Manikya dynasty

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House of Manikya
Coat of Arms of Tripura Princely State.gif
Parent house Lunar dynasty (legendary)
Country
Foundedc. 1400
Founder Maha Manikya
Current head Kirit Pradyot Manikya (titular)
Final ruler Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya
Titles
Deposition1949
Coinage of Rajadhara Manikya (1586-1599 CE), king of Tripura. Tripura, Rajadhara Manikya 1586-1599 CE.jpg
Coinage of Rajadhara Manikya (1586–1599 CE), king of Tripura.

The Manikya dynasty was the ruling house of the Twipra Kingdom and later the princely Tripura State, what is now the Indian state of Tripura. Ruling since the early 15th century, the dynasty at its height controlled a large swathe of the north-east of the Indian subcontinent. After coming under British influence, in 1809 they transitioned from feudal monarchs into rulers of a princely state, though the Manikyas maintain control of the region until 1949, when it ascended in union with India.

Contents

History

Tracing a descent from the mythological Lunar dynasty, [1] the Rajmala royal chronicle records an unbroken line of 144 (likely legendary) monarchs of Tripura up to the ascension of one Ratna Fa, who is stated to have become the first Manikya after being granted the cognomen by the Sultan of Bengal. [2] However, it is now believed that the Rajmala had been mistaken in the genealogy and chronology of the initial Manikya rulers. [3] Numismatic evidence suggests that the first historical Manikya was in fact Maha Manikya, [4] a Tripuri chief who founded the kingdom after establishing dominance over neighbouring tribes in the early 1400s. [5] This monarch then took the title "Manikya" in honour of a historic victory over Bengal, with the name being inherited by his descendants. [6]

Maha Manikya's early successors achieved considerable military success, conquering territory in Bengal, Assam and Burma. Tripura reached its zenith in the 16th century under such prominent kings as Dhanya Manikya and Vijaya Manikya II, [7] with its lands stretching from the Garo Hills in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. As monarchs of a Hindu kingdom, the Manikyas developed a rivalry with the successive Muslim rulers of Bengal, coming into conflict with Sultans, governors and Nawabs before being brought under Mughal suzerainty in the early 17th century. As Mughal power waned, the antagonism with Bengal re-erupted, which drove the Manikyas to first approach the British for aid. In 1761, Tripura succumbed to British influence, becoming a princely protectorate, though control of the region remained under the Manikya dynasty. [8]

In 1870, Bir Chandra Manikya ascended the throne and began a series of political reforms to his kingdom, modelling his government on the British system. A lover of the culture of Bengal, Bengali was adopted by the court under his rule and he developed a friendship with the celebrated poet, Rabindranath Tagore. After Tripura was briefly incorporated into the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam at the beginning of the 20th century, the last Manikya monarch, Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore, chose to come under the jurisdiction of the predominantly Hindu Dominion of India in 1947. The final ascension of Tripura into the modern Indian nation was signed by his widow, Kanchan Prava Devi, in place of the minor Kirit Bikram Kishore, bringing to an end five centuries of Manikya rule. [8]

