The climate of Uttar Pradesh is a tropical monsoon climate, consisting mainly of a humid subtropical climate with dry winter (Cwa). Parts of western Uttar Pradesh consist of a hot semi-arid climate (BSh). The uniformity of the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain covering most of the state causes it to have a predominantly single climate pattern with minor regional variations.
With temperatures fluctuating from 0 °C or 32 °F to 50 °C or 122 °F in several parts of the state and unpredictable rains, the summers are extremely hot, the winters are cold, and the rainy season can be either very wet or very dry.
The climate of Uttar Pradesh is generally defined to be tropical monsoon. [1] However, based on the Köppen climate classification, it can be classified mostly as humid subtropical with dry winter (Cwa) type with parts of western Uttar Pradesh as semi-arid hot (BSh).
Given significant climate differences, Uttar Pradesh has been divided into two meteorological sub-divisions, East Uttar Pradesh and West Uttar Pradesh. [2]
According to the Indian Meteorological Department, Uttar Pradesh has three predominant seasons. [3] [4]
The retreating monsoon season, although present generally in India, has a very negligible effect in Uttar Pradesh and only occasional mild showers are experienced in winter. Additionally, some of these showers are due to western disturbances, not the monsoon. [5]
Summer lasts from March to May. It is hot and dry, and temperatures rise to 45 °C or 113 °F, sometimes 47 or 48 °C or 116.6 or 118.4 °F. The relative humidity is low, at around 20 per cent, and the winds are laden with dust.
The monsoon season lasts from June to October. It accounts for 85 per cent of the average annual rainfall. During rainy days, the temperature falls.
Winter lasts from November to February. Morning temperatures drop to 3–4 °C or 37.4–39.2 °F, and sometimes drop below −1 °C or 30.2 °F. The skies are clear, and some regions experience foggy conditions.
Uttar Pradesh is in the heart of the Indo-Gangetic Plain with the Ganges river flowing right through the state, the Himalayas to the north, and the Chota Nagpur Plateau and the Vindhya Range to the south of the state.
Temperature varies from 0 to 46 °C (32.0 to 114.8 °F). [4] High temperatures of around 50 °C or 122 °F have been recorded in Gonda district. [1] Such a wide range of temperature fluctuations in most parts of the state can lead to either cold waves or heat waves both resulting in substantial loss of life and economy.
In 2007, a heat wave struck Uttar Pradesh, with Banda district with 45.5 °C or 113.9 °F the hottest in the state for several days. [6] At least 62 people were reportedly dead during the heat wave that year. [7]
In June 2009, 30 people died of heatstroke. [8] Record high temperatures reached 49 °C or 120.2 °F in the Bundelkhand region of southern Uttar Pradesh. [9] [10]
In June 2010, Jhansi recorded the highest temperature of 46.7 °C or 116.1 °F, the hottest in that year. [11]
In recent years, the 2007–2008 winter caused a string of cold-related deaths [12] with temperatures as low as 2.8 °C or 37.0 °F in the city of Meerut. Simultaneously, it also led to a loss of crops and agricultural products.
Similarly, the last part of 2009 saw the temperature falling to lows of 2.9 °C or 37.2 °F in Meerut, again causing deaths. [13]
The 2010–2011 winter caused more cold-wave-related deaths. [14] [15] This time, Churk, Sonbhadra district, ranked coldest with 1.4 °C or 34.5 °F. [14]
On 13 January 2013, Kanpur recorded its all-time low temperature when the temperature plunged to −1.1 °C or 30.0 °F and on the same day, Agra recorded −0.7 °C or 30.7 °F.
In January, in Lucknow, the temperature can plunge below freezing; Lucknow recorded 0.0 °C or 32.0 °F on 18 January 2017. Agra and Muzaffarnagar are also notorious for chilly winds and the temperature there can also go below freezing.
It rains over most of Uttar Pradesh, with very few arid or semi-arid patches. Snowfall does not occur, but hailstorms, frost, and dew often do. The type of rainfall that Uttar Pradesh receives is orographic, cyclonic, and convectional. [4]
Primarily a summer phenomenon, the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian Monsoon is the major bearer of rain in most parts of Uttar Pradesh. It is the south-west monsoon which brings most of the rain, although rain due to western disturbances [5] and the north-east monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall rain in the state. [4] The rain can vary from an annual average of 170 cm in hilly areas to 84 cm in the west. [4] Given that most of this rainfall is concentrated in the four months of the monsoon season, excess rain can lead to floods and a shortage to droughts. [1] As such, floods and droughts are a common occurrence.
