Semi-arid climate

Last updated
Regions with semi-arid climates
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BSh
BSk BS climate.png
Regions with semi-arid climates
   BSh
   BSk

A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type. It is located on regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate. There are different kinds of semi-arid climates, depending on variables such as temperature, and they give rise to different biomes.

Contents

Defining attributes of semi-arid climates

A more precise definition is given by the Köppen climate classification, which treats steppe climates (BSh and BSk) as intermediates between desert climates (BW) and humid climates (A, C, D) in ecological characteristics and agricultural potential. Semi-arid climates tend to support short, thorny or scrubby vegetation and are usually dominated by either grasses or shrubs as they usually cannot support forests.

Sahel region of Mali. Les Falaises de Bandiagara.jpg
Sahel region of Mali.

To determine if a location has a semi-arid climate, the precipitation threshold must first be determined. The method used to find the precipitation threshold (in millimeters): [1]

If the area's annual precipitation in millimeters is less than the threshold but more than half or 50% the threshold, it is classified as a BS (steppe, semi-desert, or semi-arid climate). [2]

Furthermore, to delineate hot semi-arid climates from cold semi-arid climates, a mean annual temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F) is used as an isotherm. A location with a BS-type climate is classified as hot semi-arid (BSh) if its mean temperature is above this isotherm, and cold semi-arid (BSk) if not. [1]

Hot semi-arid climates

Regions with hot semi-arid climates Koppen-Geiger Map v2 BSh 1991-2020.svg
Regions with hot semi-arid climates
Semi-arid climate in Queensland, Australia. Mitchell grass downs post rain Boulia Shire Queensland P1070007.jpg
Semi-arid climate in Queensland, Australia.

Hot semi-arid climates (type "BSh") tend to be located from the high teens to mid-30s latitudes of the tropics and subtropics, typically in proximity to regions with a tropical savanna climate or a humid subtropical climate. These climates tend to have hot, or sometimes extremely hot, summers and warm to cool winters, with some to minimal precipitation. Hot semi-arid climates are most commonly found around the fringes of subtropical deserts.[ citation needed ]

Hot semi-arid climates are most commonly found in Africa, Australia, and South Asia. In Australia, a large portion of the Outback surrounding the central desert regions lies within the hot semi-arid climate region. [3] [ clarification needed ] In South Asia, both India and parts of Pakistan experience the seasonal effects of monsoons and feature short but well-defined wet seasons, but are not sufficiently wet overall to qualify as either a tropical savanna or a humid subtropical climate.[ citation needed ]

Hot semi-arid climates can be also found in parts of North America, such as most of northern Mexico, the ABC Islands, the rain shadows of Hispaniola's mountain ranges in the Dominican Republic and Haiti, parts of the Southwestern United States including California's Central Valley, and sections of South America such as the sertão , the Gran Chaco, and the poleward side of the arid deserts, where they typically feature a Mediterranean precipitation pattern, with generally rainless summers and wetter winters. They are also found in few areas of Europe surrounding the Mediterranean Basin. In Europe, BSh climates are predominantly found in southeastern Spain. [4] [5] It can also be found primarily in parts of south Greece but also in marginal areas of Thessaloniki and Chalkidiki in north Greece, [6] [7] most of Formentera, marginal areas of Ibiza [5] and marginal areas of Italy in Sicily, Sardinia and Lampedusa.

Cold semi-arid climates

Regions with cold semi-arid climates Koppen-Geiger Map v2 BSk 1991-2020.svg
Regions with cold semi-arid climates
Semi-arid climate in Montana, USA. Hell Creek State Park.jpg
Semi-arid climate in Montana, USA.

Cold semi-arid climates (type "BSk") tend to be located in elevated portions of temperate zones generally from the mid-30s to low 50s latitudes, typically bordering a humid continental climate or a Mediterranean climate. They are also typically found in continental interiors some distance from large bodies of water. Cold semi-arid climates usually feature warm to hot dry summers, though their summers are typically not quite as hot as those of hot semi-arid climates. Unlike hot semi-arid climates, areas with cold semi-arid climates tend to have cold and possibly freezing winters. These areas usually see some snowfall during the winter, though snowfall is much lower than at locations at similar latitudes with more humid climates.[ citation needed ]

Areas featuring cold semi-arid climates tend to have higher elevations than areas with hot semi-arid climates, and tend to feature major temperature swings between day and night, sometimes by as much as 20 °C (36 °F) or more. These large diurnal temperature variations are seldom seen in hot semi-arid climates. Cold semi-arid climates at higher latitudes tend to have dry winters and wetter summers, while cold semi-arid climates at lower latitudes tend to have precipitation patterns more akin to Mediterranean climates, with dry summers, relatively wet winters, and even wetter springs and autumns.[ citation needed ]

Cold semi-arid climates are most commonly found in central Asia and the western US, as well as the Middle East and other parts of Asia. However, they can also be found in Northern Africa, South Africa, sections of South America, sections of interior southern Australia (e.g. Kalgoorlie and Mildura) and inland Spain.

