Pattachitra

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Pattachitra
Geographical indication
Patta Chitra 03.jpg
Extrait de Chandi Mangal de Hazra Chitrakar (Naya Bengale) (1439702942).jpg
Odisha Pattachitra (top) depicting Radha Krishna. Patachitra (bottom) depicting Durga.
Alternative namesPatachitra
DescriptionPatachitra (or Pattachitra in Odisha) is an old traditional art of Odisha and West Bengal
Area
Country India
Registered
  • Odisha Pattachitra: 10 July 2008
  • Bengal Patachitra: 28 March 2018
MaterialCloth, Palm leaf, Paper, Color, Theme
Official website ipindiaservices.gov.in

Patachitra or Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, cloth-based scroll painting, [5] based in the eastern Indian states of Odisha, [6] [7] West Bengal [8] and parts of Bangladesh. Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. Pattachitra is one of the ancient artworks of Odisha, originally created for ritual use and as souvenirs for pilgrims to Puri, as well as other temples in Odisha. [9] Patachitras are a component of an ancient Bengali narrative art, originally serving as a visual device during the performance of a song. [10]

Contents

Etymology

In Sanskrit, the word paṭṭa means "cloth" and chitra means "picture". Most of these paintings depict stories of Hindu deities. [11]

Early history

Charanachitras, Mankhas, Yamapatas were ancient form of paintings executed on textile-scrolls and dealt with themes of a narrative-didactive nature of storytelling which finds mentions in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist texts, according to historian N.R Ray these textile-scroll paintings were ancestor of Pattachitra art from. [12]

Odisha Pattachitra

Pattachitra is a traditional painting of Odisha, India. [1] These paintings are based on Hindu mythology and specially inspired by Jagannath and Vaishnava sect. [13] All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are made fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of Odisha. The name Pattachitra has evolved from the Sanskrit words patta, meaning canvas, and chitra, meaning picture. Pattachitra is thus a painting done on canvas, and is manifested by rich colourful application, creative motifs, and designs, and portrayal of simple themes, mostly mythological in depiction. [14] The traditions of pattachitra paintings are more than thousand years old. [15] [16]

Study of a Pattachitra painting depicting the Gopis on the banks of the Yamuna, circa 1550. Odisha. Ostindischer Meister 001.jpg
Study of a Pattachitra painting depicting the Gopis on the banks of the Yamuna, circa 1550. Odisha.

Origin

Pattachitra painting of Raga Kodaba of Odissi music depicted in the form of two lovers. Pigment on cloth, 16 x 12cm, Odisha, mid-nineteenth century. Private collection Two lovers, folio from a Ragamala album.jpg
Pattachitra painting of Raga Kodaba of Odissi music depicted in the form of two lovers. Pigment on cloth, 16 x 12cm, Odisha, mid-nineteenth century. Private collection
Large earthen pot with the outer surface and the lid painted with Pattachitra, Odisha Museum, India. Earthen pot with lid.jpg
Large earthen pot with the outer surface and the lid painted with Pattachitra, Odisha Museum, India.

The paintings of Odisha can be divided into three categories from the point of view of medium, i.e. paintings on cloth or 'Patta Chitra', paintings on walls or 'Bhitti Chitra' and palm leaf engravings or "Tala Patra Chitra' or "Pothi, Chitra'. [17] The style of all these remains more or less the same at a specific time because then the artists were commissioned to work in all these media, it is believed.[ according to whom? ][ citation needed ]

The painting the 'pattachitra' resemble the old murals of Odisha especially religious centres of Puri, Konark and Bhubaneshwar region, dating back to the 5th century BC. The best work is found in and around Puri, especially in the village of Raghurajpur. [18]

Pattachitra made on palm leaf, Odisha. Pattachitra Painting (16419923734).jpg
Pattachitra made on palm leaf, Odisha.