Floods are a known hazard of Uttar Pradesh due to overflowing of its main rivers like Ganges, Yamuna, Ramganga, Gomti, Sharda, Ghaghra, Rapti, and Gandak. [2] The estimated annual loss due to floods is ₹4.32 billion (US$52 million). [2] Major flood management efforts have been undertaken to mitigate the risk. Most of these floods occur due to the monsoon rains and the resulting overflow of rivers. One such year occurred in 2010. [16] [17]
Shortages of rain during the highly variable monsoon season can cause droughts, leading to deaths and property loss. Recent 2002 and 2004 drought-related loss estimates have been reported to be ₹75.4 billion (US$900 million) and ₹72.92 billion (US$870 million), respectively. [2]
The recurrence of a major deficiency in annual rainfall follows a six to eight-year cycle in East Uttar Pradesh, whereas in West Uttar Pradesh, it is a ten-year cycle.
In summer, hot winds called loo blow across Uttar Pradesh. They are dust-laden and quite damaging. [4] In winter, dry and rainless winds blow across the state. Fog may also form in parts of Uttar Pradesh. [4]
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °C (°F) | 33.0 (91.4) | 35.6 (96.1) | 42.8 (109.0) | 47.3 (117.1) | 48.6 (119.5) | 48.5 (119.3) | 46.5 (115.7) | 43.0 (109.4) | 41.4 (106.5) | 41.1 (106.0) | 36.5 (97.7) | 31.0 (87.8) | 48.6 (119.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.2 (72.0) | 26.2 (79.2) | 32.1 (89.8) | 38.4 (101.1) | 41.9 (107.4) | 41.1 (106.0) | 36.0 (96.8) | 33.1 (91.6) | 34.2 (93.6) | 34.7 (94.5) | 29.2 (84.6) | 23.7 (74.7) | 32.7 (90.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.4 (45.3) | 10.4 (50.7) | 14.2 (57.6) | 20.0 (68.0) | 24.4 (75.9) | 25.5 (77.9) | 24.7 (76.5) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.5 (74.3) | 18.7 (65.7) | 13.2 (55.8) | 8.1 (46.6) | 17.9 (64.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.2 (28.0) | −1.7 (28.9) | 5.5 (41.9) | 10.0 (50.0) | 14.0 (57.2) | 12.0 (53.6) | 14.5 (58.1) | 12.0 (53.6) | 13.0 (55.4) | 9.4 (48.9) | 2.8 (37.0) | −0.6 (30.9) | −2.2 (28.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 12.5 (0.49) | 10.8 (0.43) | 8.3 (0.33) | 8.5 (0.33) | 21.4 (0.84) | 46.4 (1.83) | 245.8 (9.68) | 198.6 (7.82) | 110.8 (4.36) | 24.7 (0.97) | 2.5 (0.10) | 3.2 (0.13) | 693.6 (27.31) |
| Average rainy days | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 3.2 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 5.8 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 37.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 63 | 52 | 44 | 40 | 39 | 45 | 69 | 78 | 69 | 53 | 63 | 65 | 57 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 8 (46) | 11 (52) | 13 (55) | 14 (57) | 17 (63) | 21 (70) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 23 (73) | 18 (64) | 13 (55) | 10 (50) | 17 (62) |
| Average ultraviolet index | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 7 |
| Source 1: India Meteorological Department [18] [19] [20] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015) [21] [22] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (1971–1990), [23] Weather Atlas [24] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Lucknow (1981–2010, extremes 1952–2012) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 30.4 (86.7) | 35.9 (96.6) | 40.9 (105.6) | 45.0 (113.0) | 46.5 (115.7) | 47.7 (117.9) | 44.2 (111.6) | 40.4 (104.7) | 40.1 (104.2) | 37.7 (99.9) | 38.0 (100.4) | 29.9 (85.8) | 47.7 (117.9) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 27.2 (81.0) | 31.1 (88.0) | 37.6 (99.7) | 42.2 (108.0) | 44.0 (111.2) | 43.5 (110.3) | 38.7 (101.7) | 36.5 (97.7) | 36.5 (97.7) | 35.6 (96.1) | 32.2 (90.0) | 28.1 (82.6) | 44.6 (112.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.1 (71.8) | 26.2 (79.2) | 32.3 (90.1) | 38.2 (100.8) | 39.6 (103.3) | 38.3 (100.9) | 34.1 (93.4) | 33.5 (92.3) | 33.3 (91.9) | 32.8 (91.0) | 29.1 (84.4) | 24.4 (75.9) | 32.0 (89.