Charts of selected cities

Hot semi-arid

Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
Climate chart (explanation)
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F
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66
 
 
32
22
 
 
139
 
 
32
22
 
 
213
 
 
31
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177
 
 
30
22
 
 
55
 
 
29
21
 
 
28
 
 
27
21
 
 
12
 
 
27
20
 
 
3
 
 
28
20
 
 
1
 
 
30
20
 
 
4
 
 
31
21
 
 
8
 
 
32
21
 
 
22
 
 
32
21
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [8]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.6
 
 
90
71
 
 
5.5
 
 
89
71
 
 
8.4
 
 
88
71
 
 
7
 
 
86
71
 
 
2.2
 
 
84
71
 
 
1.1
 
 
81
69
 
 
0.5
 
 
81
67
 
 
0.1
 
 
82
67
 
 
0
 
 
85
69
 
 
0.2
 
 
88
69
 
 
0.3
 
 
89
70
 
 
0.9
 
 
90
71
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Kalgoorlie, Australia
Climate chart (explanation)
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A
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27
 
 
34
18
 
 
32
 
 
32
18
 
 
25
 
 
30
16
 
 
20
 
 
25
13
 
 
25
 
 
21
9
 
 
27
 
 
18
6
 
 
24
 
 
17
5
 
 
21
 
 
19
6
 
 
14
 
 
22
8
 
 
16
 
 
26
11
 
 
19
 
 
29
14
 
 
16
 
 
32
17
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [9]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1.1
 
 
92
65
 
 
1.3
 
 
90
64
 
 
1
 
 
85
61
 
 
0.8
 
 
78
55
 
 
1
 
 
69
48
 
 
1.1
 
 
64
43
 
 
1
 
 
62
41
 
 
0.8
 
 
66
42
 
 
0.5
 
 
72
47
 
 
0.6
 
 
79
52
 
 
0.7
 
 
84
58
 
 
0.6
 
 
90
62
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Jaipur, India
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
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O
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5.9
 
 
23
8
 
 
10
 
 
26
12
 
 
4.4
 
 
32
17
 
 
7.1
 
 
38
23
 
 
12
 
 
41
27
 
 
62
 
 
40
28
 
 
191
 
 
35
26
 
 
203
 
 
33
25
 
 
80
 
 
32
24
 
 
19
 
 
34
20
 
 
1.9
 
 
30
14
 
 
3.8
 
 
25
10
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [10]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.2
 
 
73
47
 
 
0.4
 
 
79
54
 
 
0.2
 
 
90
63
 
 
0.3
 
 
100
73
 
 
0.5
 
 
106
81
 
 
2.4
 
 
103
82
 
 
7.5
 
 
95
79
 
 
8
 
 
91
77
 
 
3.1
 
 
90
75
 
 
0.8
 
 
93
68
 
 
0.1
 
 
85
58
 
 
0.1
 
 
77
50
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Niamey, Niger
Climate chart (explanation)
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A
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0
 
 
33
16
 
 
0
 
 
36
19
 
 
3.9
 
 
39
23
 
 
5.7
 
 
41
27
 
 
35
 
 
40
28
 
 
69
 
 
37
26
 
 
154
 
 
34
24
 
 
171
 
 
33
23
 
 
92
 
 
34
24
 
 
9.7
 
 
38
24
 
 
0.7
 
 
36
20
 
 
0
 
 
33
17
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst [11]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0
 
 
91
61
 
 
0
 
 
96
66
 
 
0.2
 
 
102
73
 
 
0.2
 
 
106
80
 
 
1.4
 
 
104
82
 
 
2.7
 
 
99
78
 
 
6.1
 
 
93
75
 
 
6.7
 
 
91
74
 
 
3.6
 
 
94
74
 
 
0.4
 
 
100
76
 
 
0
 
 
97
67
 
 
0
 
 
92
62
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Murcia, Spain
Climate chart (explanation)
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F
M
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J
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25
 
