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Sambalpur, in Western Odisha, is a region in India. The songs, clothing, dances, language, food and festivals celebrated in Sambalpur and Western Odisha are unique. This distinct cultural identity arises from the strong association of the tribal and folk communities which have been coexisting in Sambalpur and Other Districts Of Western Odisha Region for centuries. [1]
The 'Sambalpur Mahotsav [2] ' and the 'Lok Mahotsav' are cultural festivals celebrated in the Sambalpur region.
The Sambalpur Mahotsav is a National Folk and Tribal Festival of Culture, organized by the local community rather than the district administration. Over time, it has grown to become one of the largest festivals in the region in terms of attendance. [3]
In contrast, the Lok Mahotsav is a Folk and Tribal Arts and Culture Festival that highlights the socio-cultural aspects of the Sambalpur region. It celebrates the harmonious relationship between tribal and folk (mainstream) communities, reflecting the socio-anthropological evolution of the area. The name "Lok Mahotsav" translates to "People's Festival" ("Lok" meaning people, and "Mahotsav" meaning festival), emphasizing its focus on the cultural identity and collective heritage of the region. [4]
The Sitalasasthi Carnival is an annual festival which celebrates and commemorates the religious reunion of Shiva and Shakti, as Goddess Parvati. The carnival is observed with great enthusiasm and grandeur in Sambalpur. [5] [6]
Nuakhai is considered the most important social festival of Sambalpur. It is a paddy harvest festival that takes place during the months of August and September. Preparations for the festival start at least 15 days before the festival commences. The first grains of the paddy crop are cooked into various dishes and offered to the deities. The oldest member of the family then distributes the above sacred offerings to the younger members of the family. All houses are cleaned properly. People in the community meet and greet each other. Young people seek the blessings of the elders for happy and peaceful lives. It is a community festival celebrated by both rich and poor Hindu families alike. [7]
Puspuni is an annual festival observed by the people of Western and Southern Odisha. This is observed on the Puni (English Full Moon) day of the month of Pusa (Sanskrit Pausha). It derives its origin from the age-old agrarian culture of the land. Basically, it is an annual occasion wherein the farmer families celebrate their annual harvest of paddy. It has given rise to a tradition of celebration by other communities, too. People of Western Odisha, irrespective of their economic occupation feast, song and dance, and rejoice in giving away on this day. [8]
Makar Sankranti is celebrated on 14 January every year, though the date might shift by day in some years. In Western Orissa, it is celebrated a little bit differently. People perform various puja and rituals in temples and across rivers and present the Gods with offerings("Prasad") like "Rasi laddoo" which is made of Rasi (sesame seeds) and jaggery. People here believe that impressing the Gods and Goddesses will wash away all sins ("paap") that they might have committed knowingly or unknowingly. Also, Makar Sankranti symbolizes the beautiful bond between friends. On this auspicious day best friends perform a sort of ritual("puja") in the presence of Gods and Goddesses and seek their blessings. Once the ritual is done they are supposed to address their friend as "Makra" which means beloved friend/best friend. There is a belief here, that if you recognize your friendship on this day, it will last forever till death takes you apart. [9]
It is one of the most celebrated mass festival in western Odisha, especially Sambalpur. The festival is a celebration of the divine marriage of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. It goes on for days just like a real Hindu marriage. Two local families carry our the responsibilities of the Bride and Groom families. The old areas of Sambalpur like Jharuapada, Nandpada, and Kansaripada attract significant number of visitors due to their age old Sitalsasthi celebrations. [10] [11]
It is mostly known only in the region of Western Orissa. Bhai-juntia festival is celebrated on the Mahastami Day of Durga Puja. It is a ritual fasting undertaken by women for the whole day and night to seek Goddess Durga's blessing for the long life of their brothers. [12]
This is also a ritual fasting puja of similar austerity for women of the area. The Pua-juntia festival is observed by mothers to invoke the grace of Lord Dutibahana for the long life and prosperity of their sons. [12]
Rath Yatra or Jatra is the celebrated on the second (dwitiya) day of shukla pakshya (waxing cycle of moon) of Āshādha Māsa (3rd month of Odia calendar).There is a strong influence of Jagarnath culture in western odisha & Kirtan organized in most of the villages .