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.9 (46.2) | 10.7 (51.3) | 15.2 (59.4) | 20.7 (69.3) | 24.7 (76.5) | 26.6 (79.9) | 26.1 (79.0) | 25.7 (78.3) | 24.3 (75.7) | 19.4 (66.9) | 13.2 (55.8) | 9.1 (48.4) | 18.6 (65.5) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | 3.8 (38.8) | 6.5 (43.7) | 10.3 (50.5) | 15.5 (59.9) | 20.3 (68.5) | 22.6 (72.7) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.4 (74.1) | 21.6 (70.9) | 14.7 (58.5) | 9.1 (48.4) | 5.2 (41.4) | 3.6 (38.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) | 0.0 (32.0) | 5.4 (41.7) | 10.9 (51.6) | 17.0 (62.6) | 19.7 (67.5) | 21.5 (70.7) | 22.2 (72.0) | 17.2 (63.0) | 15.0 (59.0) | 3.9 (39.0) | 0.5 (32.9) | −1.0 (30.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 16.7 (0.66) | 16.1 (0.63) | 8.6 (0.34) | 5.6 (0.22) | 24.4 (0.96) | 107.8 (4.24) | 255.3 (10.05) | 213.7 (8.41) | 205.6 (8.09) | 44.8 (1.76) | 6.4 (0.25) | 12.3 (0.48) | 917.3 (36.09) |
| Average rainy days | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 5.2 | 11.8 | 10.6 | 8.4 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 45.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 60 | 47 | 33 | 25 | 32 | 49 | 73 | 77 | 74 | 65 | 61 | 62 | 55 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 9 (48) | 12 (54) | 13 (55) | 14 (57) | 19 (66) | 23 (73) | 26 (79) | 26 (79) | 25 (77) | 19 (66) | 14 (57) | 10 (50) | 18 (63) |
| Average ultraviolet index | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 9 |
| Source 1: India Meteorological Department [25] [26] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015) [27] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas [28] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Kanpur (1981-2010, extremes 1901-2006) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.1 (88.0) | 35.6 (96.1) | 42.8 (109.0) | 45.6 (114.1) | 47.2 (117.0) | 47.3 (117.1) | 45.0 (113.0) | 40.6 (105.1) | 40.0 (104.0) | 40.6 (105.1) | 36.1 (97.0) | 31.3 (88.3) | 47.3 (117.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.3 (72.1) | 25.4 (77.7) | 32.0 (89.6) | 38.0 (100.4) | 39.8 (103.6) | 39.0 (102.2) | 33.8 (92.8) | 33.2 (91.8) | 33.1 (91.6) | 32.5 (90.5) | 28.6 (83.5) | 24.4 (75.9) | 31.9 (89.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) | 10.6 (51.1) | 15.6 (60.1) | 21.1 (70.0) | 25.1 (77.2) | 27.2 (81.0) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.1 (79.0) | 24.8 (76.6) | 19.0 (66.2) | 12.8 (55.0) | 8.7 (47.7) | 18.8 (65.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 1.6 (34.9) | 0.6 (33.1) | 7.2 (45.0) | 11.1 (52.0) | 16.4 (61.5) | 20.6 (69.1) | 21.7 (71.1) | 21.7 (71.1) | 11.8 (53.2) | 4.6 (40.3) | 0.5 (32.9) | −0.9 (30.4) | −0.9 (30.4) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 9.2 (0.36) | 9.2 (0.36) | 2.9 (0.11) | 2.7 (0.11) | 8.2 (0.32) | 61.8 (2.43) | 185.3 (7.30) | 191.7 (7.55) | 138.1 (5.44) | 33.9 (1.33) | 3.4 (0.13) | 2.1 (0.08) | 648.5 (25.52) |
| Average rainy days | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 2.9 | 9.6 | 9.0 | 6.1 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 32.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 59 | 46 | 34 | 27 | 31 | 45 | 74 | 77 | 72 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 54 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department [29] [30] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Meerut (1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.3 (84.7) | 32.2 (90.0) | 39.5 (103.1) | 43.5 (110.3) | 45.8 (114.4) | 46.1 (115.0) | 46.0 (114.8) | 40.0 (104.0) | 39.0 (102.2) | 38.0 (100.4) | 34.5 (94.1) | 30.0 (86.0) | 46.1 (115.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.9 (71.4) | 23.1 (73.6) | 28.7 (83.7) | 36.3 (97.3) | 39.1 (102.4) | 37.6 (99.7) | 33.6 (92.5) | 32.6 (90.7) | 33.7 (92.7) | 32.8 (91.0) | 28.6 (83.5) | 23.5 (74.3) | 31.1 (88.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) | 9.1 (48.4) | 13.8 (56.8) | 19.9 (67.8) | 24.3 (75.7) | 26.0 (78.8) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.5 (77.9) | 23.6 (74.5) | 18.2 (64.8) | 12.4 (54.3) | 8.0 (46.4) | 17.7 (63.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) | 0.1 (32.2) | 5.4 (41.7) | 8.3 (46.9) | 15.4 (59.7) | 17.7 (63.9) | 16.5 (61.7) | 19.0 (66.2) | 15.7 (60.3) | 7.2 (45.0) | 1.8 (35.2) | 0.2 (32.4) | −0.4 (31.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 19.7 (0.78) | 24.9 (0.98) | 24.4 (0.96) | 12.8 (0.50) | 19.1 (0.75) | 71.2 (2.80) | 269.0 (10.59) | 264.7 (10.42) | 95.4 (3.76) | 25.9 (1.02) | 4.3 (0.17) | 13.4 (0.53) | 845.0 (33.27) |
