Singhbhum district

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Singhbhum District
District of the Bengal Presidency
1820–1990
British Raj Red Ensign.svg
Flag
Singhbum-Sairakela-Kharsawan.jpg
Singhbhum district (incl. Dhalbhum) in a 1909 map of The Imperial Gazetteer of India
Capital Chaibasa
Area 
• 1872
11,660 km2 (4,500 sq mi)
• 1901
10,078 km2 (3,891 sq mi)
• 1931
10,050 km2 (3,880 sq mi)
• 1961
13,445 km2 (5,191 sq mi)
Population 
• 1872
415,023
• 1901
613,579
• 1931
929,802
• 1961
2,049,911
History 
• The Raja of Singhbhum becomes a feudatory of the British
1820
• Bifurcation
1990
Succeeded by
East Singhbhum Flag of India.svg
West Singhbhum Flag of India.svg
Today part of Kolhan division of Jharkhand

Singhbhum was a district of India during the British Raj, part of the Chota Nagpur Division of the Bengal Presidency. [1] It was located in the present-day Indian state of Jharkhand. Chaibasa was the district headquarters. Located in the southern limit of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, Singhbhum included the Kolhan estate located in its southeastern part. [2] The district has been segmented into two smaller districts, East Singhbhum and West Singhbhum.

Contents

Etymology

Singhbhum is a portmanteau of Singh and Bhum. "Singh" refers to the Singh raja of the greater Porahat state, and "Bhum" signifies the land, thereby forming the land of Singh. [3] Manbhum, Barabhum, Dhalbhum, Bhanjbhum and other nearby areas follow similar nomenclature. However, its prominent inhabitants, the Ho tribe asserts that Singhbhum derives its name from "Singbonga", the supreme god of the Adivasis in the region, primarily venerated by the Kolarian ethnic tribes. [4]

Geography

It is bounded by Ranchi District in the north, with the Saraikela and Kharsawan princely states in the east, with Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar in the south as well as with Bonai and Gangpur in the southwest. [2] Singhbhum District had an area of 10,078 square kilometres (3,891 sq mi) and a population of 613,579 in 1901. [5]

History

Singhbhum on James Rennell's Mid-18th Century map Southwest Bengal, 1776, by Rennell.jpg
Singhbhum on James Rennell's Mid-18th Century map

The Singhbhum area was never invaded by either the Marathas or the Mughals. The first relationships between the Raja of Singhbhum and the British were established in 1767 when he approached the Resident at Midnapore requesting protection. In 1820 the Raja became a feudatory of the British. The state was under the political control of the Commissioner of the Bengal Presidency until 1912, [2] under the Bihar and Orissa Province until 1936 and then under Chhota Nagpur Division until the end of the British Raj.

Bihar and Orissa in a 1912 map of British India Bihar and Orissa province.jpg
Bihar and Orissa in a 1912 map of British India

Following the independence of India Singhbhum district became part of the Indian Union as a district of Bihar. In 1990, for administrative convenience, the district was divided into two districts: East Singhbhum and West Singhbhum. In 2000, South Bihar separated from North Bihar to form the state of Jharkhand. Subsequently, in 2001, the princely state of Saraikela and Kharsawan was bifurcated from East Singhbhum district to form Saraikela Kharsawan district of Jharkhand.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1872318,180—    
1881453,775+42.6%
1891545,488+20.2%
1901909,655+66.8%
19111,015,656+11.7%
19211,074,254+5.8%
19311,312,630+22.2%
19411,565,306+19.2%
19511,700,590+8.6%
19612,049,911+20.5%
19712,437,799+18.9%
19812,861,799+17.4%
Post 1981 census, the district bifurcated into East and West Singhbhum district, subsequently Saraikela Kharsawan district.
Note: The census data exhibit discrepancies at different sources owing to changes in areas of Singhbhum. The above table primarily based on 1961 Singhbhum Gazzetters.
Source: Census of India [6] [7] [8] [9]

