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Ho | |
---|---|
𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣋𑣜, हो जगर, ହୋ ଜାଗାର, হো জাগার | |
Pronunciation | /hoːd͡ʑagar/ |
Native to | India |
Ethnicity | Ho people |
Native speakers | 1,421,418 (2011 census) [1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
Warang Chiti, Devanagari, Latin script, Odia script [2] | |
Official status | |
Official language in | India
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | hoc |
Glottolog | hooo1248 |
Ho language speaking region | |
Ho is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger [3] | |
Ho (IPA: [hoːd͡ʑagar] , Warang Citi: 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣋𑣜) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken primarily in India by about 2.2 million people (0.202% of India's population) per the 2001 census. It is spoken by the Ho, Munda, Kolha and Kol tribal communities of Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal and Assam [4] and is written using Warang Citi script. Devanagari, Latin and Odia script are also used, [5] although native speakers are said to prefer Warang Chiti, invented by Lako Bodra. [6]
The name Ho is derived from the native word "𑣙𑣉𑣉" meaning human being. [7]
Ho is closely related to Mundari and Santali. Ho and Mundari are often described as sister languages. [7] [8] Ho is closer to the Mayurbhanj dialect of Mundari than the Mundari variety spoken in Jharkhand. While being ethnically and linguistically close, Ho and Mundari speakers form distinct regional identities.
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ( ɳ ) | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Stop/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | t͡ɕ | k | ʔ |
voiced | b | d | ɖ | d͡ʑ | ɡ | ||
Fricative | s | h | |||||
Approximant | w | l | j | ||||
Tap | ɾ | ɽ |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | u uː | |
Mid | e eː | o oː | |
Open | a aː |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | ĩ | ũ | |
Mid | ẽ | õ | |
Open | ã |
Like other languages of the Munda family, Ho has a mostly suffixing agglutinative inflictional morphology and follows accusative morphosyntactic alignment. There is some debate on whether Munda languages have word classes, an item from any word class can function as a verb in Ho. Ho does not have relative pronouns natively and relies on the participle forms of verbs, the forms that includes aspect, object and transitivity, but no mood markers, to form relative clauses.
Number, possession and case suffixes are added to nouns. Alienable and inalienable possesions are distinguished.
Ho distinguishes singular, dual and plural numbers. Number suffixes are generally written separate from base nouns.
Possessive | ||
---|---|---|
Singular | Kula "tiger" | Kulaaḱ "tiger's" |
Dual | Kula kin "two tigers" | Kula kinaḱ "of the two tigers" |
Plural | Kula ko "tigers" | Kula koaḱ "of the tigers" |
Construction for alienable possessions is different form inalienable possessions, En Eraaḱ Kolom "That woman's thresing floor", and En Era Gauńte "That woman's aunt". Suffixes for inalienable possessions only occur in the singular.
1st person possesor | 2nd person possesor | 3rd person possesor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Gauń "aunt" | Gauńiń "my aunt" | Gauńme "your aunt" | Gauńte "his/her aunt" |
Dual | Gauń kin "two aunts" | Gauńińtekin "my two aunts" | Gauńmetekin "your two aunts" | Gauńtetekin "his/her two aunts" |
Plural | Gauń kin "two aunts" | Gauńińteko "my aunts" | Gauńmeteko "your aunts" | Gauńteteko "his/her aunts"|} |
Ho personal pronoun distinguish inclusive and exclusive first person and anaphoric and demonstrative third person.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | exclusive | ań | aliń | ale | |
inclusive | alaṅ | abu | |||