Besides the above listed festivals, other religious festivals are observed. These include Dola Jatra, Durga Puja, [12] Janmastami, [13] Dipavali, Ganesh Puja, [13] and Saraswati Puja.
Shiva Ratri mela at Huma attracts a large numbers of devotees. Ratha Yatra is held at almost all central places of Sambalpur. On the occasion of Makara Jatra, a fair is held at Themra in Sambalpur.[ citation needed ]
The acoustic instruments used in folk music of western Odisha enjoy a special status for its rarity. Moreover, these instruments are the real stuff to create an indomitable presence of the sweet folk styles. ‘Dulduli’ music, a music orchestra of western Orissa's folk music combines Dhol, Nisan, Tasha, Jhanj and Muhuri. In this musical extravaganza, Dhol is the lead rhythm instrument, Nisan is the bass booster, Taasha is the treble booster, Jhanj is the percussion and Muhuri (Sehnai like) is the only and leading ‘sur’ instrument.[ citation needed ]
It is seen that though the instrumentalists do not have knowledge of the theory, what they play are based on the recommended grammar of folk music of the area without any flaw. Besides, the rich folk have other instruments like Mandal, dhulak, pakhauj, dugi-tabla, mridanga, mardal, dhap, timkidi, Jodi-nagara, Ghanta, behela, khanjani, dhapli, bansi, Singh-Kahali, Bir-Kahali, ghulghula, ghunguru, kendraa, khadkhadi, ektara, ghumra, gini (cymbals), daskathia etc.
The folk instruments which are in vogue in Sambalpur region are Dhole, Madal, Nishan, Tasa, Pakhoj, Bansi, Bir-Kahali, Gini, Ektara, Muhuri, Ghulgula, Ghunguru, Jhanj etc.. They are widely used in temples during 'aarti'.
Dhol: It is an age old instrument of Indian folk music. The 'dhol' of Sambalpur is slightly different in its making and use. It is made from the trunk of a tree. Both the side of the 'dhole' are of same size. Sambalpur 'dhole' can be used for any type of Sambalpuri folk song.
Dandua Dhol: “Dand” or “Danda Nacha” is a popular ancient Odia past time entertainment package based on the various stories between Sri Krishna and Radha. During the old times when plays and dramas were the only sources of entertainment, such acts like “Dand” , “Pala” were very popular among the masses. “Dandua Dhol” is a unique “Dhol” specially used in “Dand” plays.
Mandal: The Sambalpuri 'mandal' is different from that of all other parts of India. The 'mandal' is made out of fired clay and is like a cylinder. Mandal is a drum which is used in slower rhythms. Most of the dance less songs are accomplished with the Mandal. This is a very sweet musical instrument and requires good skills to play. It is found in almost all households of ancient Odias. It is one of the main musical instrument for Kirtan during Ram Navami. Besides it is used during “Jhumer” and “Karma” style songs. It is an essential part of “Karmasani” puja.
Nishan: It is made out of iron sheets. The sound emitted by the 'nishan' is heart throbbing. This is mostly used in worship of Kali or Durga and in the battle field.
Tasha:It is played by two thin bamboo sticks. The sound of 'tasha' creates an atmosphere of horror, fear and excitement.
Muhuri: This musical instrument is made out of wood, with a double reed at one end and a wooden flared bell at the other end. Its sound is thought to create and maintain a sense of auspiciousness and sanctity and, as a result, is widely used during marriages, processions and in temples. Muhuri is the only and leading ‘sur’ instrument in Sambalpuri music.
Dhap: Dhap is percussion sort of a single faced and shallow rimmed drums. It’s a tambourine with wooden frame played using the flat of the palm and fingers.
Murdung : It is a terracotta two-sided drum used in Western Odisha for accompaniment with devotional music (Bhakti like Astaprahari, Kirtan, Pala etc.).The drum is played with palms and fingers of both hands.
