The climate of West Bengal is varied, with tropical savannahs in the southern portions of the state, to humid subtropical areas in the north. Temperatures vary widely, and there are five distinct seasons. The area is vulnerable to heavy rainfall, monsoons, and cyclones. There are some mountains in the area which are generally cold all year round.
There are five main seasons in West Bengal: spring, summer, rainy season, a short autumn, and winter.
Spring is considered the most pleasant season over the plains of West Bengal and lies from mid-February to mid-March and is also the time where Holi is celebrated. Temperatures range between 20 °C – 30 °C and no rainfall. Though occasional rain or light showers are witnessed due to Western disturbances in North India.
The summer season is observed from March to May in most of Bengal.
Temperature
In Bengal, summers can be extremely hot and have high humidity. The plains of South Bengal have a daily maximum temperature around 35–38 °C. [1] [2] It can also exceed 40 °C. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] The western highlands experience a dry summer like northern India. During the day, the temperature ranges from 38 to 42 °C, though it can reach or exceed 45 °C. [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] In summer, the plains of North Bengal are generally cooler than the west and south. [13] [14] [15] In this area, the daily maximum temperature varies from 26 to 32 °C. [16] It occasionally crosses 35 °C. The minimum temperature in summer is approximately 18–22 °C. The Darjeeling hill region is the coolest area in summer. Here, the daily highest temperature is 15–25 °C.
Rainfall
City | Average temperature (°C) | Average Rainfall (mm) |
---|---|---|
Darjeeling | 13.1 | 446 |
Siliguri | 24.2 | 447 |
Jalpaiguri | 24.0 | 453 |
Malda | 28.3 | 188 |
Shantiniketan | 29.4 | 264 |
Behrampore | 29.3 | 136 |
Krishnagar | 29.5 | 96 |
Asansol | 30.0 | 114 |
Bankura | 29.9 | 146 |
Kolkata | 29.8 | 227 |
Digha | 28.4 | 214 |
West Bengal | 26.9 | 248.3 |
Period
In mid-June or early July, the monsoon season starts. [18] It continues until the end of September or early October.
Temperature
In most places, the temperature drops as cloud cover increases. This is less true for the mountains and the Terai Dooars plains, where temperature gradually increases until August.
The maximum temperature of South Bengal's plains and western highlands is 32 °C, [19] 31 °C in North Bengal plains and around 19–20 °C in mountains. Sometimes when the sky gets clear, the temperature rises suddenly. This is known as a monsoon break. This occurs mostly in North Bengal plains and in mountains in July and August when the temperature soars over 36 °C and 24 °C respectively. [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]
Rainfall
Most of the annual rainfall occurs during the monsoon period. Heavy rainfall above 250 cm is observed in the Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar and Cooch Behar district. [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] Later, blowing westwards, the winds cause average rainfall of 125 cm in the northern plains and western plateau region.
City | Average temperature (°C) | Average Rainfall (mm) |
---|---|---|
Darjeeling | 16.4 | 2796 |
Siliguri | 28.1 | 2651 |
Jalpaiguri | 28.0 | 2674 |
Malda | 29.6 | 1207 |
Shantiniketan | 29.4 | 1510 |
Behrampore | 30.2 | 1036 |
Krishnagar | 29.4 | 1348 |
Asansol | 29.5 | 1140 |
Bankura | 30.3 | 1227 |
Kolkata | 29.6 | 1358 |
Digha | 29.1 | 1192 |
West Bengal | 28.1 | 1649.0 |
Period
Autumn lasts for two months, October and November.
Temperature
In autumn, the southwest monsoon wind returns and clears the sky. So, the state gets enough sunshine to be warm in the day and releases a lot of heat to be cool at night.
At this time, a maximum temperature of 30–33 °C is felt over the plains and 17–19 °C in mountains. The minimum temperature is normally around 19–22 °C in plains and 6–11 °C in mountains. [30] Sometimes, cold waves blow over the state in autumn. [31] [32] [33]
Rainfall
In autumn, the southwest monsoon wind returns, and the northeast monsoon wind enters West Bengal. Due to their collision in Bay of Bengal, some cyclones are created. [34] [35] The cyclones cause some rainfall in the state.
City | Average temperature (°C) | Average Rainfall (mm) |
---|---|---|
Darjeeling | 13.4 | 74 |
Siliguri | 23.2 | 181 |
Jalpaiguri | 23.6 | 169 |
Malda | 26.2 | 132 |
Shantiniketan | 25.3 | 212 |
Behrampore | 26.2 | 146 |
Krishnagar | 26.5 | 175 |
Asansol | 24.8 | 125 |
Bankura | 25.9 | 94 |
Kolkata | 26.6 | 216 |
Digha | 25.9 | 240 |
West Bengal | 24.3 | 160.4 |
Period
The winter season usually starts in December and ends in February. [36]
Temperature
In winter, a mild temperature is observed over the plains. The maximum temperature goes to 23–26 °C and the minimum temperature is 9–15 °C in plains of the state. The maximum and minimum temperature in the mountains range from 0–12 °C. Higher regions of the Darjeeling Himalayas get heavy snowfall during winter. [37] [38] [39]
The temperatures of the western highlands at night can drop 7–9 °C, [40] [41] [42] 4–7 °C in Siliguri, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar plains [43] [44] [45] [46] and 10–11 °C in Kolkata [47] [48] [49] [50] when cold waves blow. Darjeeling's temperature can drop below freezing point.