This old tradition of Odia painting still survives in places like Puri, Raghurajpur, Paralakhemundi, Chikiti and Sonepur. Lord Jagannath in the present form is being taken as the origin of the Patta style. The colour schemes of the deities of Puri are quite similar to those of the Patta style. The oldest record of Patta Paintings does not probably go beyond the establishment of the present shrine of Shri Jagannath at Puri. It may be due to the fact that paintings do not survive like sculptures. The paints inside the shrines of Lord Jagannath at Puri make the date probable. The oldest classical marble paintings of Sitabanji at Keonjhar do not conform to the present style of Patta painting wholly. The wooden statues of the three deities are also covered with cloth and then overlaid with glue mixed with chalk, and then given paint only with four limited colours of red, yellow, white and black. The deities who are held in high esteem by the Odias and who inspire religion, life and activity of the people also carry with them a tradition of art and painting which is as old as the deities themselves. If the Savara origin of Jagannath is accepted, the date of the Patta paintings can be dated back to an earlier period. These paintings were originally substitutes for worship on days when the idols were kept away from the public after their ritual bath. [19]

Theme and style

Pattachitra of Lord Jagarnath Easy Pattachitra of Lord Jagarnath.jpg
Pattachitra of Lord Jagarnath

The theme of Odia painting centres round the Jagannath and the Vaishnava sect. Since beginning of Pattachitra culture, Lord Jagannath who was an incarnation of Lord Krishna has been the major source of inspiration. The subject matter of Pattachitra is mostly mythological, religious stories and folk lore. Themes are chiefly on Lord Jagannath and Radha-Krishna, different "Vesas" of Shri Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra, temple activities, the ten incarnations of Vishnu basing on the 'Gita Govinda' of Jayadev, Kama Kujara Navagunjara, Ramayana, Mahabharata. [20] The individual paintings of gods and goddesses are also being painted.

The Pattachitra style are mix of both folk and classical elements but leanings more towards folk forms. The dress style has Mughal influences. All of the poses have been confined to a few well-defined postures. These are not free from monotonous repetitions, though at times this is necessary to accentuate the narrative character of the style. The lines are bold and clean and angular and sharp. Generally, there are no landscapes, perspectives, and distant views. All the incidents are seen in close juxtaposition. The background on which the figures are represented, is delineated with decorations of flowers and foliages and is mostly painted in red colour. All the paintings are given decorative borders. The whole painting is conceived in the form of a design on a given canvas.

The themes may be classified into following categories [21]

Technique

Modern-day Pattachitra depicting Kanchi Bijaya. Pattachitras were inspired by Jagannath culture in Odisha Patta Chitra 01.jpg
Modern-day Pattachitra depicting Kanchi Bijaya. Pattachitras were inspired by Jagannath culture in Odisha
Sankhanabhi Pata, Pattachitra map of the Puri temple, with many human and sacred figures, buildings and animals. By a painter of Puri, Odisha, ca. 1880/1910. Balarama, Subhadra and Jagannath in the temple at Puri, with Wellcome V0017732.jpg
Sankhanabhi Pata, Pattachitra map of the Puri temple, with many human and sacred figures, buildings and animals. By a painter of Puri, Odisha, ca. 1880/1910.

Traditionally the painters are known as chitrakars. A patta painter's home with all the members of family is his studio. Woman members prepare the glue, the canvas and apply colours what we call the fill-in, and give the final lacquer coating. The master hand, mostly the male member, draws the initial line and gives the final finishing.

