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Montagnard is an umbrella term for the various indigenous peoples of the Central Highlands of Vietnam. The French term Montagnard[mɔ̃.ta.ɲaʁ](listen) signifies a mountain dweller, and is a carryover from the French colonial period in Vietnam. In Vietnamese, they are known by the term người Thượng, although this term can also be applied to other minority ethnic groups in Vietnam. In modern Vietnam, both terms are archaic, and indigenous ethnic groups are referred to as Đồng bào or Người dân tộc thiểu số. Earlier they were referred to pejoratively as the mọi. Sometimes the term Degar is used for the group as well. Most of those living in America refer to themselves as Montagnards, while those living in Vietnam refer to themselves by their individual ethnic group.
Kampong Cham is a province (khaet) of Cambodia located on the central lowlands of the Mekong River. It borders the provinces of Kampong Chhnang to the west, Kampong Thom and Kratié to the north, Tboung Khmum to the east, and Prey Veng and Kandal to the south. Kampong Cham was officially divided into two provinces on 31 December 2013 in what was seen by many as a political move by the ruling party. All land west of the Mekong remained Kampong Cham while land east of the river became Tbong Khmum province. Prior to this division, Kampong Cham extended eastward to the international border with Vietnam, was the eleventh largest province in Cambodia, and with a population of 1,680,694, was the most populous province in Cambodia. Its capital and largest city is Kampong Cham.
Kratié, alternatively Kraches or Kracheh is a province (khaet) of Cambodia located in the northeast. It borders Stung Treng to the north, Mondulkiri to the east, Kampong Thom and Kampong Cham to the west, and Tbong Khmum and Vietnam to the south.
Central Highlands, Western Highlands or Midland Highlands is one of the regions of Vietnam. It contains the provinces of Đắk Lắk, Đắk Nông, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Lâm Đồng.
The Bahnaric languages are a group of about thirty Austroasiatic languages spoken by about 700,000 people in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Paul Sidwell notes that Austroasiatic/Mon–Khmer languages are lexically more similar to Bahnaric and Katuic languages the closer they are geographically, independently of which branch of the family they belong to, but that Bahnaric and Katuic do not have any shared innovations that would suggest that together they form a branch of the Austroasiatic family, rather forming separate branches.
Mondulkiri, is a province (khaet) of Cambodia. Bordering the provinces of Kratié to the west, Stung Treng to the northwest, Ratanakiri to the north and the country of Vietnam to the east and south, it is the most sparsely populated province in the country despite being the largest in land area. The province was established in 1961 from the eastern part of Kratié Province. The capital is the town of Senmonorom.
Chhloung District is a district of Kratié Province, Cambodia.
Steung Trang district is a district (srok) located in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia. The district capital is Steung Trang town located around 30 kilometres directly north of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by road. Steung Trang is a large border district in the north of the province located on the Mekong River. The district lies on the border between Kampong Cham, Kampong Thom, Kratie and Tbong Khmum provinces. It is the birthplace of two Cambodian Prime Ministers: Hang Thun Hak (1972–1973) and Hun Sen.
Dambaer District is a district (srok) of Tboung Khmum Province, Cambodia. The district capital is Dambaer town. This small town is located just off National Road 73 about 11 kilometres from National Highway 7. Dambae is around 45 kilometres west of the provincial capital at Kampong Cham city and 47 kilometres south of Kratie, the capital of Kratie Province.
Memot District is a district (srok) in Tboung Khmum Province, Cambodia. The district capital is Memot town, around 80 kilometres (50 mi) east of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by road. Memot is a border district and the city of Tây Ninh in Vietnam is 80 kilometres (50 mi) away by road.
Krouch Chhmar District is a district (srok) located in Tboung Khmum Province, Cambodia. The district capital is Krouch Chhmar town located around 35 kilometres north east of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by water. The Mekong River forms western and northern borders of the districts and includes the Mekong island of Koh Pir in its area. Not surprisingly, communities in this isolated district are mostly clustered along the banks of the river and boats are an important form of transport.
Krong Kratié is a district located in Kratié Province, in Cambodia.
Snuol District (ស្នួល) is a district in Kratié Province, Cambodia. According to the 1998 census of Cambodia, it had a population of 35,156. The population recorded by the 2008 census was 61,603.
Brao is a Mon–Khmer language of Cambodia and Laos.
Su' is a Mon–Khmer language of the Bahnaric branch spoken in Attapeu Province, Laos. The 1995 Attapeu census recorded a population of only 124 speakers in Sanamsay District. Su' autonyms are identical with that of the Jru', but they consider themselves to be a separate ethnic group. There could also possibly be speakers in Stung Treng Province, Cambodia.
Stieng is the language of the Stieng people of southern Vietnam and adjacent areas of Cambodia, and possibly Laos. Along with Chrau and Mnong, Stieng is classified as a language of the South Bahnaric grouping of the Mon–Khmer languages within the Austroasiatic language family. In the Austroasiatic scheme, the Bahnaric languages are often cited as being most closely related to the Khmer language.
Tampuan is the language of Tampuan people indigenous to the mountainous regions of Ratanakiri Province in Cambodia. As of the 2008 census there were 31,000 speakers, which amounts to 21% of the province's population. It is closely related to Bahnar and Alak, the three of which form the Central Bahnaric language grouping within the Mon-Khmer language family according to traditional classification. Sidwell's more recent classification groups Tampuan on an equal level with Bahnar and the South Bahnaric languages in a larger Central Bahnar group. The Tampuan language has no native writing. EMU International began linguistic research in 1995 and produced an alphabet using Khmer letters. The alphabet was further refined by linguists from International Cooperation for Cambodia (ICC) and the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sport (MOEYS). The modified Khmer script was approved by MOEYS in 2003 for use in bilingual education programs for Tampuan implemented by ICC, UNESCO, and CARE.
Raʼong is a Bahnaric language of northeastern Cambodia. It may possibly turn out to be a variety of Stieng.
Mel and Khaonh constitute a Bahnaric language of northeastern Cambodia.
Chetr Borei is a district of Kratié Province, Cambodia.
References
- Barr, Julie and Eric Pawley. 2013. Bahnaric Language Cluster survey of Mondul Kiri and Kratie Provinces, Cambodia . SIL International.