Kokborok (or Tripuri) is a Tibeto-Burman language of the Indian state of Tripura and neighbouring areas of Bangladesh.[4] Its name comes from kok meaning "verbal" or "language" and borok meaning "people" or "human",[citation needed] It is one of the ancient languages of Northeast India.[5]
Kokborok was formerly known as Tripuri and Tipra kok, with its name being changed in the 20th century. The names also refer to the inhabitants of the former Twipra kingdom, as well as the ethnicity of its speakers.
According to an oral history, Kókborok has been attested since at least the 1st century AD, when the historical record of Tripuri kings began to be written down in a book called the Rajratnakar or Rajmala, using a script for Kókborok called "Koloma",[6][7] by the scholar and priest Durlabendra Chantai (also spelled Durlobendra Chontai).[8] In the early 15th century, under the reign of Dharma Manikya I, two Brahmins, Sukreswar and Vaneswar, compiled a Rajmala, translating it into Sanskrit and into Bengali.[8][7] However, post-independence, the Kokborok records were outlawed and subsequently lost;[7] the main sources for Tripura history are the Sanskrit and Bengali manuscripts.[8]
Kokborok was relegated to a common people's dialect during the rule of the Tripuri kings in the Kingdom of Tipra from the 19th century till the 20th century. Kokborok was declared an official language of the state of Tripura, India by the state government in the year 1979.[9][10][11] Consequently, the language has been taught in schools of Tripura from the primary level to the higher secondary stage since the 1980s. A certificate course in Kokborok started from 1994 at Tripura University[12] and a post graduate diploma in Kokborok was started in 2001 by the Tripura University. Kokborok was introduced in the Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in the colleges affiliated to the Tripura University from the year 2012, and a Master of Arts (MA) degree in Kokborok was started by Tripura University from the year 2015.[13]
There is currently a demand for giving the language recognition as one of the recognized official languages of India as per the 8th schedule of the Constitution. The official form is the dialect spoken in Agartala, the state capital of Tripura.[9]
Kókborok consists of several dialects spoken in Tripura. Ethnologue lists Usoi (Kau Brung), Riang (Kau Bru), and Khagrachari ("Trippera") as separate languages; Mukchak (Barbakpur), though not listed, is also distinct, and the language of many Tripuri clans has not been investigated. The greatest variety is within Khagrachari, though speakers of different Khagrachari varieties can "often" understand each other. Khagrachari literature is being produced in the Naitong and Dendak varieties.[6]
Phonology
Kókborok has the phonology of a typical Sino-Tibetan language.[clarification needed]
Vowels
Kokborok has six (monophthong) vowel phonemes: /i u e ə o a/.
Early scholars of Kokborok decided to use the letter w as a symbol for a vowel that does not exist in English. In some localities, it is pronounced closer to [ɨ],[15] and in others, it is pronounced closer to o.[16]
In Kokborok spelling, u is used for the sound /w/ in the diphthongs /wa/ (used initially, spelled ua) and /wo/ (used finally, spelled uo). It is also used for the diphthong /ɔi/ (spelled wi) after m and p.
Ch is used for /t͡ʃ/, while kh, ph, chh and th are used for /kʰ/, /pʰ/, /t͡ʃʰ/ and /tʰ/ respectively.
N' is the pronunciation of the nasal sound, e.g., in' (yes).[clarification needed]
Ng is a digraph and is generally used in the last syllable of a word, e.g., aming (cat), holong (stone).
Ua is often used initially, e.g., uak (pig), uah (bamboo), uatwi (rain).
Uo is often used finally, e.g., thuo (sleeping), buo (beat).
Diphthongs
A diphthong is a group of two vowels. The wi diphthong is pronounced ui after /m/ and /p/. Two examples are chumui (cloud) and thampui (mosquito). The ui diphthong is a variation of the wi diphthong. Other less frequent diphthongs, such as oi and ai, are closing diphthongs.
Syllables
Most words are formed by combining the root with an affix:
kuchuk is formed from the root chuk (to be high), with the prefix, ku.
phaidi (come) is formed from the root phai (to come), with the suffix di.
There are no Kókborok words beginning with ng.[17] At the end of a syllable, any vowel except w can be found, along with a limited number of consonants: p, k, m, n, ng, r and l. /j/ is found only in closing diphthongs like ai and wi.