Patta paintings are done on small strips of cotton cloth. The canvas is prepared by coating the clothing with a mixture of chalk and gum made from Guar or tamarind seeds. Then it is rubbed by taking the help of two different stones and then the cloth is dried. The mixture of gum and chalk gives the cloth's surface a leathery finish on which the artists paint with vegetable, earth and stone colours. [23]

The painters do not use pencil or charcoal for the preliminary drawings. They are so expert in the line that they simply draw directly with the brush either in light red or yellow. Then the colours are filled in. The final lines are drawn and the patta is given a lacquer coating to protect it from weather, thus making the painting glossy. This process of glazing or varnishing is quite interesting. The painting is held over a fireplace so that the back of the painting is exposed to heat. On the surface of the painting fine lacquer is applied.[ citation needed ]

Colour

Pattachitras are painted in five natural colours - Hingula, Haritala, Kala, Sankha and Geru which are - Vermilion, Green, Black, Pearl White and Brick Orange respectively. There are typical scenes and figures like Krishna, Gopis, elephants, trees and other creatures are seen in these paintings. Krishna is always painted in blue and Gopis in light pink, purple or brown colours. [24]

The painters use vegetable and mineral colours without going for factory-made poster colours. They prepare their own colours. [25] White colour is made from the conch-shells by powdering, boiling and filtering in a very hazardous process. It requires a lot of patience. But this process gives brilliance and premanence to the hue. 'Hingula', a mineral colour, is used for red. 'Haritala', king of stone ingredients for yellow, 'Ramaraja' a sort of indigo for blue are being used. Pure lamp-black or black prepared from the burning of coconut shells are used. [26] There was no blue either cobalt or ultramarine in the earlier colour schemes. The colours used in the Patta paintings are primarily bright colours, limited to red, yellow, indigo, black and white. The brushes that are used by these 'Chitrakaras' are also indigenous and are made of hair of domestic animals. A bunch of hair tied to the end of a bamboo stick make the brush. [27]

Palm leaf Pattachitra

Palm leaf pattachitra which is in Oriya language known as Tala Pattachitra drawn on palm leaf. First of all palm leaves are left for becoming hard after being taken from the tree. Then these are sewn together to form like a canvas. The images are traced by using black or white ink to fill grooves etched on rows of equal-sized panels of palm leaf that are sewn together. These panels can also be easily folded like a fan and packed in a compact pile for better conservation. Often palm-leaf illustrations are more elaborated, obtaining by superimposing layers that are glued together for most of the surface, but in some areas can open like small windows to reveal a second image under the first layer. [28]

Tala-pattachitra, palm leaf manuscript illustrating Labanyabati of Kabi Samrata Upendra Bhanja. Left detail, India, Odisha, late 18th century - Hanuman and Bharata at Nandigrama (verso) - 1979.21.b - Cleveland Museum of Art. Left detail, India, Orissa, late 18th century - The Monkeys and Bears Fight Ravana and His Demons (verso) - 1979.21.b - Cleveland Museum of Art (cropped).jpg
Tala-pattachitra, palm leaf manuscript illustrating Labanyabati of Kabi Samrata Upendra Bhanja. Left detail, India, Odisha, late 18th century - Hanuman and Bharata at Nandigrama (verso) - 1979.21.b - Cleveland Museum of Art.

Bengal Patachitra

The Bengal Patachitra refers to the painting of West Bengal and Bangladesh. It is a traditional and mythological heritage of West Bengal. The Bengal Patachitra is divided into some different aspects like Durga Pat, Chalchitra , Tribal Patachitra, Medinipur Patachitra, and Kalighat Patachitra . [29] The subject matter of Bengal Patachitra is mostly mythological, religious stories, folk lore and social. The Kalighat Patachitra, the last tradition of Bengal Patachitra is developed by Jamini Roy. The artist of the Bengal Patachitra is called Patua. [30]

Patachitra of Naya village in West Bengal is now collected in National Museum of Ethnology (henceforth MNE) in Lisbon. [31]

Origin

Patua scroll on display at Archaeological activities exhibition of Bengal Patachitra Pattachitra - Archaeological Activities Exhibition - Directorate of Archaeology & Museums - West Bengal - Kolkata 2014-09-14 7907.JPG
Patua scroll on display at Archaeological activities exhibition of Bengal Patachitra