According to the 1931 census, the total population of Singhbhum (including Dhalbhum) was 929,802 in 3,879 square miles (10,050 km2) area. The predominant communities in the region were the Ho, comprising 32.39% of the population, followed by the Santal at 11.71%, Bhumij at 5.71%, Munda at 5.48%, Gaura at 5.04%, Tanti at 4.09%, Goala at 3.79%, Hajjam at 2.68%, Kurmi at 2.42%, Bhuiyan at 1.97%, Kamar at 1.87%, Brahman at 1.71%, Kumhar at 1.49%, Rajput at 1.4%, Teli at 1.31%, Oraon at 1.09%, Kayastha at 1.04%, and others such as Karan, Bania, Khandayat, Kewat, Gadaba, Dhobi, Kharia, Dom, Mahli, Chamar, Hari, Kahar, Jolaha, Mallah, Karmali, Bathudi, Savar, Korwa, Mochi, and Birhor. [10]

Language of Singhbhum district (1931) [10]

   Ho (32.83%)
   Odia (18.48%)
   Bengali (15.87%)
   Santali (11.15%)
   Hindi & Urdu (5.72%)
   Mundari (5.85%)
   Bhumij (3.25%)
   Kurukh (1.09%)
  Other (5.76%)

In terms of language, the Ho language was the most prevalent at 32.83%, followed by Odia at 18.49%, Bengali at 15.87%, Santali at 11.15%, Hindi and Urdu at 8.72%, Mundari at 5.85%, Bhumij at 3.25%, and other notable spoken languages such as Telugu, Panjabi, Tamil, Mahli, Gujurati, Nepali, Gondi, Marwari, Pashtu, and some European languages. [10]

Related Research Articles

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Bhumij is a Munda ethnic group of India. They primarily live in the Indian states of West Bengal, Odisha, Assam and Jharkhand, mostly in the old Singhbhum district and also in states like Bihar and Assam. There is also a sizeable population found in Bangladesh. Bhumijas speak the Bhumij language, an Austroasiatic language, and use Ol Onal script for writing.

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Ichagarh block is a CD block that forms an administrative division in the Chandil subdivision of Seraikela Kharsawan district, in the Indian state of Jharkhand.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seraikela block</span> Community development block in Jharkhand, India

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gobindpur block</span> Community development block in Jharkhand, India

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The Bhumij Rebellion or Bhumij Revolt, also known as Ganga Narain's Hungama was a revolt during 1832–1833 by Bhumij tribals based in the Dhalbhum and Jungle Mahal areas of the Midnapore district of the erstwhile Bengal state. It was led by Ganga Narayan Singh.

References

  1. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Singhbhum"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 148.
  2. 1 2 3 "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 23, page 1 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  3. ↑ Schulte-Droesch, Lea (10 September 2018). Making Place through Ritual: Land, Environment and Region among the Santal of Central India. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 11. ISBN   978-3-11-054085-7.
  4. ↑ Journal of Historical Research. Department of History, Ranchi University. 2003.
  5. ↑ Wilson Hunter, Sir William; Sutherland Cotton, James; Sir Richard Burn, Sir William Stevenson Meyer. Great Britain India Office. The Imperial Gazetteer of India . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908
  6. ↑ P.C. Roy Choudhury (1958), Bihar District Gazetteers: Singbhum (PDF), p. 215
  7. ↑ Prasad, Ranchar (1956). District Census Handbook Singhbhum - Census 1951 (PDF). Director of Census Operations, Bihar. pp. 3, 22.
  8. ↑ District Census Handbook, Singhbhum, 17, Bihar - Census 1961 (PDF), p. xiii
  9. ↑ Primary Census Abstract, Part II-B, Series-4, Bihar - Census 1981 (PDF), p. 32
  10. 1 2 3 Lacey, W. G. (1932). Census of India, 1931 (PDF). Vol. VII. Bihar and Orissa (Part. II. Tables). Superintendent, Government Printing. see. Table XVII & XVIII.

Bibliography

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