Clusters
"Clusters" are a group of consonants at the beginning of a syllable, like phl, ph + l, in phlat phlat (very fast), or sl in kungsluk kungsluk (foolish man). Clusters are quite impossible at the end of a syllable. There are some "false clusters" such as phran (to dry) which is actually phw-ran. These are very common in echo words: phlat phlat, phre phre, prai prai, prom prom, etc.
Tone
There are two tones in Kókborok: high tone and low tone. To mark the high tone, the letter h is written after the vowel with the high tone. These examples have low tone preceding high tone to show that tone changes the meaning:
There is a clear-cut difference between nouns and verbs. All true verbs are made with a verbal root followed by a number of suffixes, which are placed not randomly but according to definite rules.
Morphology
Morphologically Kókborok words can be divided into five categories. They are the following.
Original words: thang-go; phai-come; borok-nation; bororok-menkotor-big; kuchuk-high; kwrwi-not; etc.
Compound words, that is, words made of more than one original words: nai-see; thok-tasty; naithok-beautiful; mwtai-God; nok-house; tongthar-religion; bwkha-heart; bwkhakotor-brave; etc.
Words with suffixes: swrwng-learn; swrwngnai-learner; nukjak-seen; kaham-good; hamya- bad; etc.
Naturalized loan words: gerogo-to roll; gwdna-neck; tebil- table; poitu-faith; etc.
Loan words: kiching-friend; etc.
Numbers
Counting in Kókborok is called lekhamung.
1
sa (one)
2
nwi (two)
3
tham
4
brwi
5
ba
6
dok
7
sni
8.
char
9
chuku
10
chi
20
nwichi (khol)
100
ra
101
ra sa
200
nwira
1000
sai
1001
sai sa
2000
nwi sai
10,000
chisai
20,000
nwichi sai
100,000
rasai
200,000
nwi rasai
1,000,000
chirasai
2,000,000
nwichi rasai
10,000,000
rwjak
20,000,000
nwi rwjak
1,000,000,000
rarwjak
1,000,000,000,000
sai rarwjak
100,000,000,000,000,000,000
rasaisai rarwjak
Dialects
There are many Kokborok-speaking people in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, and Mizoram. But, there are also speakers in the neighboring provinces in the country of Bangladesh, mainly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
There are three main dialects of Kokborok, which are mutually intelligible.[18] The standard one is Debbarma (Puratan Tripuri), which is spoken by the royal family and is understood by all the dialect groups.[19] It is the medium of instruction up to class five and is taught as a subject up to graduate level.[citation needed] The two other major dialects are Riang (or Reang) and Noatia. Smaller dialects are Jamatia, Koloi and Rupini.[18]
The first efforts of writing Kokborok were made by Radhamohan Thakur. He wrote the grammar of Kokborok named "Kókborokma" published in 1900, as well as two other books: "Tripur Kothamala" and "Tripur Bhasabidhan". Tripur Kothamala was the Kokborok-Bengali-English translation book published in 1906. The "Tripur Bhasabidhan" was published in 1907.[citation needed]
Daulot Ahmed was a contemporary of Radhamohan Thakur and was a pioneer of writing Kókborok Grammar jointly with Mohammad Omar. The Amar jantra, Comilla published his Kókborok grammar book "KOKBOKMA" in 1897.[citation needed]
On 27 December 1945 the "Tripura Janasiksha Samiti" came into being, and it established many schools in different areas of Tripura.[citation needed]
The first Kókborok magazine "Kwtal Kothoma" was edited and published in 1954 by Sudhanya Deb Barma, who was a founder of the Samiti. "Hachuk Khurio" (In the lap of Hills) by Sudhanya Deb Barma is the first modern Kókborok novel. It was published by the Kókborok Sahitya Sabha and Sanskriti Samsad in 1987. One major translation of the 20th century was the "Smai Kwtal", the New Testament of the Bible in Kókborok language, published in 1976 by the Bible Society of India.[citation needed]
The 21st century began for Kókborok literature with the monumental work, the Anglo-Kókborok-Bengali Dictionary compiled by Binoy Deb Barma and published in 2002 A.D. by the Kókborok tei Hukumu Mission. This is the 2nd edition of his previous groundbreaking dictionary published in 1996 and is a trilingual dictionary. Twiprani Laihbuma (The Rajmala – History of Tripura) translated by R. K. Debbarma and published in 2002 by KOHM.