 
17
5
 
 
28
 
 
18
6
 
 
30
 
 
21
8
 
 
27
 
 
23
10
 
 
32
 
 
27
13
 
 
20
 
 
31
17
 
 
5
 
 
34
20
 
 
10
 
 
34
21
 
 
27
 
 
30
18
 
 
44
 
 
26
14
 
 
32
 
 
20
9
 
 
21
 
 
17
6
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología [12]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1
 
 
62
40
 
 
1.1
 
 
65
43
 
 
1.2
 
 
70
46
 
 
1.1
 
 
74
49
 
 
1.3
 
 
80
56
 
 
0.8
 
 
88
63
 
 
0.2
 
 
93
69
 
 
0.4
 
 
94
70
 
 
1.1
 
 
87
64
 
 
1.7
 
 
78
57
 
 
1.3
 
 
69
48
 
 
0.8
 
 
63
42
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Monterrey, Mexico
Climate chart (explanation)
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F
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22
 
 
22
10
 
 
27
 
 
24
12
 
 
29
 
 
28
15
 
 
34
 
 
31
18
 
 
53
 
 
34
21
 
 
63
 
 
36
23
 
 
60
 
 
36
23
 
 
73
 
 
36
24
 
 
200
 
 
33
22
 
 
64
 
 
29
19
 
 
30
 
 
25
14
 
 
23
 
 
22
11
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA [13]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.9
 
 
72
50
 
 
1.1
 
 
75
54
 
 
1.1
 
 
82
59
 
 
1.3
 
 
88
65
 
 
2.1
 
 
92
70
 
 
2.5
 
 
96
74
 
 
2.4
 
 
96
74
 
 
2.9
 
 
97
74
 
 
7.9
 
 
91
71
 
 
2.5
 
 
84
65
 
 
1.2
 
 
76
57
 
 
0.9
 
 
71
51
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

Cold semi-arid

Bloemfontein, South Africa
Climate chart (explanation)
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92
 
 
31
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83
 
 
30
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77
 
 
28
12
 
 
44
 
 
24
7
 
 
19
 
 
21
2
 
 
13
 
 
18
−2
 
 
5.3
 
 
18
−2
 
 
9.9
 
 
21
0
 
 
12
 
 
25
5
 
 
46
 
 
27
9
 
 
65
 
 
29
11
 
 
71
 
 
31
14
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA [14] [15]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
3.6
 
 
87
59
 
 
3.3
 
 
86
58
 
 
3
 
 
82
54
 
 
1.7
 
 
76
45
 
 
0.7
 
 
70
36
 
 
0.5
 
 
65
29
 
 
0.2
 
 
65
28
 
 
0.4
 
 
70
33
 
 
0.5
 
 
77
40
 
 
1.8
 
 
81
48
 
 
2.6
 
 
84
53
 
 
2.8
 
 
87
57
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
Climate chart (explanation)
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11
 
 
26
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17
 
 
25
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28
 
 
23
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32
 
 
19
9
 
 
34
 
 
15
6
 
 
37
 
 
11
3
 
 
21
 
 
11
3
 
 
19
 
 
13
4
 
 
20
 
 
16
5
 
 
13
 
 
19
7
 
 
14
 
 
22
10
 
 
13
 
 
25
12
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, [16]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.4
 
 
79
56
 
 
0.7
 
 
77
55
 
 
1.1
 
 
73
52
 
 
1.3
 
 
66
47
 
 
1.3
 
 
58
42
 
 
1.5
 
 
52
38
 
 
0.8
 
 
52
37
 
 
0.8
 
 
56
39
 
 
0.8
 
 
60
41
 
 
0.5
 
 
66
45
 
 
0.6
 
 
72
50
 
 
0.5
 
 
76
54
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Madrid, Spain
Climate chart (explanation)
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33
 
 
10
3
 
 
34
 
 
12
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25
 
 
16
6
 
 
45
 
 
18
8
 
 
50
 
 
22
11
 
 
21
 
 
28
16
 
 
12
 
 
32
19
 
 
10
 
 
31
19
 
 
22
 
 
26
15
 
 
60
 
 
19
11
 
 
58
 
 
14
6
 
 
51
 
 
10
4
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología [17]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1.3
 