Patachitra is known for its excellent play of colour. It is a traditional folk art form of rural Bengal. There are some controversial opinions about the dates of ancient Patas. But it has been suggested on the basis of historical themes connected with the accompanied songs like Patua Sangeet. It dates back to the Pre- Pala period which is still tucked away with small villages of Midnapore, Bankura, Purulia, Howrah, Hooghly and 24 Parganas. [32] There are some Jadu-Patuas painting of mural style in the temples of Bankura District in West Bengal. [33]

Jadupatua painting Jadupatua painting.jpg
Jadupatua painting

Theme and style

Performing the Patua Sangeet by a Patua during an international conference in Kolkata Swarna Chitrakar - Kolkata 2014-02-14 3080.JPG
Performing the Patua Sangeet by a Patua during an international conference in Kolkata

There are many types of Pots like religious, secular. Religious pots encompass the story of Hindu epics like, mythology, Ramayana, Mahabharata narrating stories of Hindu gods and goddesses like Radha Krishna, Chaitanya, Kali, Shiba and the indigenous Bengali folklore of Manasha and Chandi, Behula and Lakshinder being the most popular. Secular pots depicts important news events, scandals accidents etc. such as bus accidents at Narayangarh, rural elections, the rationing system, family planning, evils of the dowry system etc. Every Patachitra has a song related to it, which the artists sing while unfurling the Patachitra. Singing pot in Bengal is called Patua Sangeet. Patua Sangeet or Poter Gan is a cultural tradition of the singing Bengal Patachitra. It is performed by Patua. [34] It is famous in the village part of West Bengal like Birbhum, Jhargram, Bardhaman and Murshidabad as a folk song of West Bengal. [10]

Aspects of painting

Bengal Patachitra painting has a different type of motive and aspects that unrolled the Bengali culture. Using the mythological epic and the natural color it is one of the individual characteristics of the Bengal Patachitra.

Chalchitra

Chalchitra, a part of Bengal Patachitra, referred to the background Patachitra of the Durga Pratima Chalchitra Kumartuli, Kolkata.jpg
Chalchitra, a part of Bengal Patachitra, referred to the background Patachitra of the Durga Pratima

Chalchitra is a part of Bengal Patachitra, It referred to the Debi Chal or Durga chala, the background of the Durga Pratima or idol. [35] Patua, the artists of Chalchitra called it as Pata Lekha, means the writing of Patachitra. [30] 300–400 years old idols of Nabadwip Shakta Rash used Chalchitra as a part of Pratima. At a time, the use of Chalchitra became fade, but now it has a great popularity. [36] Chalchitra artist of Nabadwip, Tapan Bhattacharya said-

It's good to see a lost painting coming back around.

Durga Pot

Durga sara, an aspect of Bengal Patachitra Durga sara Bengal Patachitra.jpg
Durga sara, an aspect of Bengal Patachitra

Durga pot or Durga sara is recognised as the worshiped patachitra. It worshiped in the Hatsarandi Sutradhar society of Birbhum district on Durga puja time. This type of patachitra is also worshiped is Katwa. Durga Pot has a hemispherical Patachitra where Patachitra of Durga is in the middle position. Ram, Sita, Shib, Nandi-Vringi, Brahma, Vishnu, Shumbha-Nishumbha are painted on this kind of Chalchitra. Krishnanager Rajrajeshwari Durga is seen to be uniquely noticed. In the middle of the Chalchitra, there is Panchanan Shib and Parvati is beside him, on one side there is Dasha-mahabidya and the other side, there is Dashabatar. [37]

Technique

The Patachitra of different districts of West Bengal are characterized by many peculiarities in colour and design. The patachitra of Manbhum, now known as Purulia can easily be distinguished by their preference for one particular shade of burnt sienna relieved by white and yellow patches and densely packed composition. The seated figures of Dasaratha and Chand Sadagar of Medinipur crowning the Ramayana and Kamale-Kamini scrolls are impressive and monumental. [38] In the scrolls of pot of Birbhum, Bankura and Burdwan preference for Indian red background usually found, the scrolls of Hooghly preferred a dark brown. The Hooghly and Manbhum 'pats' are peculiar and definitely modernistic with the abstract linear treatment. [39]