2nd person | am | aben | ape | ||
3rd person | Anaphoric | ać | akin | ako | |
Demonstrative | proximate | neć | nekin | neko | |
distal | enić | enkin | enko | ||
remote | hanić | hankin | hanko |
Animate | Inanimate | |
---|---|---|
Referential | okoe | okon |
Non-referential | chinić | chenaḱ |
Animate | Inanimate | |
---|---|---|
'any' | jahć | jahnaḱ |
'another' | eṭaḱć | eṭaḱaḱ |
Simple | Particular | |
---|---|---|
Proximate | ne, nen | nea, nena |
Distal | en | ena |
Remote | han | hana |
Cardinal | Distributive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Short form | Long form | Short form | Long form | |
1 | mit́ | miat́ | mimit́ | mípiat́ |
2 | bar | barea | bábar | bábarea |
3 | apé | apea | ápé | ápea |
4 | upun | upunea | úpun | úpunea |
5 | mõe | mõea | mṍmõe | mṍmõea |
6 | turui | turuiea | túturui | túturuiea |
7 | ai | aiea | ái | áiea |
8 | iril | irilea | íril | írilea |
9 | are | area | áre | área |
10 | gel | gelea | gégel | gégelea |
20 | hisi | hisia | hísi | hísia |
Postposition | Function |
---|---|
lagit́ | Dative |
loḱ | Comitative, along with |
paa | Towards, around |
re | Spatio-temporal location, locative |
paṅ | Temporal, indicates time |
japaḱ | Near |
te | Instrumental, instrument, cause, motion, direction, allative |
leka | Semblative |
taḱ | Adessive |
aete | Ablative, source, origin |
chetan | On top of |
latar | Below |
suba | Under |
jóṅ, joka | Terminative |
mutit́ | Distributive |
Particle | Function |
---|---|
do | Topic marker |
ge | Emphasis marker |
chi | Question marker |
ma | As for that |
rená, rengá | Intensifier |
toraṅ | Dubitative |
chiat́ | Dubitative |
batit́ | Realization |
Ho has been written in various scripts, starting from the first written record of 1824 [11] to the present day, mostly using the Latin alphabet, Devanagari, Odia and more recently using the Warang Chiti script. Most writing done in Jharkhand tends to use the Devanagari script, while in Odisha it is the Odia script. While community intellectuals have been promoting the usage of Warang Chiti, it is yet to be widely used among Ho people due to it not being a part of school education. In 1985, a committee consisting of intellectuals including Ram Dayal Munda and Bhagey Gobardhan deliberated on common script for Ho, and decided in favor of Warang Chiti, eliminating competition from scripts put forth by other inventors such as Sangram Sindhu's Owar Anka Gār Lipi, disseminated by an institution called Sindhu Jumur, Rohidas Singh Nag's Mundari Bani Hisir Champa, Raghunath Purty's Ho Ol Lipi, Purushottam Godsora's Srishti Lipi among others. [12]
The lexicon of the language reflects close association with nature and living proximity with birds and beasts which is typical for tribal languages. [13] [14]
The Latin, Devanagari and Warang Citi scripts have been used in the field of teaching and learning. In 1953, the department of Education, Government of Bihar set out instructions to all the Divisional Inspectors of schools. [15] The government maintained that 'the pupil-teachers whose mother tongue is other than Hindi should be given the option of maintaining their records in their mother tongue. In every junior Training School besides Hindi, a second mother-tongue as accepted in Government resolution no.645ER of 10 August 1953 should be invariably taught.' The plan has been to provide education in their mother tongue at the primary level.
Since 1976, the Ho language is being imparted at intermediate and graduate courses in different colleges under the Ranchi University. The university opened a separate department named Tribal and Regional Languages in 1981. [16]
In erstwhile Bihar, the Information and Mass Communication department regularly published Ho articles, folk stories, songs in Devanagari script in a weekly named Adivasi Saptahik.