The full Holy Bible in Kokborok language was finally published for the first time in the year 2013 by the Bible Society of India.[20] The Baibel Kwthar is currently the largest work and biggest book published in the language with more than 1,300 pages and is now the benchmark for publications in the language.[citation needed]
The present trend of development of the Kokborok literary works show that Kokborok literature is moving forward slowly but steadily with its vivacity and distinctive originality to touch the rich literature of the rich languages.[citation needed]
Educational institutions
There are two universities in Tripura which provide Kokborok language courses as part of Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate degrees. There are more than 20 colleges in Tripura state where Kokborok is taught as part of the undergraduate courses. Also, there are more than 30 Government schools where Kokborok is taught in the higher secondary school level under the Tripura Board of Secondary Education.[21]
Department of Kokborok, Tripura University
The Department of Kokborok in Tripura University, Agartala is responsible for the teaching of Kokborok language and literature and started functioning in 2015.
It runs an M.A (Master of Arts) in Kokborok language, a one-year PG Diploma and a 6-month Certificate course.[22][23]
The university grants Bachelor of Arts (B.A) degrees with Kokborok as an elective subject [24] in its various constituent colleges since 2012. The colleges affiliated to the university where Kokborok is taught in the B.A degree are:
Department of Kokborok, Maharaja Bir Bikram (MBB) University
The Department of Kokborok in Maharaja Bir Bikram University, Agartala is responsible for the teaching of Kokborok language and literature.[38] This was made a State University in 2015.
MBB university has two affiliated colleges where Kokborok courses are available:
Kokborok had a script known as Koloma, developed in the 1st century CE and used by the Royal Family of Tripura.[citation needed] The Rajratnakar is believed to have originally been written in Koloma.[citation needed] This script fell out of use after the 14th century,[42] and is widely considered to have been lost.[43][44]
From the 19th century, the Kingdom of Twipra used the Bengali script to write in Kokborok, but since the independence of India and the merger with India, the Roman script is being promoted by non-governmental organizations. The Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council government made regulations in 1992 and 2000 for adoption of the Roman script in the school education system in its areas.[45]
The script issue is highly politicized, with the Left Front government advocating usage of the Bengali script and all the regional indigenous parties and student organizations (INPT, IPFT, NCT, Twipra Students Federation, etc.) and ethnic nationalist organizations (Kokborok Sahitya Sabha, Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission, Movement for Kokborok etc.) advocating for the Roman script.[45] Both scripts are now used in the state in education as well as in literary and cultural circles.[45] Proposals have previously been made for the adoption of scripts other than the Bengali or Roman scripts, such as Ol Chiki.[46] There have also been scripts created specifically for Kokborok in modern times.[47]
Agartala is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Tripura, situated on the banks of Haora/Saidra River, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of the border with Bangladesh and about 2,499 km (1,552 mi) from the national capital, New Delhi. According to 2022 AMC data, Agartala is the second most populous city after Guwahati in Northeast India. It is India's third international internet gateway and being developed under the Smart Cities Mission.
The Tripura Baptist Christian Union (TBCU) is an association of Baptist Christian churches in Tripura, India. It has its head office in Agartala, the state capital. The TBCU is affiliated to the Asia Pacific Baptist Federation (APBF) and the Baptist World Alliance (BWA). It is also a member church in the North East India Christian Council (NEICC), a regional church body of the National Council of Churches in India (NCCI).
Khumulwng is a town in the West Tripura district in the Indian state of Tripura. It is the headquarters and the largest town of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council.
Tripura University is a central university, the main public government university of the state of Tripura in India.
The Tripuri are a Tibeto-Burman-speaking ethnic group of Bangladesh and Northeast Indian state of Tripura. They are the descendants of the inhabitants of the Twipra/Tripura Kingdom in North-East India and Bangladesh. The Tripuri people through the Manikya dynasty ruled the Kingdom of Tripura for over 600 years starting from 1400 A.D. until the kingdom joined the Indian Union on 15 October 1949. The Tipra Dynasty was established in 590 AD.
