Kachari language

Kachari
কছাৰী
Region	Assam, India
Native speakers	16,000 (2011) [1]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Brahmaputran Bodo–Garo Bodo Kachari
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xac
Glottolog	kach1279
ELP	Kachari

G.A. Grierson's linguistic map of Tibeto-Burman family, 1903.

Kachari is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Boro-Garo branch that is spoken in Assam, India. With fewer than 60,000 speakers recorded in 1997, and the Asam 2001 Census reporting a literacy rate of 81% the Kachari language is currently ranked as threatened. ^[3] Kachari is closely related to surrounding languages, including Tiwa, Rābhā, Kochi and Mechi. ^[4]

While there are still living adult speakers, many children are not learning Kachari as their primary language, instead being assimilated into the wider Assamese speaking communities. ^[5]

Division

According to LSI, Kachari language was divided into Plain Kachari or Bårå(Boro) and Hill Kachari or Dimasa. ^[6]

Phonology

Consonants

Kachari consists of the 13 consonants shown below and three Non-syllabics,(Frictional: h, frictionless palatal: y, frictionless rounded velar: w ^[7] ) :

	Bi-Labial	Denti-Alveolar	Alveolo-Palatal	Velar
Plosives aspirated unaspirated	p^h b	t^h d		k^h g
Nasals	m	n		n
Fricatives Voiceless Voiced			s z
Tremulant		r
Lateral		l

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e	o	o
Low		a

Prosody

• Tone
  • Kachari is a tonal language, consisting of 4 tones high, mid, low and neutral (1, 2, 3, 0) ^[7]

Grammar

Syntax

The word order of Kachari is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV)

Kachari uses many instances of "compound words" to denote meaning. For example, the word for "boy", is really the combination of the Kachari words for "male" and "child". This also correlates with Kachari verbs, which can be agglutinated to form "compound verbs". ^[8] While Kachari is not polysynthetic, its verbs act as a stem for descriptive adjective, adverbs or affixes to change its meaning. For example, the "conjugation of the regular verb active, 'nu-nǔ.' to see" results in the following: ^[9]

Verb "to See" [9]
Case	Case Form	Final Form	Meaning
Infinitive	-nǔ	nu-nǔ	to see
Progressive	-dang	nu-dang	I am seeing
Simple Past	-bai	nu-bai	I saw
Past Progressive	-dangman	nu-dangman	I did see
Past Remote	-nai	nu-nai	I had seen
	-dangman	nu-dangman
Simple Future	-gan	nu-gan	I will see
Paulo-post Future	-si-gan	nu-si-gan	I will see (almost immediately)
	-nǔ-sǔi	nu-nǔ-sǔi
Imperative	-	nu	See (you)
	-thang	nu-thang	Let him (them) see

Tense

Future Tense

As can be seen from the chart above, the future tense is indicated with -gan, while -si- indicates that the future event will occur soon or in the near future. One example is "Bí faigan", he will come, as opposed to "Bí faisigan", he will come (almost at once) or he is about to come. ^[9]

Present Tense

Present tense is shown through three affixes, "ǔ", "dong" and "gô". The first two forms represent indefinite and definite forms and are far more common that "gô", which is frequently only used to answer questions in the affirmative.

Adjectives

Most adjectives can be added both before or after the noun it is describing, though it gains the case ending if it follows the noun, rather than precedes it. ^[9] This follows the identification of as a strongly suffixing language. ^[10] However, this classification goes against Konwar's description of Kachari and a related language, Karbi, as primarily prefixing to create adjectives. ^[11]

Numerical adjectives are always inserted after the noun it is describing. For example, "ten goats" is "Burmá má-zǔ" with "Burmá" meaning goat, "má" being the classifier for "animal" and the number ten being "zǔ". ^{[4] [9]}

Morphology

Gender - Common nouns such as father, mother, brother or sister have distinct masculine and feminine words while other nouns including animals, will typically have the words for male and female, -jelá and -jeu respectively, added on as a suffix to denote gender. Other common masculine and feminine suffix forms that may be used include -zǎlá/-zǔ, -bundā/-bundi, -bóndá/-bóndi, -phántá/-phánti and -pherá/-pheri. ^{[4] [9]}

Number System

Kachari has a decimal system and counts to 10 with unique words, after which the number words combine to add to the larger number as shown in the chart below. ^[12]

1. sé	21. nɯizise
2. nɯí	22. nɯizinɯi
3. tʰám	22. nɯizitʰam
4. brɯí	24. nɯizibrɯi
5. bá	25. nɯiziba
6. dɔ́	26. nɯizidɔ
7. sní	27. nɯizisni
8. daín	28. nɯizidain
9. ɡú	29. nɯiziɡu
10. zí	30. tʰamzí
11. zíse	40. brɯizí
12. zínɯi	50.bazí
13. zítʰám	60. dɔzí
14. zíbrɯi	70. snizí
15. zíba	80. dainzí
16. zídɔ	90. ɡuzí
17. zísni	100. zɯusé / sezɯú
18. zídaín	200. nɯizɯú
19. zíɡu	1000. sé rɯ̀za
20. nɯizí	2000. nɯí rɯ̀za

References

1. Kachari at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
2. Grierson, G.A. (1903). "Linguistic Survey of India, Volume III, Tibeto-Burman Family, Part II, "Specimens of the Bodo, Nāgā, and Kachin groups"". The Record News.
3. Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. "Kachari". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
4. Robinson, William (1849-01-01). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal "Notes on the Languages Spoken by the various tribes inhabiting the valley of Asam and its mountain confines.". G.H. Rouse, Baptist Mission Press. pp. 215–224.
5. "Did you know Kachari is endangered?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
6. "Linguistic Survey of India". dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
7. Bhattacharya, Pramod Chandra (1977). A Descriptive Analysis of the Boro Language. 21 Balaram Ghose Street, Calcutta 700004: The Pooran Press.
8. Anderson, J. D. (1895-01-01). A collection of Kachári folk-tales and rhymes. Shillong. hdl:2027/uc1.b4216782.
9. Endle, Sidney (1884-01-01). Outline Grammar of the Kachari (Bara) Language as Spoken in District Darrang, Assam: With Illustrative Sentences, Notes, Reading Lessons, and a Short Vocabulary. Assam Secretariat Press.
10. "Language Kachari". wals.info. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
11. Konwar, Aparna (2002). "Some Aspects of the Boro and the Karbi morphology". Indian Linguistics. 63: 39–48.
12. Brahma, Aleendra (2009). "Sino-Tibetan Languages: Bodo". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages. Archived from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2017-05-01.

Bibliography

• Jacquesson, François (2008). "Discovering Boro-Garo" (PDF). History of an Analytical and Descriptive Linguistic Category. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
• DeLancey, Scott (2012). Hyslop, Gwendolyn; Morey, Stephen; w. Post, Mark (eds.). "On the Origin of Bodo-Garo". Northeast Indian Linguistics. 4: 3–20. doi:10.1017/UPO9789382264521.003. ISBN   9789382264521.
• Joseph, U.V., and Burling, Robbins. 2006. Comparative phonology of the Boro Garo languages. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages Publication.
• Wood, Daniel Cody. 2008. An Initial Reconstruction of Proto-Boro-Garo. M.A. Thesis, University of Oregon.