Rainfall
Winter is generally dry. Most days are sunny. Occasionally, slight rainfall occurs because of conditions in northwest India. These are known as western disturbances.
City | Average temperature (°C) | Average Rainfall (mm) |
---|---|---|
Darjeeling | 7.6 | 30 |
Siliguri | 17.3 | 60 |
Jalpaiguri | 18.9 | 36 |
Malda | 20.6 | 27 |
Shantiniketan | 19.7 | 44 |
Behrampore | 20.6 | 32 |
Krishnagar | 20.5 | 29 |
Asansol | 19.7 | 46 |
Bankura | 20.1 | 42 |
Kolkata | 21.6 | 35 |
Digha | 21.1 | 43 |
West Bengal | 17.0 | 38.5 |
Sources: India Meteorological Department [51] [52]
The chart below shows the highest recorded temperatures in individual stations, for all months in West Bengal, with place and date.
Month | Highest Recorded Temperature (°C) | Place | Date |
---|---|---|---|
January | 36.8 | Krishnanagar | 1 January 1977 |
February | 39.3 | Bankura | 26 February 2006 |
March | 44.5 | Behrampore | 27 March 1980 |
April | 47.2 | Kalaikunda | 30 April 2024 |
May | 48.3 | Behrampore | 23 May 1981 |
June | 47.8 | Suri | 10 June 1966 |
July | 43.0 | Krishnanagar | 22 July 1994 |
August | 43.0 | Krishnanagar | 3 August 1994 |
September | 41.0 | Coochbehar | 11 September 1977 |
October | 40.5 | Malda | 1 October 1978 |
November | 38.5 | Bagati | 6 November 1976 |
December | 36.5 | Bagati | 30 December 1984 |
West Bengal | 48.3 | Behrampore | 23 May 1981 |
The chart below shows the lowest recorded temperatures in individual stations, for all months in West Bengal, with place and date.
Month | Lowest Recorded Temperature (°C) | Place | Date |
---|---|---|---|
January | -7.2 | Darjeeling | 30 January 1971 |
February | -6.4 | Darjeeling | 2 February 1971 |
March | -4.8 | Darjeeling | 1 March 1971 |
April | 0.0 | Darjeeling | 16 April 1971 |
May | 1.4 | Darjeeling | 1 May 1981 |
June | 4.6 | Kalimpong | 14 June 1991 |
July | 3.9 | Darjeeling | 26 July 1944 |
August | 7.4 | Kalimpong | 24 August 1971 |
September | 5.9 | Kalimpong | 10 September 1991 |
October | 3.2 | Darjeeling | 31 October 1972 |
November | -4.4 | Darjeeling | 26 November 1970 |
December | -4.6 | Darjeeling | 29 December 1970 |
West Bengal | -7.2 | Darjeeling | 30 January 1971 |
The chart below shows the lowest recorded temperatures in individual stations in the plains, for all months in West Bengal, with place and date.
Month | Lowest Recorded Temperature (°C) | Place | Date |
---|---|---|---|
January | 0.9 | Krishnanagar | 2 January 1986 |
February | 2.2 | Jalpaiguri | 5 February 1914 |
March | 6.2 | Siliguri | 4 March 1965 |
April | 8.1 | Coochbehar | 9 April 2014 |
May | 11.5 | Jalpaiguri | 10 May 1987 |
June | 13.8 | Contai | 12 June 1961 |
July | 12.0 | Krishnanagar | 16 July 1995 |
August | 12.4 | Sandheads | 7 August 1972 |
September | 10.4 | Sandheads | 2 September 1976 |
October | 10.0 | Sandheads | 1995 |
November | 6.4 | Siliguri | 30 November 1971 |
December | 2.4 | Siliguri | 26 December 1961 |
West Bengal | 0.9 | Krishnanagar | 2 January 1986 |
The chart below shows the maximum recorded rainfall in individual stations (observatories) in the state, for all months, with place and date.
Month | Highest Recorded 24 hrs Rainfall (mm) | Place | Date |
---|---|---|---|
January | 134.6 | Darjeeling | 10 January 1967 |
February | 161.0 | Balurghat | 19 February 1989 |
March | 243.2 | Sandheads | 04 March 1990 |
April | 210.0 | Bardhaman | 3 April 1994 |
May | 615.0 | Sandheads | 17 May 1995 |
June | 507.5 | Sandheads | 21 June 1981 |
July | 884.5 | Sagar Islands | 22 July 1991 |
August | 490.0 | Sandheads | 22 August 1991 |
September | 593.6 | Sandheads | 25 September 1986 |
October | 419.2 | Kalimpong | 5 October 1968 |
November | 322.0 | Sandheads | 10 November 1990 |
December | 251.3 | Diamond Harbour | 11 December 1981 |
West Bengal | 884.5 | Sagar Islands | 22 July 1991 |
Annual rainfall varies in different parts of the state. North Bengal receives the highest rainfall, 200 to 400 cm. In the coastal areas rainfall is about 200 cm, in the Ganga plain and in the central part of the state rainfall is about 150–200 cm, and in the western plateau region the amount of rainfall received is about 100 to 125 cm. Drought is a common phenomenon in the Bankura and Purulia districts. Rainfall that occurs in the summer months often brings about heavy storms called Kalbaishakhi.