 
50
37
 
 
1.3
 
 
54
39
 
 
1
 
 
61
43
 
 
1.8
 
 
65
46
 
 
2
 
 
72
52
 
 
0.8
 
 
83
61
 
 
0.5
 
 
90
66
 
 
0.4
 
 
88
66
 
 
0.9
 
 
80
60
 
 
2.4
 
 
67
51
 
 
2.3
 
 
56
43
 
 
2
 
 
50
38
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Reno, Nevada, United States
Climate chart (explanation)
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F
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26
 
 
8
−4
 
 
26
 
 
11
−2
 
 
19
 
 
14
1
 
 
12
 
 
18
3
 
 
12
 
 
23
8
 
 
13
 
 
29
11
 
 
4.6
 
 
33
14
 
 
5.8
 
 
33
13
 
 
8.9
 
 
28
9
 
 
13
 
 
21
4
 
 
21
 
 
13
−1
 
 
26
 
 
8
−4
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NOAA [18]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1
 
 
46
25
 
 
1
 
 
51
29
 
 
0.8
 
 
58
33
 
 
0.5
 
 
64
38
 
 
0.5
 
 
74
46
 
 
0.5
 
 
83
52
 
 
0.2
 
 
92
58
 
 
0.2
 
 
91
56
 
 
0.4
 
 
82
49
 
 
0.5
 
 
69
39
 
 
0.8
 
 
55
31
 
 
1
 
 
46
25
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Astrakhan, Russia
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
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O
N
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15
 
 
0
−7
 
 
12
 
 
2
−7
 
 
17
 
 
9
−1
 
 
25
 
 
18
6
 
 
28
 
 
25
13
 
 
25
 
 
30
18
 
 
22
 
 
33
20
 
 
17
 
 
31
18
 
 
16
 
 
25
13
 
 
19
 
 
17
6
 
 
17
 
 
7
0
 
 
18
 
 
1
−5
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Pogoda.ru.net [19]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.6
 
 
32
20
 
 
0.5
 
 
35
20
 
 
0.7
 
 
48
30
 
 
1
 
 
64
43
 
 
1.1
 
 
76
55
 
 
1
 
 
86
64
 
 
0.9
 
 
91
68
 
 
0.7
 
 
89
65
 
 
0.6
 
 
76
55
 
 
0.7
 
 
62
43
 
 
0.7
 
 
45
32
 
 
0.7
 
 
34
24
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Tianjin, China
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
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O
N
D
 
 
2.6
 
 
2
−7
 
 
6
 
 
6
−4
 
 
6.1
 
 
13
2
 
 
23
 
 
21
10
 
 
38
 
 
27
16
 
 
78
 
 
30
21
 
 
141
 
 
32
24
 
 
122
 
 
31
23
 
 
55
 
 
27
17
 
 
33
 
 
20
10
 
 
14
 
 
11
2
 
 
3.1
 
 
4
−4
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: China Meteorological Administration [20]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.1
 
 
36
20
 
 
0.2
 
 
42
25
 
 
0.2
 
 
55
36
 
 
0.9
 
 
69
49
 
 
1.5
 
 
80
60
 
 
3.1
 
 
86
69
 
 
5.6
 
 
89
74
 
 
4.8
 
 
87
73
 
 
2.2
 
 
80
63
 
 
1.3
 
 
68
50
 
 
0.5
 
 
51
35
 
 
0.1
 
 
39
24
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

See also

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An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate or maritime climate, is the temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification represented as Cfb, typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool to warm summers and cool to mild winters, with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature. Oceanic climates can be found in both hemispheres generally between 40 and 60 degrees latitude, with subpolar versions extending to 70 degrees latitude in some coastal areas. Other varieties of climates usually classified together with these include subtropical highland climates, represented as Cwb or Cfb, and subpolar oceanic or cold subtropical highland climates, represented as Cfc or Cwc. Subtropical highland climates occur in some mountainous parts of the subtropics or tropics, some of which have monsoon influence, while their cold variants and subpolar oceanic climates occur near polar or tundra regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Humid continental climate</span> Category in the Köppen climate classification system

A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot summers, and cold and snowy winters. Precipitation is usually distributed throughout the year, but often these regions do have dry seasons. The definition of this climate in terms of temperature is as follows: the mean temperature of the coldest month must be below 0 °C (32.0 °F) or −3 °C (26.6 °F) depending on the isotherm, and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above 10 °C (50 °F). In addition, the location in question must not be semi-arid or arid. The cooler Dfb, Dwb, and Dsb subtypes are also known as hemiboreal climates. Although amount of snowfall is not a factor used in defining the humid continental climate, snow during the winter in this type of climate is almost a guarantee, either intermittently throughout the winter months near the poleward or coastal margins, or persistently throughout the winter months elsewhere in the climate zone.