| Average rainy days | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 3.9 | 10.2 | 9.4 | 4.2 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 38.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 88 | 83 | 75 | 54 | 58 | 68 | 81 | 84 | 83 | 78 | 79 | 86 | 76 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2012) [31] [32] [33] [34] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Varanasi (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.4 (88.5) | 36.1 (97.0) | 41.5 (106.7) | 45.2 (113.4) | 47.2 (117.0) | 47.2 (117.0) | 45.0 (113.0) | 40.1 (104.2) | 39.7 (103.5) | 39.4 (102.9) | 36.0 (96.8) | 32.8 (91.0) | 47.2 (117.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.5 (72.5) | 26.5 (79.7) | 32.7 (90.9) | 38.8 (101.8) | 40.1 (104.2) | 38.3 (100.9) | 33.8 (92.8) | 33.0 (91.4) | 32.9 (91.2) | 32.4 (90.3) | 29.3 (84.7) | 24.7 (76.5) | 32.1 (89.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.9 (48.0) | 11.7 (53.1) | 16.3 (61.3) | 21.6 (70.9) | 25.3 (77.5) | 27.1 (80.8) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.6 (78.1) | 24.6 (76.3) | 20.3 (68.5) | 14.0 (57.2) | 9.8 (49.6) | 19.3 (66.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 1.0 (33.8) | 1.7 (35.1) | 6.7 (44.1) | 11.1 (52.0) | 17.3 (63.1) | 20.5 (68.9) | 20.0 (68.0) | 20.4 (68.7) | 17.8 (64.0) | 11.7 (53.1) | 5.0 (41.0) | 2.2 (36.0) | 1.0 (33.8) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 16.7 (0.66) | 22.8 (0.90) | 9.2 (0.36) | 5.7 (0.22) | 16.8 (0.66) | 106.8 (4.20) | 260.9 (10.27) | 280.8 (11.06) | 228.9 (9.01) | 29.0 (1.14) | 7.2 (0.28) | 4.2 (0.17) | 989.0 (38.94) |
| Average rainy days | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 5.2 | 12.9 | 12.5 | 9.1 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 48.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 63 | 50 | 35 | 25 | 31 | 50 | 74 | 78 | 77 | 68 | 66 | 66 | 57 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 232.5 | 240.1 | 291.4 | 294.0 | 300.7 | 234.0 | 142.6 | 189.1 | 195.0 | 257.3 | 261.0 | 210.8 | 2,848.5 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 7.5 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 7.8 | 4.6 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 6.8 | 7.8 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 6 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 9 |
| Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000) [35] [36] [37] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas [38] | |||||||||||||
The climate of Mumbai is tropical, with defined wet and dry seasons. The mean annual temperature is 27.7 °C or 81.9 °F. Average annual rainfall is 2,213.4 millimetres or 87 inches in Colaba, which represents South Mumbai and 2,502.3 millimetres or 99 inches in Santacruz, which represents central and suburban Mumbai. The mean maximum average temperatures is about 32 °C (90 °F) in summer and 30 °C (86 °F) in winter, while the average minimums are 26 °C (79 °F) in summer and 18 °C (64 °F) in winter. The city experiences a lengthy, practically rainless dry season, and a relatively short, but extremely rainy wet season; due to the Southwest Monsoon and orographic influences from the nearby Western Ghats.These conditions effectively place Mumbai between a Tropical monsoon climate (Am) and a Tropical savannah climate (Aw), with more tilt towards the former considering annual precipitation.
