Chaibasa is a small town and a municipality in West Singhbhum district in the state of Jharkhand, India. Chaibasa is the district headquarters of West Singhbhum district. It is also the headquarter of Singhbhum Kolhan division headed by the Divisional commissioner. It consists of the main city including Sadar Bazar, Garikhana, Bari Bazar, Amla Tola, Sentola, Railway Station Area, JMP Chowk, Post Office Chowk and Gandhi Tola; and the surrounding suburbs and entry gates to the city including Tambo Chowk, Tungri, Khapparsai, Moholsai, Gutusai and Purana Chaibasa.
The region around Chaibasa has a long record of human settlement. Archaeological findings from the wider Singhbhum area include microliths, iron-slag, and pottery fragments carbon-dated to around 1400, suggesting early metal use and habitation.[2] Excavations at Benisagar, approximately 75 kilometres from Chaibasa, have uncovered temple remains, sculptures, and pottery dating between the 5th and 16th centuries CE, indicating the existence of an early urban and religious centre in the region.[3][4]
Before colonial intervention, the Kolhan region, in which Chaibasa lies, was predominantly inhabited and governed by tribal communities such as the Ho, Munda, and Bhumij peoples. Their political structure was based on the Manki-Munda system, where each village was led by a Munda and clusters of villages were governed by a Manki.[5] This traditional form of governance maintained local autonomy, customary law, and collective ownership of land until it was gradually absorbed into the colonial administration during British expansion in eastern India.[6]
In 1837, British authorities formally annexed the Kolhan region and created the Kolhan Government Estate, with Chaibasa designated as its administrative centre.[7] The British Political Agent Thomas Wilkinson introduced Wilkinson’s Rules, which brought the tribal territories under indirect colonial governance while maintaining limited recognition of local customs.[8] During this period, the British also began to establish institutions for education and administration. In 1841, a government Anglo-Hindi school was opened in Chaibasa to educate tribal youth as part of the colonial “civilising” project.[9]
Chaibasa grew into a district headquarters under British rule and was formally recognised as a municipality in 1875.[10] The town later became a centre for regional trade, particularly in agricultural and mineral products, due to its proximity to mineral-rich zones of Singhbhum.
After Indian independence in 1947, the district of Singhbhum underwent several administrative reorganisations. On 16 January 1990, the district was officially bifurcated to form West Singhbhum, with Chaibasa continuing as its headquarters.[11] Since then, Chaibasa has developed as the administrative, educational, and economic hub of the region while retaining its unique tribal cultural identity.
As of 2011[update] India census,[19] Chaibasa had a population of 69,565. The total number of householders was 10596. The male population stood at 36273 and the female population at 33292 (with the sex ratio at 100%:91,8%). Chaibasa has an average literacy rate of 86.93%, higher than the national average of 59.5%, with male literacy rate of 91.60% and female literacy rate of 81.83%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 6.52% and 25.70% of the population respectively. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Due to its status as an industrial hub, Chaibasa is a very multilingual city. Hindi (32.6%) and Urdu (13.0%) are the most-spoken languages. Ho (12.6%) and Odia (8.9%) are the local languages. Other languages spoken in Chaibasa include Bengali, Magahi, Bhojpuri, Marwari, Sadri, Maithili and Karmali language. Tribal languages spoken include Kurukh and Mundari.[20]
Education
There are a number of schools up to 10th and 12th standards in Chaibasa, among the renowned are - Surajmull Jain D.A.V. Public School, Chaibasa which is considered the best school in West Singhbhum, followed by St. Xavier's English School, holding 4th rank in the district. Other known educational institutions are Mangillal Rungta middle and high school, St. Xavier's schools (some of which are in Lupungutu), SPG school and many others (Lutheran school, Navodaya Vidyalaya, Padmawati Jain Saraswati Sishu Vidya Mandir, the St. Mary's Public School in Gandhi Tola, the St. Viveka English Medium School, the Scott Hindi Girls School, S. S. A. Niche Tola School, and Zila School). There is also the Kolhan Inter College and the DPS Inter College.
For higher education up to postgraduate degrees, Chaibasa has adequate colleges. The oldest and biggest one is Tata College, Chaibasa. Other two prominent colleges are G.C. Jain Commerce College and Mahila College. In 2009, Kolhan University was constituted with its head office at Chaibasa. In addition to the Chaibasa Engineering College, Chaibasa also boasts of a branch of the Industrial Training Institute (ITI) and the RAJ ITI.
Chaibasa is a district headquarters and constitutes all the Governmental offices of the district. Government Institutions are the chief employers of chaibasa. The cement manufacturer ACC Cement Works is situated in Jhinkpani, 18km from Chaibasa, but relies on Chaibasa itself for daily needs. Substantial mining is done in the area by companies such as S.R. Rungta Group, Thakur Prasad Sao & Sons, Saha Brothers and Anil Khirwal. Many other small-scale steel manufacturing companies are situated in Chaibasa. Lfyd one of the biggest hyperlocal discovery startups of India founded by Satyajeet Patnayak & Dharam Chand Patnaik and currently backed by NASSCOM is registered from Chaibasa.[21]
Chaibasa's proximity to Jamshedpur and Kolkata contributes to its small scale industrial scape. The most popular economic engines are mining, textiles and the service sector.
Chaibasa not being directly on Howrah-Mumbai main line has hurt its economy quite a lot and all the railway jobs and related industries moved to Chakradharpur which is a smaller town near to it that lies on the main line.[citation needed]
In early 2024, a new weekly train was inaugurated between Anand Vihar Terminal and Puri, passing through Chaibasa. This provided a direct train route to national capital Delhi for the residents.
The city does not have a public airport, with the nearest domestic airports being in the state capital Ranchi. While, the well connected international airports are at Kolkata and Bhubaneswar. There are small domestic airports situated close to Chaibasa, in Rourkela and Jamshedpur but they only provide regular flights to Bhubaneswar and Kolkata. There is an abandoned airstrip in the outskirts of the city, last used back in the 1960s.
The exponents of famous literary and cultural movement Bhookhi Peedhi or Hungry generation, Samir Roychoudhury resided in this town for several decades after the 1950s.
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India 
Jharkhand 