Ghumra: Ghumra is considered to be a warrior instrument which was being played in old times before a king was to proceed for a war or after he won a war. “Ghumra Dance” is based on completely on this musical instruments and a very popular form of dance in Kalahandi. The dancers used to hang this instrument at their chest and play it with both hands while dancing and it creates a unique scene.
Kendera: The Kendera is a wooden string instrument, which has one string and is most commonly played by drawing a bow across its string.They are mostly played traditionally by jogis (saints). The folk song played in a kendara is known as kendara gita.
Ghupkudu: This is a traditional folk instrument. It is made up of Mango wood ,the round part is covered with reptile skin and the thread is called ‘thaat’ . The heart touching sound is known as 'Ghubkudu Chang Ghubkudu'. "Ghupkudu nach" is a popular song dance and nowadays it is called as "Kismi Nach".
Khanjni: This musical instrument is mostly used by followers of “Alekh” sect during their Bhajan and Kirtan. Alekh sect is similar to Jains having many similarities between them. The 'matha' or religious place of Alekh sect is called “Mahima Gadi” where this instrument is worshipped.
Baensi: “Baensi” is spoken this way in the western Odisha and means “Bansi” or flute. This instrument takes its inspiration from the eternal love between Lord Sri Krishna and Radha. Sri Krishna used to play this instrument often while gazing cows and that would attract Radha towards him.
Jhanj: It synchronizes the beats and rhythm in Sambalpuri Music and is considered an important background music for 'Kirtans' especially those performed during 'Rath Yatra' (Chariot Festival).
Mitu Kathia: 'Mitu Kathia' as its name suggests is a musical instruments made out of Bamboo wood (Kathia) and is inspired by Parrot (Mitu). It somewhat makes sound like a parrot. Also it is popularly known as “Khidki Khicha” due to its unique style of playing. This instrument is used in “Udanda Kirtan” a particular form of Kirtan held during Ram Navami or during the evening hours in villages.
Ramtali: “Ramtali” is mainly used during “Krushnaguru” plays in Odia villages. Krushnaguru is a unique song and play based performance by a group of people on various mythological topics especially revolving around Krishna in Dvapara Yuga. Ramtali is the main instrument of saint “Narada”, who is considered one of the greatest devotees of Lord Vishnu. A typical hymn he used to sing is “Narayana..Narayana” while playing this instrument in one hand, when he used to enter a place or emanate at a discussion.[ citation needed ]
Most of the community dances are connected with a function or the worship of a deity. Colourful folk dances are enjoyed by the people.
Dalkhai Dance
Dalkhai is a ritual folk dance. Songs sung on this occasion are known as Dalkhai songs. Young girls from Binjhal,Soura and Mirdha tribes perform this dance during Dusshera, Bhaijuntia and other festive occasions. However, non-tribal people of the mainstream society also participate in these ritual dances and songs without hesitation which is an indicator of the tribal and non tribal interaction. The young girls stand in a line or in a semicircular pattern while dancing (Pasayat, 1998, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009).
Karma Dance
Karma is the most colourful dance of the district. It is mainly a tribal dance in honour of "Karam Sani", the deity who grants children, as they believe. Non-tribal people also participate in this ritual dance and songs. In the beginning the dancers enter the dancing arena in two rows. The drumers and the singers accompany with rhythmic steps.
Humo and Bauli
These are two playful dances performed generally by young and unmarried girls on special occasions who sing and dance in groups. The stepping and movements of the dance are very slow. However, the old and aged women of the villages also play the guiding role during performance of this songs (Pasayat, 2008).
Koisabadi Dance
This dance is prevalent among the Gond and the Bhuyan tribes. Male dancers take part, holding a two-three feet long stick. The songs are mainly based on the immortal love story of Radha and Krishna. [14]
A list of people who have contributed in the growth of Sambalpuri culture and Odia language are given below.