There are significant initiatives inculcated in development of Ho language. A pioneering work was started at Ete Turtung Akhara, Jhinkapani to study and develop the Ho language under the leadership of late Lako Bodra with the help of Adi Sanskriti Evam Vigyan Sansthan. The institute published a book in 1963 titled Ho Hayam Paham Puti in Warang Chiti and introduced the letters of Warang Chiti, Kakahara. [17]
A. Pathak and N.K. Verma tried to compare the Warang Citi with Indus script in Echoes of Indus Valley. [18] Sudhanshu Kumar Ray in his 'Indus Script' described that the script Warang Chiti resembles the script of Indus that was discovered by Ashok Pagal and Bulu Imam in the caves of Aswara hill near Baraka village. [19]
Xavier Ho Publication, Lupungutu has been publishing Ho books in Devanagri. John Deeney published Ho Grammar and Vocabulary in 1975, written in the Latin . [20]
Under the Multilingual Education (MLE) programme, Odisha government has been providing primary education in Ho speaking areas. [21]
The University Grants Commission of India has already recognized Ho as a language and literature. Now, UGC is conducting National Eligibility Test examination in Ho language under the "'subject code 70"' in Tribal and Regional Language/Literature group. [22] In Odisha and Jharkhand, Education in Ho at the primary level was introduced in 20 and 449 schools respectively and about 44,502 tribal students are pursuing their studies in the language. [23] [24]
Besides education, Ho has also got its due recognition in the world of mass media. For the last few years, All India Radio (AIR) has been airing songs in Ho from the AIR centres in Keonjhar, Rourkela and Cuttack besides Baripada in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha state. Regular programs in Ho are broadcast from Chaibasa and Jamshedpur AIR centres in Jharkhand. Similarly, from Ranchi AIR centre in Jharkhand, regional news bulletins are broadcast two days a week Friday and Sunday. [23]
The following universities offer courses on Ho:
The following educational institutions offer courses on Ho:
Governments of Odisha and Jharkhand have been making demands for Ho to be included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India. [29] Ho peoples are also making continuous efforts to fulfill their demands as to be included in 8th scheduled. [30] Rajya Sabha member and Union Petroleum and Steel Minister Dharmendra Pradhan had also submitted a memorandum demanding that the Government of India include Ho in the Constitution to give it an official status.The same request has also been made by the Department of Personnel, Jharkhand. [31] Former Home Minister Rajnath singh had assured that Ho would be included in Eighth Scheduled, and assured to take appropriates steps to fulfil the demand, said union minister Dharmendra Pradhan. [32]
Erstwhile Jharkhand Chief Minister Hemant Soren has written to the Home Ministry for the inclusion of Ho into the Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution. [33]
Santali, also known as Santal or Santhali, is the most widely-spoken language of the Munda subfamily of the Austroasiatic languages, related to Ho and Mundari, spoken mainly in the Indian states of Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Mizoram, Odisha, Tripura and West Bengal by Santals. It is a recognised regional language of India as per the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. It is spoken by around 7.6 million people in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal, making it the third most-spoken Austroasiatic language after Vietnamese and Khmer.
Birsa Munda was an Indian tribal independence activist, and folk hero who belonged to the Munda tribe. He spearheaded a tribal religious millenarian movement that arose in the Bengal Presidency in the late 19th century, during the British Raj, thereby making him an important figure in the history of the Indian independence movement. The revolt mainly concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada and Bandgaon.
Mayurbhanj district is one of the 30 districts in the Odisha state of eastern India. It holds the distinction of being the largest district in Odisha by area. The district's headquarters is located in Baripada, with other major towns including Rairangpur, Karanjia, and Bahalda. As of 2011, Mayurbhanj ranks as the third-most populous district in Odisha, following Ganjam and Cuttack.
West Singhbhum or Pashchimi Singhbhum is one of the 24 districts of Jharkhand state, India. It came into existence on 16 January 1990, when the old Singhbhum district was bifurcated. Chaibasa is the district headquarters.
Chaibasa is a small town and a municipality in West Singhbhum district in the state of Jharkhand, India. Chaibasa is the district headquarters of West Singhbhum district. It is also the headquarter of Singhbhum Kolhan division headed by the Divisional commissioner. It consists of the main city including Sadar Bazar, Garikhana, Bari Bazar, Amla Tola, Sentola, Railway Station Area, JMP Chowk, Post Office Chowk and Gandhi Tola; and the surrounding suburbs and entry gates to the city including Tambo Chowk, Tungri, Khapparsai, Moholsai, Gutusai and Purana Chaibasa.