The climate of India consists of a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography. Based on the Köppen system, India encompasses a diverse array of climatic subtypes. These range from arid and semi-arid regions in the west to highland, sub-arctic, tundra, and ice cap climates in the northern Himalayan regions, varying with elevation. The northern lowlands experience subtropical conditions, with some areas at higher altitudes, like Srinagar, touching continental climates. In contrast, much of the south and the east exhibit tropical climate conditions, which support lush rainforests in these territories. Many regions have starkly different microclimates, making it one of the most climatically diverse countries in the world. The country's meteorological department follows the international standard of four seasons with some local adjustments: winter, summer, monsoon or rainy season, and a post-monsoon period.
Bahraich is a city and a municipal board in Bahraich district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Located on the Saryu River, a tributary of the Ghaghara river, Bahraich is 125 kilometres north-east of Lucknow, the state capital. The districts of Barabanki, Gonda, Balrampur, Lakhimpur Kheri, Shravasti and Sitapur share boundaries with Bahraich. A factor which makes this town important is the international border shared with Nepal.
Hathras is a historical city in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is the headquarters of Hathras district, formed on 3 May 1997 by merging parts of Aligarh, Mathura and Agra. It is part of the Aligarh Division.
Karachi has a tropical semi arid climate, albeit a moderate version of this climate, influenced by monsoons. Karachi has a tropical climate, despite being located slightly above the Tropic of Cancer. It is situated in the monsoon region of Pakistan. It is located on the coast bordering the Arabian Sea, and as a result, has a relatively mild climate. However, in more recent years, rainfall has become more abundant, with annual rainfall projected to reach over 500 mm by 2100. For this reason, the city may be classed as almost semi-arid (BSh), since it has a mild climate with a short but defined wet season, along with a lengthy dry season.
Naraingarh is a town, municipal committee and assembly constituency in the Ambala district of the Indian state of Haryana, located on the border with the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. Due to its geographical location, the Naraingarh plays an important role in local tourism, being located 39 km from Ambala, the district headquarter, 52 km of Chandigarh, the state capital, 144 km of Shimla, and 230 km of New Delhi.
Delhi features a monsoon influenced humid subtropical climate bordering a hot semi-arid climate, with high variation between summer and winter temperatures and precipitation. Delhi's version of a humid subtropical climate is markedly different from many other humid subtropical cities such as São Paulo, Houston, and Brisbane in that the city features dust storms and wildfire haze due to its semi-arid climate.
There is a huge variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh due to variation in altitude. The climate varies from hot and sub-humid tropical in the southern low tracts, warm and temperate, cool and temperate and cold glacial and alpine in the northern and eastern high elevated mountain. Pollution is affecting the climate of almost all the states of India.
The climate of West Bengal is varied, with tropical savannahs in the southern portions of the state, to humid subtropical areas in the north. Temperatures vary widely, and there are five distinct seasons. The area is vulnerable to heavy rainfall, monsoons, and cyclones. There are some mountains in the area which are generally cold all year round.
Chennai is located at 13.04°N 80.17°E on the southeast coast of India and in the northeast corner of Tamil Nadu. It is located on a flat coastal plain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains. The city has an average elevation of 6 metres (20 ft), its highest point being 60 m (200 ft). Chennai is 2,184 kilometres south of Delhi, 1,337 kilometres southeast of Mumbai, and 1,679 kilometers southwest of Kolkata by road.
Kolkata has a Tropical savanna climate. The annual mean temperature is 26.8 °C (80.2 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 15 to 30 °C. Summers are hot and humid with temperatures in the low 30's and during dry spells the maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during May and June. Winter tends to last for only about two and a half months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9–11 °C (48–52 °F) between December and January. The highest recorded temperature is 43.9 °C (111.0 °F) and the lowest is 5 °C (41 °F). Often during early summer, dusty squalls followed by spells of thunderstorm and heavy rains lash the city, bringing relief from the humid heat. These thunderstorms are convective in nature, and is locally known as Kal Baisakhi.