Name | Lowest Pressure (mbar) | Year | Winds (in km/h) | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|
1970 Bhola Cyclone | 966 | 1970 | ||
BOB 03 | 964 | 1981 | ||
BOB 07 | 994 | 1997 | ||
BOB 06 | 984 | 1998 | ||
BOB 04 | 998 | 2000 | ||
BOB 03 | 970 | 2002 | 100 | |
Sidr | 944 | 2007 | 215 | |
Rashmi | 996 | 2008 | 85 | |
Aila | 970 | 2009 | 120 | |
Komen | 986 | 2015 | 75 | |
Roanu | 983 | 2016 | 85 | |
Mora | 978 | 2017 | 110 | |
Amphan | 925 | 2020 | 240 |
Because of the high altitude, mountainous parts of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri experience a cool temperate and climate. The average temperature in summer is about 15 °C (59 °F), and winter temperature is about 2 °C (36 °F). Snowfall occurs in some parts of this region. Being obstructed by the Himalayas, the region receives heavy rainfall. Due to the scenic beauty and temperate climate of the region, a huge number of tourists visit the areas. Here Kalimpong is another hill station that is visited by many tourists in all seasons for its scenic beauty and the average cool temperature throughout the year.
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 32.8 (91.0) | 38.4 (101.1) | 41.1 (106.0) | 43.3 (109.9) | 43.7 (110.7) | 43.9 (111.0) | 39.9 (103.8) | 38.4 (101.1) | 38.9 (102.0) | 39.0 (102.2) | 34.9 (94.8) | 32.5 (90.5) | 43.9 (111.0) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 29.8 (85.6) | 33.9 (93.0) | 37.5 (99.5) | 38.8 (101.8) | 39.0 (102.2) | 37.8 (100.0) | 36.0 (96.8) | 35.3 (95.5) | 35.5 (95.9) | 35.3 (95.5) | 33.1 (91.6) | 30.0 (86.0) | 39.8 (103.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.5 (77.9) | 29.4 (84.9) | 33.7 (92.7) | 35.4 (95.7) | 35.5 (95.9) | 34.1 (93.4) | 32.5 (90.5) | 32.3 (90.1) | 32.6 (90.7) | 32.3 (90.1) | 30.2 (86.4) | 26.7 (80.1) | 31.7 (89.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.9 (67.8) | 23.8 (74.8) | 28.2 (82.8) | 30.6 (87.1) | 31.2 (88.2) | 30.6 (87.1) | 29.5 (85.1) | 29.4 (84.9) | 29.4 (84.9) | 28.3 (82.9) | 25.1 (77.2) | 21.1 (70.0) | 27.3 (81.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.3 (57.7) | 18.1 (64.6) | 22.9 (73.2) | 25.7 (78.3) | 26.8 (80.2) | 27.1 (80.8) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.6 (79.9) | 26.3 (79.3) | 24.4 (75.9) | 20.1 (68.2) | 15.5 (59.9) | 22.9 (73.2) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 10.9 (51.6) | 12.4 (54.3) | 18.2 (64.8) | 21.1 (70.0) | 21.8 (71.2) | 23.9 (75.0) | 24.3 (75.7) | 24.6 (76.3) | 23.9 (75.0) | 20.9 (69.6) | 16.9 (62.4) | 11.9 (53.4) | 10.0 (50.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | 6.7 (44.1) | 7.2 (45.0) | 10.0 (50.0) | 16.1 (61.0) | 17.9 (64.2) | 20.4 (68.7) | 20.6 (69.1) | 22.6 (72.7) | 20.6 (69.1) | 17.2 (63.0) | 10.6 (51.1) | 7.2 (45.0) | 6.7 (44.1) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 15.4 (0.61) | 24.6 (0.97) | 36.8 (1.45) | 55.0 (2.17) | 118.5 (4.67) | 276.7 (10.89) | 371.6 (14.63) | 372.1 (14.65) | 325.0 (12.80) | 179.6 (7.07) | 32.6 (1.28) | 5.6 (0.22) | 1,813.3 (71.39) |
Average rainy days | 1.1 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 6.2 | 12.6 | 17.5 | 16.8 | 13.6 | 7.4 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 84.2 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 62 | 55 | 51 | 61 | 68 | 77 | 82 | 83 | 82 | 76 | 68 | 65 | 69 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 213.9 | 211.9 | 229.4 | 240.0 | 232.5 | 135.0 | 105.4 | 117.8 | 126.0 | 201.5 | 216.0 | 204.6 | 2,234 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 6.9 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 8.0 | 7.5 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 6.6 | 6.1 |
Average ultraviolet index | 7 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 10 |
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000) [53] [54] [55] [56] Weather Atlas [57] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020) [58] [59] |
