and literary works from the Western Odisha region used the Odia script, which is attested through the inscriptions like the Stambeswari stone inscription of 1268 CE laid by the Eastern Ganga monarch Bhanu Deva I at Sonepur and the Meghla grant and Gobindpur charter of Raja Prithvi Sing of Sonepur State[14] and also through the major epic Kosalananda Kavya composed during the 17th century Chauhan rule under Raja Baliar Singh of the Sambalpur State, which was written in Sanskrit in Odia script.[15]
The Devanagari script may have been used in the past,[16] (the Hindi language was mandated in administration and education in Sambalpur for the brief period 1895–1901)[17]
Phonology
Sambalpuri has 28 consonant phonemes, 2 semivowel phonemes and 5 vowel phonemes.[18]
The following is a list of features and comparison with Standard Odia:[20]
Some key features include-
r-insertion: insertion or paragogue of /r/ at the end of Sambalpuri verbs
Word Medial Vowel Deletion: Syncope of certain word medial vowels, with exceptions seen in -ai diphthongs.
Vowel Harmony: a shift of /o/ to /u/. This is also seen in the Baleswari Odia dialect and to an extent the Ganjami Odia dialect.
Word Final Vowel Deletion: Apocope of word-final schwa (see Schwa deletion).
Voiced retroflex consonant usage: Absence of voiced retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ] (ଳ) and limited usage of voiced retroflex nasal ɳ (ଣ).[19]
Voiced retroflex consonant
Standard Odia
Sambalpuri
Meaning
କଣ (kaṇa)
କଣ୍ (kaṇ)
what
Word Medial Vowel Deletion: Syncope
Standard Odia
Sambalpuri
Meaning
ପଢ଼ିବା (paṛibā) padhibā
ପଢ଼୍ବାର୍ (paṛbār) padhbār
to study
ଗାଧେଇବା (gādheibā)
ଗାଧ୍ବାର୍ (gādhbār)
to bath
ହସିବା (hasibā)
ହସ୍ବାର୍ (hasbār)
to laugh
ବୁଲିବା (bulibā)
ବୁଲ୍ବାର୍ (bulbār)
to roam
ରାନ୍ଧିବା (rāndhibā)
ରାନ୍ଧ୍ବାର୍ (rāndhbār)
to cook
ଖେଳିବା (kheḷibā)
ଖେଲ୍ବାର୍ (khelbār)
to play
Exceptions to Word Medial Vowel Deletion: seen in '-ai' diphthongs
Standard Odia
Sambalpuri
Meaning
ଖାଇବା (khāibā)
ଖାଏବାର୍ (khāebār)
to eat
ଗାଇବା (gāibā)
ଗାଏବାର୍ (gāebār)
to sing
ପାଇବା (pāibā)
ପାଏବାର୍ (pāebār)
to get
ହାଇ (hāi)
ହାଇ (hāi)
yawn
ଗାଇ (gāi)
ଗାଏ (gāe)
cow
Vowel Harmony: 'o' to 'u' phoneme shift, feature also seen in Baleswari Odia dialect
Standard Odia
Sambalpuri
Meaning
ଶୋଇବା (soibā)
ସୁଇବାର୍ (suibār)
to sleep
ଖୋଜିବା (khojibā)
ଖୁଜ୍ବାର୍ (khujbār)
to search
Lengthening of Vowel Sound: vowels which appear in between consonants take their longer counterpart
Standard Odia
Sambalpuri
Meaning
ପାଣି (pāṇi)
ପାଏନ୍ (pāen)
water
ଚାରି (cāri)
ଚାଏର୍ (cāer)
four
Consonant shift- shift of 'ḷ' phoneme to 'l'
Standard Odia
Sambalpuri
Meaning
ଫଳ (phaḷa)
ଫଲ୍ (phal)
fruit
Word Final Vowel Deletion(Schwa deletion Apocope)- a characteristic feature of Sambalpuri
Standard Odia
Sambalpuri
Meaning
ଭଲ (bhala)
ଭଲ୍ (bhal)
good
ବାଘ (bāgha)
ବାଘ୍ (bāgh)
tiger
କୁକୁର (kukura)
କୁକୁର୍ (kukur)
dog
ଲୋକ (loka)
ଲୋକ୍ (lok)
people
ଗଛ (gacha)
ଗଛ୍ (gach)
tree
ଫୁଲ (phula)
ଫୁଲ୍ (phul)
flower
ଭାତ (bhāta)
ଭାତ୍ (bhāt)
rice
ଘର (ghara)
ଘର୍ (ghar)
house
Sambalpuri words
Standard Odia
Sambalpuri
Meaning
ମାଛ (mācha)
ଝୁରି (jhuri)
fish
ବାଣ (bāṇa)
ଫଟ୍କା (phatka)
firecracker
Language movement
There has been a language movement campaigning for the recognition of the language. Its main objective has been the inclusion of the language into the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution.[21][22]
Literature
Satya Narayan Bohidar, writer and pioneer of Sambalpuri literature. Notable works include Ṭikcaham̐rā (1975), Sambalapurī bhāshāra sabda-bibhaba: bā, Saṃkshipta Sambalapurī byākaraṇa o racanā (1977)[23]
Haldhar Nag, Sambalpuri poet popularly known as "Lok kabi Ratna". His notable Sambalpuri works are Lokgeet, Samparda, Krushnaguru, Mahasati Urmila, Tara Mandodari, Achhia, Bacchhar, Siri Somalai, Veer Surendra Sai, Karamsani, Rasia Kavi, Prem Paechan.[25] His works has been compiled into "Lokakabi Haladhar Granthabali"[26] and "Surata". He was awarded the Padma Shri in 2016.[27][28]
↑ Mahapatra, B.P. (2002). Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa(PDF). Kolkata, India: Language Division, Office of the Registrar General. p.67,68. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
Datta, S.P. (2002). "Sambalpuri dialect". Linguistic survey of India: special studies: Orissa. Special studies / Linguistic Survey of India. Kolkata: Language Division, Office of the Registrar General, India. pp.67–93.
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