Colour

Use of natural color is one of the individual characteristics of the Bengal Patachitra. In general, blue, yellow, green, red, brown, black and white are used in the Patachitra of West Bengal. Chalk dust is used for white color, pauri for yellow color, cultivated indigo for blue, bhushakali for black and mete sindur for red color. [40]

Artists

Bengal Patua artists carry the occupational surname of 'Chitrakar'. They are concentrated in the village of Naya in Medinipur district of West Bengal. Prominent artists include Khandu and Radha Chitrakar and their children Bapi, Samir, Prabir, Laltu, Tagar, Mamoni and Laila Chitrakar. Monimala is known for her use of bold, primal colours and the development of her own iconographic style. [41]

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References

Citations

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  12. ↑ Balakrishna, Sandeep (5 September 2022). "Mankhas as the Extinct Inheritors of a Profound Cultural Treasure". The Dharma Dispatch.
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  20. ↑ "Indian Art » Blog Archive » Patta Chitra Paintings". indianart.in. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  21. ↑ categories of Pattachitra Archived 29 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ "Traditional Art of Odisha : Pattachitra Painting". 2 January 2017. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  23. ↑ "The meticulous process of Pattachitra paintings". Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
  24. ↑ "Radha, Krishna and Gopis in Pattachitra". Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
  25. ↑ "How to do Pattachitra". Archived from the original on 29 July 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
  26. ↑ natural colours used in Pattachitra Archived 29 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ↑ colour brushes used in Pattachitra Archived 29 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ↑ "Patta paintings". Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2010. Palm leaf pattachitra
  29. ↑ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, দেবাশিস. "পটচিত্রের চাহিদা বাড়ছে নবদ্বীপের রাসে". Anandabazar Patrika (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  30. 1 2 Giusti, M. and Chakraborty, U. (ed.). Immagini Storie Parole. Dialoghi di formazione coi dipinti cantati delle donne Chitrakar del West Bengal. Mantova: Universitas Studiorum, 2014, ISBN   978-88-97683-39-1
  31. ↑ Ponte, Inês (13 May 2015). "Cosmopolitan impressions from a contemporary Bengali patachitra painting museum collection in Portugal". Ateliers d'Anthropologie (41). doi: 10.4000/ateliers.9771 . ISSN   1245-1436. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  32. ↑ Sen Gupta, Sankar (1973). The Patas and the Patuas of Bengal. Calcutta: Indian Publications. pp. 54–55.
  33. ↑ Mookerjee, Ajitcoomar (1939). Folk Art of Bengal. University of Calcutta.
  34. ↑ Sri Ashutosh Bhattacharya. Bangiyo Loko-Sangeet Ratnakosh. Kolkata: Paschimbanga Loko Sanskriti Gobeshona Kendra. p. 1041.
  35. ↑ tarapada santra (2000). Paschimbanger lokoshilpa o lokosamaj. Kolkata: Kolkata: lokosanskriti o adibasi sanskriti kendra. p. 12.
  36. ↑ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, দেবাশিস. "পটচিত্রের চাহিদা বাড়ছে নবদ্বীপের রাসে". Anandabazar Patrika (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  37. ↑ ভট্টাচার্য, বিভূতিসুন্দর. "অবক্ষয় আর অবলুপ্তির মাঝে বাংলার চালচিত্র - Anandabazar". Anandabazar Patrika (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  38. ↑ Craft council of West Bengal-1985-86, The Jarana Patachitra of Bengal- Mahamaya, p-112
  39. ↑ D. P. Ghosh, FOLK ART OF BENGAL, Visvabharati, p-4
  40. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  41. ↑ Nair, Sunita (2018). Indigenius Artists India. Mumbai: Sunita Nair. pp. 135–137. ISBN   978-93-5311-387-2.

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