Climate data for Kolkata (Dumdum Airport) 1991–2020, extremes 1939–2012 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 32.5 (90.5) | 37.3 (99.1) | 40.6 (105.1) | 42.8 (109.0) | 43.1 (109.6) | 43.7 (110.7) | 39.2 (102.6) | 37.7 (99.9) | 37.5 (99.5) | 36.8 (98.2) | 36.0 (96.8) | 33.0 (91.4) | 43.7 (110.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.3 (77.5) | 29.2 (84.6) | 33.6 (92.5) | 35.9 (96.6) | 36.1 (97.0) | 34.8 (94.6) | 33.2 (91.8) | 33.0 (91.4) | 33.3 (91.9) | 32.5 (90.5) | 30.1 (86.2) | 26.6 (79.9) | 32.0 (89.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) | 22.9 (73.2) | 27.4 (81.3) | 30.1 (86.2) | 30.6 (87.1) | 30.3 (86.5) | 29.5 (85.1) | 29.3 (84.7) | 29.3 (84.7) | 27.9 (82.2) | 24.3 (75.7) | 20.1 (68.2) | 26.6 (79.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) | 16.9 (62.4) | 21.9 (71.4) | 25.2 (77.4) | 26.2 (79.2) | 26.8 (80.2) | 26.6 (79.9) | 26.5 (79.7) | 26.2 (79.2) | 24.1 (75.4) | 19.3 (66.7) | 14.3 (57.7) | 22.2 (72.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) | 6.1 (43.0) | 12.1 (53.8) | 16.6 (61.9) | 17.6 (63.7) | 19.2 (66.6) | 20.1 (68.2) | 21.1 (70.0) | 21.7 (71.1) | 15.7 (60.3) | 11.7 (53.1) | 6.1 (43.0) | 5.0 (41.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 15.8 (0.62) | 20.2 (0.80) | 31.9 (1.26) | 53.4 (2.10) | 140.5 (5.53) | 247.5 (9.74) | 366.5 (14.43) | 355.4 (13.99) | 282.1 (11.11) | 170.2 (6.70) | 21.3 (0.84) | 6.8 (0.27) | 1,711.5 (67.38) |
Average rainy days | 1.1 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 6.6 | 12.4 | 17.6 | 17.1 | 13.0 | 7.1 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 83.8 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 08:30 IST) | 61 | 53 | 49 | 58 | 66 | 76 | 81 | 82 | 81 | 75 | 67 | 66 | 68 |
Source 1: India Meteorological Department [59] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020) [60] |
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 32.5 (90.5) | 33.2 (91.8) | 38.1 (100.6) | 41.7 (107.1) | 40.8 (105.4) | 41.9 (107.4) | 40.4 (104.7) | 40.0 (104.0) | 40.1 (104.2) | 36.6 (97.9) | 33.8 (92.8) | 32.6 (90.7) | 41.9 (107.4) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 25.6 (78.1) | 27.9 (82.2) | 32.8 (91.0) | 34.9 (94.8) | 35.3 (95.5) | 36.3 (97.3) | 36.0 (96.8) | 36.7 (98.1) | 35.8 (96.4) | 33.5 (92.3) | 30.4 (86.7) | 27.2 (81.0) | 37.0 (98.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22 (72) | 24.5 (76.1) | 29.3 (84.7) | 30.8 (87.4) | 29.9 (85.8) | 29.5 (85.1) | 29.1 (84.4) | 29.6 (85.3) | 29.2 (84.6) | 28.5 (83.3) | 26.3 (79.3) | 23.4 (74.1) | 27.7 (81.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.7 (51.3) | 12.8 (55.0) | 16.1 (61.0) | 19.5 (67.1) | 22.1 (71.8) | 24 (75) | 24.6 (76.3) | 24.6 (76.3) | 23.5 (74.3) | 19.7 (67.5) | 15.2 (59.4) | 11.8 (53.2) | 18.7 (65.7) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) | 7.2 (45.0) | 12.5 (54.5) | 16.5 (61.7) | 18.6 (65.5) | 22.0 (71.6) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.6 (74.5) | 21.9 (71.4) | 16.8 (62.2) | 11.9 (53.4) | 7.7 (45.9) | 6.5 (43.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | 1.9 (35.4) | 3.5 (38.3) | 6.2 (43.2) | 9.6 (49.3) | 15.0 (59.0) | 20.0 (68.0) | 21.0 (69.8) | 18.4 (65.1) | 19.8 (67.6) | 12.3 (54.1) | 6.4 (43.5) | 2.4 (36.3) | 1.9 (35.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 23 (0.9) | 24 (0.9) | 34 (1.3) | 76 (3.0) | 249 (9.8) | 628 (24.7) | 843 (33.2) | 589 (23.2) | 403 (15.9) | 121 (4.8) | 10 (0.4) | 11 (0.4) | 3,011 (118.5) |
Average rainy days | 4 | 4 | 5 | 11 | 17 | 20 | 21 | 20 | 18 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 132 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 69 | 65 | 54 | 63 | 79 | 88 | 90 | 88 | 87 | 80 | 70 | 68 | 75 |
Average ultraviolet index | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 9 |
Source 1: normal temperatures [61] [62] Ultraviolet Index [63] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Extremes(India Meteorological Department [64] ), Mean maximum and Mean minimum temperatures [65] |