An aridity index (AI) is a numerical indicator of the degree of dryness of the climate at a given location. The American Meteorological Society defined it in meteorology and climatology, as "the degree to which a climate lacks effective, life-promoting moisture". Aridity is different from drought because aridity is permanent whereas drought is temporary. A number of aridity indices have been proposed ; these indicators serve to identify, locate or delimit regions that suffer from a deficit of available water, a condition that can severely affect the effective use of the land for such activities as agriculture or stock-farming.

The climate of San Diego, California, is classified as a hot-summer Mediterranean climate. The basic climate features hot, sunny, and dry summers, and cooler, wetter winters. However, San Diego is much more arid than typical Mediterranean climates, and winters are still dry compared with most other zones with this type of climate. The climate at San Diego International Airport, the location for official weather reports for San Diego, as well as the climate at most beach areas, straddles the border between BSh and BSk due to the mild winters and cool summers in these locations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate classification</span> Systems that categorize the worlds climates

Climate classifications are systems that categorize the world's climates. A climate classification may correlate closely with a biome classification, as climate is a major influence on life in a region. The most used is the Köppen climate classification scheme first developed in 1884.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical savanna climate</span> Climate subtype

Tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate is a tropical climate sub-type that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification categories Aw and As. The driest month has less than 60 mm (2.4 in) of precipitation and also less than mm of precipitation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of the United States</span>

The climate of the United States varies due to changes in latitude, and a range of geographic features, including mountains and deserts. Generally, on the mainland, the climate of the U.S. becomes warmer the farther south one travels, and drier the farther west, until one reaches the West Coast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Argentina</span>

The climate of Argentina varies from region to region, as the vast size of the country and wide variation in altitude make for a wide range of climate types. Summers are the warmest and wettest season in most of Argentina, except for most of Patagonia, where it is the driest season. The climate is warm in the north, cool in the center, and cold in the southern parts, that experience frequent frost and snow. Because the southern parts of the country are moderated by the surrounding oceans, the cold is less intense and prolonged than areas at similar latitudes in the northern hemisphere. Spring and autumn are transition seasons that generally feature mild weather.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Mexico</span>

The climate of Mexico is very diverse. The Tropic of Cancer effectively divides the country into temperate and tropical zones. Land that is north of the twenty-fourth parallel experiences lower temperatures during the winter months. South of the twenty-fourth parallel, temperatures are fairly consistent all year round and vary solely as a function of elevation. The north of the country usually receives less precipitation than the south.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Venezuela</span>

The Climate of Venezuela is characterized for being tropical and megathermal as a result of its geographical location near the Equator, but because of the topography and the dominant wind direction, several climatic types occur which can be the same as found in temperate latitudes, and even polar regions. Latitude exerts little influence on the Venezuelan climate. While the coastal cities of Maracaibo, Barcelona, Porlamar and Maiquetia can get extremely hot, cities in valleys such as Mérida, Caracas, Los Teques and San Cristobal have cooler climates, and the highest towns of Mucuchies and Apartaderos have cold (tundra) climates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Humid subtropical climate</span> Transitional climatic zone

A humid subtropical climate is a temperate climate type characterized by long and hot summers, and cool to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents, generally between latitudes 25° and 40° and are located poleward from adjacent tropical climates, and equatorward from either humid continental or oceanic climates. It is also known as warm temperate climate in some climate classifications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Turkey</span>

Turkey's climate is varied and generally temperate, with the regions bordering the Mediterranean and Black Sea heavily affected by the coasts, and the interior being drier and more continental.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Spain</span>

The climate of Spain is highly diverse and varies considerably across the country's various regions. In fact, Spain is sometimes described as the most climatically diverse country in Europe and has 13 different Köppen, climates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climatic regions of Argentina</span> Overview of climatic regions of Argentina

Due to its vast size and range of altitudes, Argentina possesses a wide variety of climatic regions, ranging from the hot subtropical region in the north to the cold subantarctic in the far south. The Pampas region lies between those and featured a mild and humid climate. Many regions have different, often contrasting, microclimates. In general, Argentina has four main climate types: warm, moderate, arid, and cold in which the relief features, and the latitudinal extent of the country, determine the different varieties within the main climate types.

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