Born on 23 January 1809 in Badgaon village under Dhama P.S. in a Royal Family. He ascended the throne of Sambalpur in the year 1827. Popularly known as a warrior, Surendra Sai led a revolution against the British Rulers, assembling thousands of protesters. He was incarcerated by the then British Rulers and breathed his last on 28 February 1884. Called as Sivaji of Odisha, Surendra Sai has been remembered for his unflinching patriotism, dedication for the motherland. He is regarded as the foremost fighter of Freedom movement of the Country.
Born on 9 August 1862 on the day of Sravana Purnima at Barpali, Bargarh District (undivided Sambalpur Dist.) in a weaver family. Educated up to 5th Class. His poetic creation includes ‘Pranaya Ballari’, ‘Kichaka Badha’, ‘Indumati’ , ‘Utkal Laxmi’, ‘Ayodhya’, ‘Bharati Bhabana’, ‘Bhakti Upahar’, Kabita Mala’ & ‘Krushaka Sangita’ Gangadhar is widely known as poet of nature. He is rated as a great poet in Indian Literature. Died on 4 April 1924. His poetries can be decided into lyrics, devotional, patriotic, reformative, ethical, agricultural, elegy and narration of nature. His prose creation include ‘Atma Jeevani’, Shri Nruparaj Singh’, ‘Purana Kabi Fakir Mohan’, Swargriya Kasinath Panda, Ehaki Prothibira Sabda, Sikshit, Asikhsit & Sikshya Bhimanini.’
Bargarh is one of the major towns of Western Odisha and a municipality in Bargarh district in the state of Odisha in India. It is the administrative headquarters of Bargarh District and is one of the most important towns of Odisha because it is known as the "rice bowl of Odisha" due to its intense rice production, it is a agroindustrial hub and is also known as "city of handloom" because sambalpuri sari originated from here."Dhanujatra" of Bargarh is world famous and is known as the "world's largest open theatre". Bargarh was awarded with the "fastest moving city" award under the 50k-100k category in Swachh Sarbekhyan 2022 in the east zone.
Burla is a town in Sambalpur city in the state of Odisha, India. It earlier had a Notified Area Council (NAC) until 2014 after which it was included in Sambalpur city under Sambalpur Municipal Corporation (SMC). It was earlier a small town on the banks of the Mahanadi. One can reach this place by road with National Highway 6 which is one of the busiest trunk routes in India as it connects Hazira to Kolkata. Hirakud Railway Station is at one end of the town and a walking distance from the Mahanadi Coal Limited (MCL).
Balangir District, also called Bolangir District, is a district situated in Odisha state of India. The district has an area of 6,575 km2 (2,539 sq mi), and a population of 1,648,997. The town of Balangir is the district headquarters. The composition of the land is predominantly rural. Other important big & small towns in Balangir district are Titlagarh, Patnagarh, Kantabanji, Loisingha, Saintala, Belpada, Tushra, Agalpur, Deogaon, Chudapali, Biripali, Bhalumunda, Bangomunda, Sindhekela, Kansil, Turekela and Muribahal.
Boudh District is an administrative and municipal district, one of thirty in the Odisha, India. The district headquarters is the city of Boudh.
Jharsuguda (ଝାରସୁଗୁଡ଼ା) is a City and district headquarters of Jharsuguda district of Odisha, India. It is an industrial hub, consisting mainly of metallurgical industries. It is well connected to major cities of India through the rail network, and a recently inaugurated as Veer Surendra Sai Airport. It is popularly known as the "Powerhouse of Odisha" due to its Mega Steel, Aluminium & Power Projects. Its First Industrialist in SSI Steel Sector of the Region was Jayprakash Badhan. Jharsuguda has often been referred as "Little India" as well because of its diverse demography, language and culture. One of the oldest bar and hotel in region is Kalinga Bar.
Sambalpur is the fourth largest city in the Indian State of Odisha. It is located on the banks of river Mahanadi, with a population of 335,761. Prehistoric settlements have been recorded there. It is the home of the Sambalpuri sari.