Climate data for Darjeeling (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.2 (66.6) | 24.0 (75.2) | 27.0 (80.6) | 25.7 (78.3) | 27.7 (81.9) | 28.0 (82.4) | 28.5 (83.3) | 27.5 (81.5) | 26.0 (78.8) | 24.5 (76.1) | 20.0 (68.0) | 28.5 (83.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.7 (51.3) | 12.4 (54.3) | 15.6 (60.1) | 18.5 (65.3) | 19.3 (66.7) | 19.8 (67.6) | 19.6 (67.3) | 20.0 (68.0) | 19.8 (67.6) | 19.5 (67.1) | 17.1 (62.8) | 14.0 (57.2) | 17.2 (63.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) | 7.7 (45.9) | 10.6 (51.1) | 13.7 (56.7) | 14.9 (58.8) | 16.3 (61.3) | 16.5 (61.7) | 16.7 (62.1) | 16.1 (61.0) | 15.0 (59.0) | 11.7 (53.1) | 8.9 (48.0) | 12.9 (55.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.5 (34.7) | 2.9 (37.2) | 5.7 (42.3) | 8.8 (47.8) | 10.6 (51.1) | 12.8 (55.0) | 13.4 (56.1) | 13.4 (56.1) | 12.4 (54.3) | 10.5 (50.9) | 6.3 (43.3) | 3.8 (38.8) | 8.5 (47.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −7.2 (19.0) | −6.4 (20.5) | −4.8 (23.4) | 0.0 (32.0) | 1.4 (34.5) | 6.6 (43.9) | 3.9 (39.0) | 8.0 (46.4) | 6.2 (43.2) | 3.2 (37.8) | −4.4 (24.1) | −4.6 (23.7) | −7.2 (19.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 13.5 (0.53) | 14.0 (0.55) | 30.8 (1.21) | 76.9 (3.03) | 137.9 (5.43) | 466.0 (18.35) | 656.7 (25.85) | 528.2 (20.80) | 379.7 (14.95) | 59.1 (2.33) | 14.4 (0.57) | 2.9 (0.11) | 2,380 (93.70) |
Average rainy days | 1.1 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 6.8 | 10.5 | 18.8 | 22.9 | 21.7 | 14.9 | 2.9 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 105.3 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 81 | 78 | 75 | 78 | 88 | 93 | 94 | 92 | 90 | 84 | 75 | 74 | 84 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 5.4 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 4.5 |
Average ultraviolet index | 5 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 10 |
Source 1: India Meteorological Department [66] [67] UV Index [68] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun 1891–1990) [69] |
Climate data for Jalpaiguri (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 35.4 (95.7) | 35.4 (95.7) | 37.3 (99.1) | 40.0 (104.0) | 40.4 (104.7) | 39.4 (102.9) | 40.9 (105.6) | 38.4 (101.1) | 38.5 (101.3) | 38.4 (101.1) | 38.4 (101.1) | 35.4 (95.7) | 40.9 (105.6) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 27.2 (81.0) | 29.7 (85.5) | 34.1 (93.4) | 35.8 (96.4) | 36.4 (97.5) | 36.7 (98.1) | 36.4 (97.5) | 36.3 (97.3) | 35.6 (96.1) | 34.3 (93.7) | 32.5 (90.5) | 29.4 (84.9) | 37.4 (99.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.5 (74.3) | 26.5 (79.7) | 30.1 (86.2) | 31.8 (89.2) | 32.2 (90.0) | 32.3 (90.1) | 32.1 (89.8) | 32.8 (91.0) | 32.0 (89.6) | 31.5 (88.7) | 29.4 (84.9) | 26.0 (78.8) | 30.1 (86.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.7 (51.3) | 13.4 (56.1) | 17.3 (63.1) | 21.1 (70.0) | 23.3 (73.9) | 25.0 (77.0) | 25.5 (77.9) | 25.6 (78.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 21.8 (71.2) | 17.0 (62.6) | 12.8 (55.0) | 20.0 (68.0) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 7.7 (45.9) | 9.2 (48.6) | 12.8 (55.0) | 16.4 (61.5) | 19.7 (67.5) | 21.3 (70.3) | 22.7 (72.9) | 23.3 (73.9) | 21.5 (70.7) | 18.3 (64.9) | 13.8 (56.8) | 8.7 (47.7) | 8.4 (47.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | 3.8 (38.8) | 2.2 (36.0) | 7.8 (46.0) | 10.3 (50.5) | 11.5 (52.7) | 15.5 (59.9) | 18.1 (64.6) | 18.1 (64.6) | 17.7 (63.9) | 15.4 (59.7) | 9.4 (48.9) | 5.6 (42.1) | 2.2 (36.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 9.0 (0.35) | 16.1 (0.63) | 35.2 (1.39) | 118.7 (4.67) | 332.2 (13.08) | 628.4 (24.74) | 917.3 (36.11) | 624.1 (24.57) | 511.1 (20.12) | 154.1 (6.07) | 7.1 (0.28) | 3.3 (0.13) | 3,356.9 (132.16) |
Average rainy days | 0.8 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 6.9 | 12.5 | 17.4 | 21.2 | 17.5 | 14.3 | 5.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 100.3 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 08:30 IST) | 87 | 81 | 73 | 76 | 81 | 86 | 89 | 87 | 87 | 83 | 79 | 83 | 83 |
Source: India Meteorological Department [70] [71] |