The Munda people are an Austroasiatic-speaking ethnic group of the Indian subcontinent. They speak Mundari as their native language, which belongs to the Munda subgroup of Austroasiatic languages. The Munda are found mainly concentrated in the south and East Chhotanagpur Plateau region of Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. The Munda also reside in adjacent areas of Madhya Pradesh as well as in portions of Bangladesh, Nepal, and the state of Tripura. They are one of India's largest scheduled tribes. Munda people in Tripura are also known as Mura. In the Kolhan region of Jharkhand the Munda people are often called Tamadia by other communities.
Singhbhum was a district of India during the British Raj, part of the Chota Nagpur Division of the Bengal Presidency. It was located in the present-day Indian state of Jharkhand. Chaibasa was the district headquarters. Located in the southern limit of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, Singhbhum included the Kolhan estate located in its southeastern part. The district has been segmented into two smaller districts, East Singhbhum and West Singhbhum.
Chakradharpur is a municipal town situated in the West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, India, positioned strategically on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Located 62 kilometers west of Jamshedpur, 115 kilometers south of Ranchi, and 101 kilometers east of Rourkela, it serves as a crucial hub for the mineral-rich regions of Jharkhand and Odisha, as well as for the cement, steel, and limestone industries in the vicinity. The town spans an urban area of 10 square kilometers and stands at an elevation of 227 meters. It shares its borders with Jamshedpur to the east, Rourkela to the west, Ranchi to the north, and Chaibasa to the south, which also serves as the district headquarters of West Singhbhum.
Warang Citi is a writing system invented by Lako Bodra for the Ho language spoken in East India. It is used in primary and adult education and in various publications.
The Ho people are an Austroasiatic Munda ethnic group of India. They are mostly concentrated in the Kolhan region of Jharkhand and northern Odisha where they constitute around 10.7% and 7.3% of the total Scheduled Tribe population respectively, as of 2011. With a population of approximately 700,000 in the state in 2001, the Ho are the fourth most numerous Scheduled tribe in Jharkhand after the Santals, Kurukhs, and Mundas. Ho also inhabit adjacent areas in the neighbouring states of Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar bringing the total to 806,921 as of 2001. They also live in Bangladesh and Nepal.
Mundari (Munɖari) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken by the Munda tribes in eastern Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal and northern Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. It is closely related to Santali. Mundari Bani, a script specifically to write Mundari, was invented by Rohidas Singh Nag. It has also been written in the Devanagari, Odia, Bengali, and Latin writing systems.
Ram Dayal Munda, known as R. D. Munda, was an Indian scholar and regional music exponent. He was awarded the Padma Shri of the year 2010 for his contribution to the field of art.
Bhumij is an Austroasiatic language belonging to the Munda subfamily, related to Ho, Mundari, and Santali, primarily spoken by Bhumij peoples in the Indian states Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. As per the 2011 census, only 27,506 people out of 911,349 Bhumij people spoke Bhumij as their mother tongue, as most Bhumijas have shifted to one of the regional dominant languages. Thus the language is considered an extremely endangered language.
Ot Guru Kol Lako Bodra is the creator of the Warang Chiti writing system used for writing the Kol Ho language.
Chakradharpur railway division is one of the four railway divisions under South Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways. This railway division was formed on 14 April 1952 and its headquarter is located at Chakradharpur in West Singhbhum district of the state of Jharkhand of India.
Rohidas Singh Nag was the inventor of the Mundari Bani script, which is used to write the Mundari language.
Mundari Bani is the writing system created for the Mundari language, spoken in eastern India. Mundari is an Austroasiatic language. Mundari Bani has 27 letters and five diacritics, the forms of which are intended to evoke natural shapes. The script is written from left to right.
Bagal is a cattle herding caste of East India. Bagal people are living in the state of West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha. They use Kudmali/ Manbhumi dialect of Bengali as their mother tongue and use Bengali, Hindi and Odia language to communicate with the outside society.
The Ol Onal, also known as also known as Bhumij Lipi or Bhumij Onal, is an alphabetic writing system for the Bhumij language. Ol Onal script was created between 1981 and 1992 by Ol Guru Mahendra Nath Sardar. Ol Onal script is used to write the Bhumij language in some parts of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa, and Assam.
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