Kokborok (Tiprakok/Tripuri) is the native language of Tripuri people in present Tripura state in Northeast of India. During the 20th century many of Royal family and its officials contributes to develop the Kokborok language in many ways.
Drama was brought into the Kokborok-speaking population by the Yatra (Jatra) performers of Bengal. The rulers of Independent Tripura were the first to present and perform drama in Tripura. Though in the beginning the presentations of yatras (jatras) were limited to the Royal Compound, in course of time it came out of the royal compound and mass people also began to enjoy it and join it.
The issue of which script to use for the Kokborok language continues to provoke political controversy.
Debbarma is the main clan of Tripuri community, predominantly in state of Tripura, India and Bangladesh who speak Kokborok, a Tibeto-Burman language.
Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission (KOHM) is a non-political, non-religious organization whose mission is to promote the development and preservation of Tripuri literature, culture, tradition, and its heritage.
Kokborok Day is a festival celebrated in the Indian state of Tripura to celebrate the development of the Kokborok language. It is observed on 19 January every year. The Kokborok language is an official language in Tripura. This day is chosen to commemorate its initial recognition as an official language in 1979. The activities include cultural programmes and literary activities.
Atul Debbarma is an Indian doctor-turned-politician and author. He was a practicing doctor in the Municipal Corporation of Delhi until December 2017. He became involved with Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and its different wings such as Vanvasi Kalyan Ashram and Vivekananda International Foundation in 2007. He won the Tripura Assembly Elections 2018 as the BJP candidate from Krishnapur constituency.
Sudhanwa Debbarma was an Indian Kokborok writer, Political leader and member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was the former Speaker of Tripura Legislative Assembly. He was the veteran leader of Ganamukti Parishad. He was a member of Tripura Legislative Assembly from Takarjala (1977-1988).
Nanda Kumar Deb Barma is a Tipra playwright, poet, and lyricist from Tripura. He is known for literature in Kokborok language and Kokborok Drama. Nanda Kumar Deb Barma is author of novels such as Rung (2001), and compilations of works such as Thungnuk Bwchap (2015). He has been one of the active advocates for Kokborok development of literature and education and is the president of Kokborok Sahitya Sabha.
Kokborok Cinema also known as Tripuri Cinema refers to the Kokborok language film industry in Tripura, India and among the Tripuri people. Tripura's Kokborok film industry began in 1986 with Longtharai (1986) directed by Dipak Bhattacharya adapted from Bimal Sinha's novel Karachi theke Longtharai depicting the struggle-ridden life of jhum cultivators in the rural hills of Longtharai followed by the Kokborok film Langmani Haduk (1993) directed by Ruhi Debbarma can be read as a critique of the modern regime. The Kokborok film Mathia (2004) directed by Joseph Pulinthanath, is the first International Award-winning Kokborok film.
Yarwng is a 2008 Kokborok feature film produced by Don Bosco Sampari Pictures Tripura, written and directed by Joseph Pulinthanath. The story of the 95-minute feature film revolves round the large-scale displacement which happened in Tripura state, in northeast India, when the newly built Dumbur dam (1970s) submerged huge areas of arable land in the fertile Raima valley about 40 years ago. The film won the first national film award for Tripura at the 56th National Film Awards in (2008)
Langmani Haduk is a 1993 Tripuri feature film in Kokborok language directed by Ruhi Debbarma that portrayed patriarchal norms through what may be referred to as "feudal familial romance." It took inspiration from the well-established social/family melodramas of Hindi cinema.
Longtharai is a 1986 first Kokborok film directed by Dipak Bhattacharya, adapted from Tripura’s former Health and Urban Development Minister and CPIM leader Bimal Sinha’s novel "Karachi theke Longtharai".
1 2 3 Poddar, Satyadeo, ed. (2016). History of Tripura: as reflected in the manuscripts. New Delhi: National Mission for Manuscripts: Dev Publishers & Distributors. ISBN9789380829395.
↑ Debnath, Rupak (1 January 2013). "Kokborok Language Planning and Development". Report of the Seminar on Language Planning for Development of Kokborok [Appendix-C]. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
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