List of rulers

Princely States. Tripura. Vijaya Manikya II (1532-1564), dated 1560 Princely States. Tripura. Vijaya Manikya (1532-1564), dated 1560.jpg
Princely States. Tripura. Vijaya Manikya II (1532-1564), dated 1560
Tripura princely state in 1909 Bengal gazetteer 1907-9.jpg
Tripura princely state in 1909
Kingdom of Tripura
Part of History of Tripura
Maha Manikya c.1400–1431
Dharma Manikya I 1431–1462
Ratna Manikya I 1462–1487
Pratap Manikya 1487
Vijaya Manikya I 1488
Mukut Manikya 1489
Dhanya Manikya 1490–1515
Dhwaja Manikya 1515–1520
Deva Manikya 1520–1530
Indra Manikya I 1530–1532
Vijaya Manikya II 1532–1563
Ananta Manikya 1563–1567
Udai Manikya I 1567–1573
Joy Manikya I 1573–1577
Amar Manikya 1577–1585
Rajdhar Manikya I 1586–1600
Ishwar Manikya 1600
Yashodhar Manikya 1600–1623
Interregnum1623–1626
Kalyan Manikya 1626–1660
Govinda Manikya 1660–1661
Chhatra Manikya 1661–1667
Govinda Manikya 1661–1673
Rama Manikya 1673–1685
Ratna Manikya II 1685–1693
Narendra Manikya 1693–1695
Ratna Manikya II 1695–1712
Mahendra Manikya 1712–1714
Dharma Manikya II 1714–1725
Jagat Manikya 1725–1729
Dharma Manikya II 1729
Mukunda Manikya 1729–1739
Joy Manikya II c.1739–1744
Indra Manikya II c.1744–1746
Udai Manikya II c.1744
Joy Manikya II 1746
Vijaya Manikya III 1746–1748
Lakshman Manikya 1740s/1750s
Interregnum1750s–1760
Krishna Manikya 1760–1783
Rajdhar Manikya II 1785–1806
Rama Ganga Manikya 1806–1809
Durga Manikya 1809–1813
Rama Ganga Manikya 1813–1826
Kashi Chandra Manikya 1826–1829
Krishna Kishore Manikya 1829–1849
Ishan Chandra Manikya 1849–1862
Bir Chandra Manikya 1862–1896
Birendra Kishore Manikya 1909–1923
Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya 1923–1947
Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya 1947–1949
1949–1978 (titular)
Kirit Pradyot Manikya 1978–present (titular)
Tripura monarchy data
Manikya dynasty (Royal family)
Agartala (Capital of the kingdom)
Ujjayanta Palace (Royal residence)
Pushbanta Palace (Royal residence)
Neermahal (Royal residence)
Rajmala (Royal chronicle)
Tripura Buranji (Chronicle)
Chaturdasa Devata (Family deities)
Rulers of the Manikya dynasty (c.1400 – 1949) [9]
NameReign startReign endClaimNotes
Maha Manikya c.14001431
Dharma Manikya I 14311462Son of Maha Manikya
Ratna Manikya I 1462c.1487Son of Dharma Manikya I
Pratap Manikya c.1487c.1487Son of Ratna Manikya I
Vijaya Manikya I 14881488Possibly son of Pratap Manikya
Mukut Manikya 14891489Son of Ratna Manikya I
Dhanya Manikya 14901515Son of Ratna Manikya I
Dhwaja Manikya 15151520Son of Dhanya Manikya
Deva Manikya 15201530Son of Dhanya Manikya
Indra Manikya I 15301532Son of Deva Manikya
Vijaya Manikya II 15321563Son of Deva Manikya
Ananta Manikya 15631567Son of Vijaya Manikya II
Udai Manikya I 15671573Father-in-law of Ananta Manikya Claimed the throne following the death of his predecessor, briefly supplanting the ruling dynasty with his own line. [10]
Joy Manikya I 15731577Son of Udai Manikya
Amar Manikya 15771586Son of Deva Manikya Restored the Manikya dynasty after killing his predecessor. [11]
Rajdhar Manikya I 15861600Son of Amar Manikya
Ishwar Manikya 16001600Possibly son of Amar Manikya or Rajdhar Manikya I
Yashodhar Manikya 16001618Son of Rajdhar Manikya I Monarchy temporarily overthrown by the Mughal Empire. [12]
Kalyan Manikya 16261660Descendant of Maha Manikya From a cadet branch of the dynasty. [13] Elected as monarch after Mughal interregnum. [14]
Govinda Manikya 16601661Son of Kalyan Manikya First reign
Chhatra Manikya 16611667Son of Kalyan Manikya
Govinda Manikya 16671676Son of Kalyan Manikya Second reign
Rama Manikya 16761685Son of Govinda Manikya
Ratna Manikya II 1685 [15] 1693 [15] Son of Rama Manikya First reign
Narendra Manikya 1693 [15] 1695 [15] Grandson of Govinda Manikya
Ratna Manikya II 1695 [15] 1712 [15] Son of Rama Manikya Second reign
Mahendra Manikya 1712 [16] 1714 [16] Son of Rama Manikya
Dharma Manikya II 1714 [16] 1725 [16] Son of Rama Manikya First reign
Jagat Manikya 1725 [17] 1729 [17] Great-grandson of Chhatra Manikya
Dharma Manikya II 1729 [17] 1729 [17] Son of Rama Manikya Second reign
Mukunda Manikya 17291739Son of Rama Manikya
Joy Manikya II 17391744Great-great-grandson of Kalyan Manikya First reign
Indra Manikya II 17441746Son of Mukunda Manikya
Udai Manikya II c.1744c.1744Son of Dharma Manikya II Briefly laid claim to the throne during a power struggle between his relatives. [18]
Joy Manikya II 17461746Great-great-grandson of Kalyan Manikya Second reign
Vijaya Manikya III 17461748Brother of Joy Manikya II, great-great-grandson of Kalyan Manikya
Lakshman Manikya  ? ?Grandson of Dharma Manikya II Ruled as a puppet-monarch under Shamsher Gazi for three years before the latter took the throne for himself. [19]
Krishna Manikya 17601783Son of Mukunda Manikya
Rajdhar Manikya II 17851806Grandson of Mukunda Manikya
Rama Ganga Manikya 18061809Son of Rajdhar Manikya II First reign
Durga Manikya 18091813Son of Lakshman Manikya
Rama Ganga Manikya 18131826Son of Rajdhar Manikya II Second reign
Kashi Chandra Manikya 18261829Son of Rajdhar Manikya II
Krishna Kishore Manikya 18291849Son of Rama Ganga Manikya
Ishan Chandra Manikya 18491862Son of Krishna Kishore Manikya
Bir Chandra Manikya 18621896Son of Krishna Kishore Manikya
Radha Kishore Manikya 18961909Son of Bir Chandra Manikya
Birendra Kishore Manikya 19091923Son of Radha Kishore Manikya
Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya 19231947Son of Birendra Kishore Manikya
Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya 19471949Son of Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya
Titular (1949 – 1971)
Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya 19491971 (title abolished)Son of Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya

Family tree

Family tree
Maha Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. c.1400–1431
Dharma Manikya I
Raja of Tripura
r. 1431–1462
Gagan Fa
Ratna Manikya I
Raja of Tripura
r. 1462–c.1487
Dhanya Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1490–1515
Pratap Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. c.1487
Mukut Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1489
Dhwaja Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1515–1520
Deva Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1520–1530
Possibly
Vijaya Manikya I
Raja of Tripura
r. 1488
Udai Manikya I
Raja of Tripura
r. 1567–1573
Indra Manikya I
Raja of Tripura
r. 1530–1532
Vijaya Manikya II
Raja of Tripura
r. 1532–1563
Amar Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1577–1586
Joy Manikya I
Raja of Tripura
r. 1573–1577
Ratnavati
Ruler of Chandipur
Ananta Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1563–1567
Rajdhar Manikya I
Raja of Tripura
r. 1586–1600
Yashodhar Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1600–1618
Ishwar Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1600
Kachu Fa
Kalyan Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1626–1660
Govinda Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1660–1661
r. 1667–1676
Jagannath Thakur Chhatra Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1661–1667
Rama Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1676–1685
Durga ThakurSurya Pratap Narayan ThakurUtsab Roy
Ratna Manikya II
Raja of Tripura
r. 1685–1693
r. 1695–1712
Mahendra Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1712–1714
Dharma Manikya II
Raja of Tripura
r. 1714–1725
r. 1729
Mukunda Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1729–1739
Narendra Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1693–1695
Haradhan ThakurVijaya Narayan
Udai Manikya II
Raja of Tripura
r. c.1744
Gadadhar Thakur Indra Manikya II
Raja of Tripura
r. c.1744–1746
Krishna Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1760–1783
Harimani Joy Manikya II
Raja of Tripura
r. c.1739–1744
r. 1746
Vijaya Manikya III
Raja of Tripura
r. 1746–1748
Jagat Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1725–1729
Lakshman Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. c.1740/50s
Rajdhar Manikya II
Raja of Tripura
r. 1785–1806
Balaram Manikya
Ruler of Chakla Roshnabad
r. 1767
Durga Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1809–1813
Rama Ganga Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1806–1809
r. 1813–1826
Kashi Chandra Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1826–1829
Krishna Kishore Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1829–1849
Ishan Chandra Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1849–1862
Bir Chandra Manikya
Maharaja of Tripura
r. 1862–1896
Radha Kishore Manikya
Maharaja of Tripura
r. 1896–1909
Birendra Kishore Manikya
Maharaja of Tripura
r. 1909–1923
Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya
Maharaja of Tripura
r. 1923–1947
Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya
Maharaja of Tripura
r. 1947–1949
Kirit Pradyot Manikya
Bibliography:
  • Choudhury, Achyut Charan (2000) [1910], Srihatter Itibritta: Purbangsho (in Bengali), Kolkata: Kotha, p. 502
  • Sarma, Ramani Mohan (1987), Political History of Tripura, Calcutta: Puthipatra