The Odia (ଓଡ଼ିଆ), formerly spelled Oriya, are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group native to the Indian state of Odisha who speak the Odia language. They constitute a majority in the eastern coastal state, with significant minority populations existing in the neighboring states of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
This article lists the traditional festivals and other cultural events in the Odisha region of India. Odisha celebrates 13 festivals in 12 months as the saying goes Bāra Māsare Tera Parba.
Western Odisha is the western part of the state of Odisha in India, extending from the Kalahandi district in the south to the Sundargarh district in the north.
Odisha is one of the 28 states of India, located on the eastern coast. It is surrounded by the states of West Bengal to the northeast, Jharkhand to the north, Chhattisgarh to the west and northwest, and Andhra Pradesh to the south and southwest. Odia is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by 33.2 million according to the 2001 Census. The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936, as a province in British India, and consisted predominantly of Odia-speaking regions. April 1 is celebrated as Odisha Day.
Nuakhai is an agricultural festival mainly observed by people of Western Odisha in India. Nuakhai is observed to welcome the new rice of the season. According to the calendar it is observed on panchami tithi of the lunar fortnight of the month of Bhadrapada or Bhadraba (August–September), the day after the Ganesh Chaturthi festival. This is the most important social festival of Western Odisha and Chhattishgarh also adjoining areas of Simdega in Jharkhand, where the culture of Western Odisha is much predominant.
Sambalpuri is an Indo-Aryan language variety spoken in western Odisha, India. It is alternatively known as Western Odia, and as Kosali, a recently popularised but controversial term, which draws on an association with the historical region of Dakshina Kosala, whose territories also included the present-day Sambalpur region.
Danda Naata or Danda Jatra is one of the most important traditional dance festivals organized in different parts of South Odisha and particularly in the Ganjam District, the heartland of ancient Kalinga Empire. The Danda Naata festival is being held in the month of Chaitra of every year. As per Ram Prasad Tripathy's article, it is an ancient festival of the Kalinga kingdom and still alive in and around the ancient Kalinga capital Sampa or Samapa i.e modern day Jaugada of Ganjam district. The Participants of Danda are called Danduas and they pray Goddesses Kali and Shiva during this 13-, 18- or 21-day Danda period.
Pana Sankranti,, also known as Maha Bishuba Sankranti, is the traditional new year day festival of Odia people in Odisha, India. The festival occurs in the solar Odia calendar on the first day of the traditional solar month of Meṣa, hence equivalent lunar month Baisakha. This falls on the Purnimanta system of the Indian Hindu calendar. It therefore falls on 13/14 April every year on the Gregorian calendar.
Sambalpuri Odia drama are a typical drama performance in Sambalpuri Odia language of Odisha, India.
Several folk dance forms evolved in different regions of Odisha, Odissi and Chhau being some popular forms. Sambalpuri dance is most popular dance of western Odisha and is enjoyed by many.
Dalkhai is a popular folk dance of the Adivasis of Odisha, India.
The Kendarā is a wooden string instrument. The kendara has one string and is most commonly played by drawing a bow across its string. They are mostly played traditionally by jogis, people who would go from door to door with a dried gourd container to keep rice, and a kendara to play while singing, and accept food as alms. They are rarely used in genres of folk including country music. The folk genre of music played in a kendara is known as Kendarā Gita. The instrument rose to popularity during 12th century when Sanskrit was made the official language of the then Utkala Kingdom but the common people did not understand, but the jogis were performing folk songs. Kendara is often tied to Natha (Odia-ନାଥ), a particular sect of the jogis that play the most popular variation of kendara. The other variation is known as Majhi Kendarā and is played by the Santhal people in Odisha.
Lahanda is a village in Odisha, India. It is located in the Attabira block of Bargarh district.
Hirlipali is a village in Attabira Tehsil of Bargarh district of Odisha, India. The village is located on the banks of canal that flows reservoir water from Hirakud Dam. It is about 10 km from Attabira and about 20 km from Bargarh town. The total geographical area of Hirlipali Gram Panchayat is 25.19 square kilometers, and has a total population of 8,320 peoples. There are about 1,817 households in Hirlipali Gram Panchayat
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