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 33.0 (91.4) | 37.0 (98.6) | 42.0 (107.6) | 45.9 (114.6) | 46.6 (115.9) | 47.0 (116.6) | 41.6 (106.9) | 36.8 (98.2) | 39.1 (102.4) | 37.1 (98.8) | 34.2 (93.6) | 30.7 (87.3) | 47.0 (116.6) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 28.7 (83.7) | 32.8 (91.0) | 38.2 (100.8) | 41.3 (106.3) | 41.7 (107.1) | 40.2 (104.4) | 36.2 (97.2) | 34.9 (94.8) | 35.1 (95.2) | 34.3 (93.7) | 32.1 (89.8) | 29.1 (84.4) | 42.3 (108.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 24.7 (76.5) | 28.2 (82.8) | 33.4 (92.1) | 36.6 (97.9) | 36.7 (98.1) | 34.9 (94.8) | 32.9 (91.2) | 32.5 (90.5) | 32.4 (90.3) | 31.6 (88.9) | 29.5 (85.1) | 26.1 (79.0) | 31.6 (88.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.6 (52.9) | 14.7 (58.5) | 19.3 (66.7) | 23.3 (73.9) | 25.0 (77.0) | 26.0 (78.8) | 26.0 (78.8) | 26.0 (78.8) | 25.3 (77.5) | 22.5 (72.5) | 17.3 (63.1) | 13.0 (55.4) | 20.8 (69.4) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 7.8 (46.0) | 10.5 (50.9) | 14.6 (58.3) | 19.0 (66.2) | 20.8 (69.4) | 22.7 (72.9) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.1 (73.6) | 18.5 (65.3) | 13.0 (55.4) | 9.4 (48.9) | 7.7 (45.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) | 6.0 (42.8) | 11.2 (52.2) | 14.6 (58.3) | 18.1 (64.6) | 18.7 (65.7) | 20.0 (68.0) | 22.4 (72.3) | 17.7 (63.9) | 15.6 (60.1) | 9.7 (49.5) | 6.1 (43.0) | 5.0 (41.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 11.6 (0.46) | 25.1 (0.99) | 33.2 (1.31) | 52.0 (2.05) | 113.8 (4.48) | 229.7 (9.04) | 343.2 (13.51) | 296.7 (11.68) | 267.5 (10.53) | 87.7 (3.45) | 10.5 (0.41) | 9.0 (0.35) | 1,479.9 (58.26) |
Average rainy days | 1.2 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 6.3 | 11.6 | 15.7 | 15.1 | 11.9 | 4.7 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 75.6 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 08:30 IST) | 76 | 68 | 61 | 66 | 73 | 80 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 81 | 75 | 75 | 76 |
Source: India Meteorological Department [72] [73] |
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 34.9 (94.8) | 37.2 (99.0) | 44.5 (112.1) | 46.4 (115.5) | 48.3 (118.9) | 46.9 (116.4) | 40.4 (104.7) | 42.4 (108.3) | 40.3 (104.5) | 39.5 (103.1) | 37.8 (100.0) | 34.0 (93.2) | 48.3 (118.9) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 28.7 (83.7) | 32.8 (91.0) | 38.3 (100.9) | 40.7 (105.3) | 41.2 (106.2) | 39.4 (102.9) | 36.0 (96.8) | 35.9 (96.6) | 36.0 (96.8) | 35.8 (96.4) | 33.6 (92.5) | 30.2 (86.4) | 42.4 (108.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.5 (77.9) | 29.0 (84.2) | 34.0 (93.2) | 37.0 (98.6) | 36.5 (97.7) | 34.9 (94.8) | 33.0 (91.4) | 33.2 (91.8) | 33.1 (91.6) | 33.0 (91.4) | 31.0 (87.8) | 27.3 (81.1) | 32.3 (90.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.2 (54.0) | 15.5 (59.9) | 19.8 (67.6) | 23.7 (74.7) | 25.0 (77.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | 26.3 (79.3) | 25.8 (78.4) | 23.9 (75.0) | 19.1 (66.4) | 14.3 (57.7) | 21.5 (70.7) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 8.9 (48.0) | 11.5 (52.7) | 15.4 (59.7) | 19.3 (66.7) | 20.9 (69.6) | 23.2 (73.8) | 24.0 (75.2) | 24.0 (75.2) | 23.4 (74.1) | 20.3 (68.5) | 14.9 (58.8) | 10.9 (51.6) | 8.8 (47.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) | 5.0 (41.0) | 8.9 (48.0) | 15.0 (59.0) | 15.3 (59.5) | 16.6 (61.9) | 21.0 (69.8) | 19.6 (67.3) | 21.1 (70.0) | 15.6 (60.1) | 8.3 (46.9) | 5.7 (42.3) | 3.9 (39.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 8.2 (0.32) | 17.7 (0.70) | 22.3 (0.88) | 52.4 (2.06) | 129.4 (5.09) | 229.2 (9.02) | 293.7 (11.56) | 269.7 (10.62) | 298.5 (11.75) | 126.7 (4.99) | 9.9 (0.39) | 7.6 (0.30) | 1,465.5 (57.70) |
Average rainy days | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 6.6 | 12 | 13.5 | 13.7 | 12.6 | 5.1 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 71.8 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 63 | 60 | 53 | 58 | 68 | 79 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 78 | 67 | 65 | 70 |
Source: India Meteorological Department [74] [75] |
Kalimpong is a town and the headquarters of an eponymous district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located at an average elevation of 1,250 metres (4,101 ft). The town is the headquarters of the Kalimpong district. The region comes under Gorkhaland Territorial Administration which is an autonomous governing body within the state of West Bengal. The Indian Army's 27 Mountain Division is located on the outskirts of the city.