Located in eastern India, Bihar is the twelfth-largest Indian state, with an area of 94,163 km2 (36,357 mi2) and an average elevation of about 150 metres above mean sea level. The landlocked state shares a boundary with Nepal to the north, the state of West Bengal to the east, Jharkhand to the south, and Uttar Pradesh to the west. Bihar lies in a subtropical temperate zone and its climatic type is humid subtropical.
The climate of Gujarat involves diverse conditions. The plains of Gujarat are very hot and humid in summer and cold and dry in winter. Summer is milder in the hilly regions and the coast. The average daytime temperature during winter is around 29 °C (84 °F) and in nights is around 12 °C (54 °F) with 100 percent sunny days and clear nights. During summers, the daytime temperature is around 49 °C (120 °F) and at night no lower than 30 °C (86 °F). The monsoon season lasts from June to September. Most of Gujarat receives scant rainfall. Southern Gujarat and the hilly regions receive heavy rainfall during the monsoons with high humidity which makes the air feel hotter. There is relief when the monsoon season starts. The day temperatures are lowered to around 35 °C (95 °F) but humidity is very high and nights are around 27 °C (81 °F). Most of the rainfall occurs in this season, and the rain can cause severe Floods. The sun is often occluded during the monsoon season. Though mostly dry, it is desertic in the north-west, and wet in the southern districts due to a heavy monsoon season.
The climate of Islamabad is a humid subtropical climate with four seasons: a pleasant Spring (March–April), a hot Summer (May–August), a warm dry Autumn (September—October), and a cold Winter (November—February). The hottest month is June, where average highs routinely exceed 37 °C (98.6 °F). The wettest month is July, with heavy rainfall and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudburst. The coldest month is January, with temperatures variable by location. In Islamabad, temperatures vary from cold to mild, routinely dropping below zero. In the hills there is sparse snowfall. The weather ranges from a minimum of −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) in January to a maximum of 46.1 °C (115.0 °F) in June. The average low is 2 °C (35.6 °F) in January, while the average high is 38.1 °C (100.6 °F) in June. The highest temperature recorded was 46.5 °C (115.7 °F) in June, while the lowest temperature was −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) in January. On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record breaking 620 millimetres (24 in) of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Pakistan during the past 100 years.
Quetta, Pakistan features a continental semi-arid climate with a large variation between summer and winter temperatures. The highest temperature recorded in Quetta was 42 °C (108 °F) on 10 July 1998. The lowest temperature in Quetta is −18.3 °C (−0.9 °F) which was recorded on 8 January 1970.
The climate of Hyderabad is semi-arid, featuring too little rain to feature the tropical savanna climate. The days are hot and dry, usually going up to extreme highs of 40 °C (104 °F), while the nights are cool and breezy. Winds usually bring along clouds of dust, and people prefer staying indoors in the daytime, while the breezes at night are pleasant and clean.
The climate of Agra features a semi-arid climate that borders on a humid subtropical climate. The city features mild winters, hot and dry summers and a monsoon season. The monsoon, though substantial in Agra, is not quite as heavy as the monsoon in other parts of India. The mean annual rainfall of Agra district is 671 mm (26.4 in). The district receives the majority of this rainfall during the monsoon months i.e., June to September, which averages around 603 mm (23.7 in). Agra has a reputation for being one of the hottest and the coldest towns in India. In summer the city witnesses a sudden surge in temperature and at times, mercury goes beyond the 46 °C (115 °F) mark in addition to a very high level of humidity. During summer, the daytime temperature hovers around 46–50 °C (115–122 °F). Nights are relatively cooler and temperature lowers to 30 °C (86 °F). Winter minimum temperatures sometimes go as low as 3 or 3.5 °C but usually hover in the range of 6–8 °C (43–46 °F).
The Climate of Tamil Nadu, India is generally tropical and features fairly hot temperatures over the year except during the monsoon seasons. The city of Chennai lies on the thermal equator, which means Chennai and Tamil Nadu does not have that much temperature variation.
The climate of Rajasthan in northwestern India is generally arid or semi-arid and features fairly hot temperatures over the year with extreme temperatures in both summer and winter. The hottest months are May and June. The monsoon season is from July to September; however, rainfall remains moderate.
