The Hindustani-speaking world, encompasses the regions where the Hindustani continuum is spoken. This includes countries and territories where in its various forms (including Standard Hindi and Standard Urdu), serves as an official, administrative, cultural, or widely spoken language. [3] [4]
The Hindustani language emerged as a result of the historical interactions between various linguistic and cultural groups in the Indian subcontinent. It developed during the medieval period, influenced by the languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Iranian, Arabic, and Turkic languages, particularly during the Mughal Empire. The language has two standardized forms: Hindi, which is written in the Devanagari script, and Urdu, which is written in the Perso-Arabic script. Both forms share a significant amount of vocabulary and grammar, making them mutually intelligible. [5] [6]
Before 1947, the British Raj officially recognized Hindustani (which was equated with Urdu). [7] [8] [9] In the post-independence era, however, the term Hindustani has gone out of use and is accorded no official status by either the Indian or Pakistani governments. Rather, the language is officially recognized by its two main standardized registers, Hindi and Urdu. [10] [11] [12]
This idea of the Hindustani language as "unifying language" or "fusion language" that would be "above" communal and religious differences throughout the subcontinent was supported by Mahatma Gandhi, [13] since it was not perceived to be a part of the Hindu community or the Muslim community like in the case of Hindi and Urdu respectively, and was also perceived to be a simpler language for people to learn. [14] [15] The translation from Urdu into Hindi (or the reverse) is mostly done by simply transliterating from both scripts or translation which is typically necessary for religious and literary texts. [16]
As of 2023, Hindi and Urdu combined are the 3rd-most-spoken language in the world after English and Mandarin with 843 million native and second-language speakers, as per Ethnologue . The number of Hindi-Urdu speakers was 300 million in 1995, placing Hindustani as the third-most spoken language globally. [17]
| Country or territory | Number of Native speakers | % | Status | Notes & References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Afghanistan | 829,000 | 2% | Minority Language | [18] |
 Fiji | 460,000 | 37.6% | Official Language (Hindi) | [19] |
 Mauritius | 79,539 | 6.1% | Minority Language | Bhojpuri is considered a dialect of Hindustani. [20] [21] |
 India | 579,119,824 | 48% | Official Language (Hindi) Scheduled Language (Urdu) | Total native speakers of Hindi & Urdu. [22] |
 Pakistan | 22,332,193 | 9.3% | National Language (Urdu) | [23] |
 UAE | 441,000 | 4.2% | Court Language (Hindi) | [18] [21] |
 Canada | 321,465 | 0.9% | Minority Language | [24] |
 Trinidad and Tobago | 61,000 | 4.4% | Minority Language | Trinidadian Hindustani [25] [21] |
 Jamaica | 54,000 | 1.9% | Minority Language | [21] |
 Suriname | 150,000 | 24% | Minority Language | Sarnámi Hindustáni [26] |
 French Guiana | 6,000 | 1.9% | Minority Language | [21] |
 Nepal | 870,399 | 3% | Minority Language | Awadhi and Bhojpuri are considered separate in Nepal's Census. [27] [18] |
 Saudi Arabia | 845,000 | 2.1% | Minority Language | [28] |
 Australia | 221,684 | 0.8% | Minority Language | [29] |
 New Zealand | 84,000 | 1.6% | Minority Language | [21] |
 United Kingdom | 344,654 | 0.5% | Minority Language | [30] [31] |
 United States | 1,372,802 | 0.4% | Minority Language | [32] |
| Total | 484,630,000 | 5.9% | - | - |
In Pakistan, Urdu serves as the National language and is spoken by approximately 9% of the population as a first language, while it is understood by a much larger segment of the population, serving as the nation's Lingua franca. Urdu is the medium of instruction in schools and is used in government and media. [33]
Hindi is spoken widely across India, particularly in the northern and central regions. It is the primary language in states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Delhi. According to the 2011 census of India, Hindi is the most spoken language in the country. Urdu is also a significant language, particularly in states like Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, and Jammu and Kashmir, with around 5% of the population identifying it as their first language. [34]
In Nepal, Hindustani is spoken primarily in the Terai region. Hindi is widely understood and used in media, education, and daily communication among the Nepali population, particularly among the Madhesi community. [35]
In Afghanistan, a significant number of speakers use Urdu, particularly around the city of Kabul. The language reflects historical ties with Pakistan as well as the influence of Bollywood culture. [36]
In Bangladesh, the Dhakaiya Urdu dialect is still spoken around Old Dhaka. [37] Further, Hindi is popular due to the influence of Bollywood movies.
In Saudi Arabia, a significant number of expatriates from India and Pakistan speak Urdu. The language serves as a means of communication among the South Asian diaspora in the country. [38]
Immigration from the Indian subcontinent from British Raj times has resulted in a growing popularity for the Urdu language in the UK, however the history of the language take roots in the early 1800s, where it was taught as a foreign language as a requirement to join the Indian Civil Service. [39] Since the 20th century, it has become standardised for education from a primary level to a PhD in Urdu. [40] It is also considered as the lingua franca among British South Asians, particularly British Pakistanis. [41]
In the Netherlands, The Caribbean Hindustani dialect, mainly Sarnami is spoken by Dutch Indo-Caribbeans, due to immigration from Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles. [42]
In Canada, about 300,000 people speak Hindustani, with a growing number due to immigration. Significant populations are found in cities like Toronto and Vancouver. [43]
In the United States, around a million people speak Hindustani, primarily among the South Asian diaspora. Communities are concentrated in states like California, New York, and New Jersey. [44]
In Trinidad and Tobago, The Caribbean Hindustani dialect is spoken among the Indo–Trinidadian community. The language is often used in cultural and religious contexts, reflecting the heritage of Indian Indentured laborers. [45]
In Suriname, a dialect of Caribbean Hindustani called Sarnámi Hindustáni is spoken by the Indo-Surinamese community, which traces its roots to Indian indentured laborers. The language is used in cultural practices and is an important part of the community's identity. Compared to other dialcets of Caribbean Hindustani, Sarnami is still widely spoken in Suriname and its diaspora. [42]
In Guyana, a dialect of Caribbean Hindustani called Guyanese Hindustani or as it is locally called Aili Gaili, is spoken by some members of the Indo-Guyanese community, mostly by the older generation. [46]
In Fiji, a dialect of Hindustani called Fiji Hindi is spoken by Indo-Fijians. This was a result of Indian indentured labourers who mainly spoke dialects from the Hindi Belt. It is considered as an Official language in Fiji. [47]
In Australia, the Hindustani-speaking population has been growing due to immigration from the Indian subcontinent and Fiji. Hindi is spoken by a considerable number of people, particularly within the Indian community. [48]
Across regions where it is spoken, Hindustani plays a role not only in daily communication but also in cultural life, including popular media and religious traditions. In countries with large Hindustani-speaking populations, such as India, Pakistan, Fiji, Suriname, and the United Kingdom, the language continues to serve as a medium of cultural identity and social interaction.[ citation needed ]