The climate of Mumbai is tropical, with defined wet and dry seasons. The mean annual temperature is 27.7 °C or 81.9 °F. Average annual rainfall is 2,213.4 millimetres or 87 inches in Colaba, which represents South Mumbai and 2,502.3 millimetres or 99 inches in Santacruz, which represents central and suburban Mumbai. The mean maximum average temperatures is about 32 °C (90 °F) in summer and 30 °C (86 °F) in winter, while the average minimums are 26 °C (79 °F) in summer and 18 °C (64 °F) in winter. The city experiences a lengthy, practically rainless dry season, and a relatively short, but extremely rainy wet season; due to the Southwest Monsoon and orographic influences from the nearby Western Ghats.
The climate of India consists of a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography. Based on the Köppen system, India hosts six major climatic sub types, ranging from arid deserts in the west, alpine tundra and glaciers in the north, and humid tropical regions supporting rain forests in the southwest and the island territories. Many regions have starkly different microclimates, making it one of the most climatically diverse countries in the world. The country's meteorological department follows the international standard of four seasons with some local adjustments: winter, summer, monsoon or rainy season, and a post-monsoon period.
Siliguri is a major tier-II city in West Bengal. It forms "Twin Cities" with the neighbouring district capital of Jalpaiguri. The city spans areas of the Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts in the Indian state of West Bengal. Known as the "Gateway of Northeast India", Siliguri is popular for three Ts: tea, timber and tourism. It is located on the banks of the Mahananda River and the Teesta River at the foothills of the Himalayas. Siliguri is the third largest urban agglomeration in West Bengal, after Kolkata and Asansol.
Bagdogra is a settlement in the Naxalbari CD block in the Siliguri subdivision of the Darjeeling district, in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the Greater Siliguri Metropolitan Area. Bagdogra is well connected by air to six major cities of India – Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Chennai through the Bagdogra Airport. The Bagdogra railway station is also well connected.
New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station established in 1960, is an A1 category broad-gauge and narrow-gauge railway station under Katihar railway division of Northeast Frontier Railway zone. It is the largest and the busiest railway junction of northeast India. This junction is largest among the railway stations which serve the city of Siliguri, the largest metropolis of the North Bengal. The other stations are- Siliguri Junction, Gulma, Bagdogra, Matigara, Rangapani and Siliguri Town. New Jalpaiguri junction ranked 10th cleanest railway station in India in 2016 survey and came among the top 100 booking stations of Indian railway. New Jalpaiguri, as a railway station serves as the entry point to North Bengal, Sikkim, other countries like Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the seven northeastern states. New Jalpaiguri Junction acts as a connecting base for the northeastern states to the Indian mainland.
Purnia is the fourth largest city of Bihar and is emerging as the largest economic hub in North Bihar. It serves as the administrative headquarters of both Purnia district and Purnia division in the Indian state of Bihar. It is well known for its favourable climate like Darjeeling and has an abundance of resources for human settlements and economic activities.
Jalpaiguri is a city in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the headquarters of the Jalpaiguri district as well as of the Jalpaiguri division of West Bengal, covering the jurisdiction of the five districts of North Bengal. The city is located on the banks of the Teesta River which is the second largest river in West Bengal after the Ganges, on the foothills of the Himalayas. The city is home to the circuit bench of the Kolkata High Court, the other seat being at Port Blair in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Jalpaiguri features the Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College, the second campus of the University of North Bengal and the Biswa Bangla Krirangan/ Jalpaiguri Sports Village. It lies 35 km (22 mi) east of its twin city, Siliguri. The merging of the two cities makes it the largest metropolis of the region.
The Dooars or Duars are the alluvial floodplains in eastern-northeastern India and southern Bhutan that lie south of the outer foothills of the Himalayas and north of the Brahmaputra River basin. This region is about 30 km (19 mi) wide and stretches over about 350 km (220 mi) from the Teesta River in West Bengal to the Dhansiri River in Udalguri district of Assam. The region forms the gateway to Bhutan. It is part of the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion.