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tripura (princely state)</span> State of British India

Tripura State, also known as Hill Tipperah, was a princely state in India during the period of the British Raj and for some two years after the departure of the British. Its rulers belonged to the Manikya dynasty and until August 1947 the state was in a subsidiary alliance, from which it was released by the Indian Independence Act 1947. The state acceded to the newly independent Indian Union on 13 August 1947, and subsequently merged into the Indian Union in October 1949.

Maharaja Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya DebBarma Bahadur was the 185th and last King of Tripura, a princely state in northeastern India. His formal coronation was held in 1941, but he never gained the powers of a king.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ratna Manikya I</span> Maharaja of Tripura

Ratna Manikya I, also known as Ratna Fa, was the Maharaja of Tripura from 1462 to the late 1480s. Though he had gained the throne by overthrowing his predecessor, Ratna's reign was notable for the peace and prosperity it had entailed in the region. He extensively reformed and modernised the government and closely allied it with neighbouring Bengal, resulting in a lasting cultural influence in Tripura.

Dharma Manikya I, also known as Dangar Fa, was the Maharaja of Tripura from 1431 to 1462. His reign was notable for its territorial expansions as well as for his religious and cultural contributions.

Maha Manikya, also known as Chhengthung Fa, was the Maharaja of Tripura from about 1400 to 1431. Contrary to narratives provided by early histories, evidence indicates that Maha Manikya was the founder of the kingdom, having established dominance over neighbouring tribes in the early 15th century. He is further thought to be the first holder of the title "Manikya", taken in recognition of a historic victory over the neighbouring Bengal Sultanate. The dynasty which he founded continued using the title until Tripura's merger with India in 1949.

Yashodhar Manikya, also known as Jashodhar Manikya, was the Maharaja of Tripura from 1600 to 1618. His reign is considered to be the nadir of the kingdom's history, with the temporary overthrowing of the monarchy and the region's incorporation into the Mughal Empire.

Rama Manikya, also called Ram Manikya or Ramdev Manikya, was the Maharaja of Tripura from 1676 to 1685.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vijaya Manikya II</span> Maharaja of Tripura

Vijaya Manikya II, also spelt Vijay or Bijoy, was the Maharaja of Tripura from 1532 to 1563. Succeeding to the throne at a young age, Vijaya proved himself to be a formidable military leader, initiating a series of conquests into several surrounding kingdoms, including the powerful Bengal Sultanate. During Vijaya's reign, the might and influence of Tripura reached its zenith, leading to him being viewed as one of its greatest monarchs.

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Mukunda Manikya was the Maharaja of Tripura from 1729 to 1739.

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Ishwar Manikya was briefly the Maharaja of Tripura at the close of the 16th century.

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Joy Manikya II was the Maharaja of Tripura during the mid-18th-century. He originally gained the throne through popular approval for his military hostility to the Mughal Empire. However, Joy spent much of his reign warring against various relations to maintain his grip on it, in particular with his cousin Indra Manikya II.

Indra Manikya II was the Maharaja of Tripura during the mid-18th-century. His reign was spent struggling for control of the kingdom with his relative Joy Manikya II.

References

Bibliography