Bankura is a city and a municipality in the state of West Bengal, India. It is the headquarters of the Bankura district.Bankura was described as Suhmobhumi. The word larh or rarh was introduced after 6th century A.D. It comes from the old Austric word ráŕhá or ráŕho which means “land of red soil”. 2-n ancient times "China called Ráŕh by the name of 'Láti'". 3-n Santali, lar means thread, rarh means tune and larh means snake. 4-.Perhaps the Jain and Greek scholars used this original Austric word larh to indicate this dry forest region which was very difficult. The popularity of Manasa Puja, the worship of Snake-Goddess Manasa, shows this opinion might have some relevance. According to Nilkantha, a commentator of the Mahabharata, the words suhmo [bhumi] and Rarh are synonymous.
The Geography of West Bengal, a state in eastern India, is primarily defined by plains and plateaus, with the high peaks of the Himalayas in the north and the Bay of Bengal to the south.
Digha is a seaside resort town in the state of West Bengal, India. It lies in Purba Medinipur district and at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal. It has a low gradient with a shallow sand beach. It is a popular sea resort in West Bengal.
Delhi features a dry winter humid subtropical climate bordering a hot semi-arid climate, with high variation between summer and winter temperatures and precipitation. Delhi's version of a humid subtropical climate is markedly different from many other humid subtropical cities such as São Paulo, Houston, and Brisbane in that the city features dust storms and wildfire haze due to its semi-arid climate.
Chennai is located at 13.04°N 80.17°E on the southeast coast of India and in the northeast corner of Tamil Nadu. It is located on a flat coastal plain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains. The city has an average elevation of 6 metres (20 ft), its highest point being 60 m (200 ft). Chennai is 2,184 kilometres south of Delhi, 1,337 kilometres southeast of Mumbai, and 1,679 kilometers southwest of Kolkata by road.
Kolkata has a Tropical wet-and-dry climate. The annual mean temperature is 26.8 °C (80 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 15 °C to 30 °C. Summers are hot and humid with temperatures in the low 30's and during dry spells the maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during May and June. Winter tends to last for only about two and a half months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9 °C – 11 °C (48.2 °F – 51.8 °F) between December and January. The highest recorded temperature is 43.9 °C (111 °F) and the lowest is 5 °C (41 °F). Often during early summer, dusty squalls followed by spells of thunderstorm and heavy rains lash the city, bringing relief from the humid heat. These thunderstorms are convective in nature, and is locally known as Kal Baisakhi.
Located in eastern India, Bihar is the twelfth-largest Indian state, with an area of 94,163 km2 (36,357 mi2) and an average elevation of about 150 metres above mean sea level. The landlocked state shares a boundary with Nepal to the north, the state of West Bengal to the east, Jharkhand to the south, and Uttar Pradesh to the west. Bihar lies in a subtropical temperate zone and its climatic type is humid subtropical.
The climate of Gujarat involves diverse conditions. The plains of Gujarat are very hot and humid in summer and cold and dry in winter. Summer is milder in the hilly regions and the coast. The average daytime temperature during winter is around 29 °C (84 °F) and in nights is around 12 °C (54 °F) with 100 percent sunny days and clear nights. During summers, the daytime temperature is around 49 °C (120 °F) and at night no lower than 30 °C (86 °F). The monsoon season lasts from June to September. Most of Gujarat receives scant rainfall. Southern Gujarat and the hilly regions receive heavy rainfall during the monsoons with high humidity which makes the air feel hotter. There is relief when the monsoon season starts. The day temperatures are lowered to around 35 °C (95 °F) but humidity is very high and nights are around 27 °C (81 °F). Most of the rainfall occurs in this season, and the rain can cause severe Floods. The sun is often occluded during the monsoon season. Though mostly dry, it is desertic in the north-west, and wet in the southern districts due to a heavy monsoon season.
The climate of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) is primarily defined as humid subtropical with dry winter (Cwa) type with parts of Western U.P. as hot semi-arid (BSh) type. Alternatively, some authors refer to it as tropical monsoon. Variations do exist in different parts of the large state. However, the uniformity of the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain forming the bulk of the state gives a predominantly single climatic pattern to the state with minor regional variations. U.P. has a climate of extremes. With temperatures fluctuating anywhere from 0 °C or 32 °F to 50 °C or 122 °F in several parts of the state and cyclical droughts and floods due to unpredictable rains, the summers are extremely hot, winters are cold and the rainy season can be either very wet or very dry.
The Climate of Tamil Nadu, India is generally tropical and features fairly hot temperatures over the year except during the monsoon seasons. The city of Chennai lies on the thermal equator, which means Chennai and Tamil Nadu does not have that much temperature variation.
The climate of Rajasthan in northwestern India is generally arid or semi-arid and features fairly hot temperatures over the year with extreme temperatures in both summer and winter. The hottest months are May and June. The monsoon season is from July to September; however, rainfall remains moderate.