Gopal (caste)

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Gopal (Gauda)
Classification Ahir (Yadav)
Religions Hinduism
Languages Odia
Populated states Odisha
Population431,474 (1901 census) [1]
890,702 (1931 census) [2]
SubdivisionsMathurapuria
Gopapuria
Magadhaa
Related groups Ahir, Sadgope

Gopal or Gouda is an Indian caste, [3] [4] [5] from Odisha State in East India. Their traditional occupations include dairy farming, cattle herding, cultivation and carrying palanquins of deities. [6] [7] They also worked as Paikas (soldiers) under the kings. [8] [9] Gopal is the name of the milkmen or herdsmen caste in Odisha, which is known by other names (such as Ahir, Yadav, Goala etc.) in various parts of India. [10] [11]

Contents

According to 1931 census of India, they are second largest caste by numbers and comprise around 9% of Odisha's population. [12]

Etymology

The word Gopal derived from vedic "Gopala", which "Go" refers to cow and "Pala" refers to protector or herder. Hence "Gopala" literally means "cow herder" [13] [14]

Origin and history

The Gopalas (Gaudas) like all Yadavs claim that they are descendants from Krishna of the ancient Yadava clan after the Sanskritisation process by Arya Samaj in 1930. [6] [15] In the Mahasabha held in 1930, Dairy faming castes such as Ahirs, Gaudas, Gopalas etc were advised to Identify themselves as "Son of Krishna" and hence they can identify themselves as martial caste. [16]

Since 1930 during the Sanskritisation of castes in India, The Gopalas started to be incorporated into a newly established Yadav community, along with Ahir, Gops, Goalas, and Sadgops. [17]

Subdivisions

The Gopalas (Gaudas) are three types:- Mathurapuria, Gopapuria and Magadhaa, [18] where Mathurapurias and Gopapurias are superior to Magadha classes. [19] Which symbolically refer to their ancestral land of Mathura and Gokul (Gopa) of Uttar Pradesh and Magadha of Bihar. [20] While the Magadha Gauda are inhabitants of Singhbhum and western Mayurbhanj, they possibly represent an accretion of some aboriginal tribes. [21] [22] There are minor differences among them, some area of odisha the Gopalas are also known as their other names including: Mahakud, Sholakhandia, Sadgope and Gopal Baishnab [23] [24] [25] among them.

Culture

Festival

Peoples of Gopal community carries Bimana of Radha Krishna during Dola Purnima festival Image Gopala dolayatra.jpg
Peoples of Gopal community carries Bimana of Radha Krishna during Dola Purnima festival

Tradition

Titles

The Gopalas uses surnames like Behera, Das, Palei, Palai, Pandab, Yadav, Hati, Kabi, Bhutia, Mahakul, Mahakhud, Mahakud, Mohapatra, Sasmal, Rout, Parida, Barik , Podh, Jal, Bhujabal, [33] Khilar, Singh, Routray, Samantray, Pratihari, [34] [35] [36] Chaudhuri, Mandei, Senapati, Dalua, Apata, Nayak [37] Bagarti, Pradhan, Khuntia, Bag/Bagh, Hansha, Dalchhatra, Kharsel, Karuan, Nag and Shandh, Banchhor among others. [38]

Social Status

Gopalas are followers of Vaishnavism. [39] Among them Gopapurias and Sadgops are the relics of Bala Gopala cult. [40] They are one of a caste of Panikhia Jati group of Odisha. [41] They assist Brahmins on ritual occasion and also serve as priests in some temples. [42] [43] [44] They are included in the SEBC/OBC list of the state. [45] [46]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Gait, E. A. (1909). Census of India – 1901, Vol- VIA – The lower probinces of Bengal and their Feudatourie (Part II, The Imperial Tables). Bengal Secretariat Press. pp. 212–213.
  2. ↑ Lacey, W. g (1932). Bihar and Orissa – Census Of India 1931. Vol. 7. Part II, Tables. p. 137.
  3. ↑ Dipti Ray (2007). Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540). Northern Book Centre. pp. 90–. ISBN   9788172111953.
  4. ↑ Orissa (India) (1966). Orissa District Gazetteers: Cuttack. Superintendent, Orissa Government Press. p. 168.
  5. ↑ Nishamani Kar (2002). Animal Husbandry and Rural Development: Restructuring and Planned Development of the Bovine Economy. Deep and Deep Publications. pp. 206–. ISBN   9788176293587.
  6. 1 2 Rabindra Nath Pati; Jagannatha Dash (2002). Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects. APH Publishing. pp. 196–. ISBN   978-81-7648-322-3.
  7. ↑ Mahapatra, M. (1981). Traditional Structure and Change in an Orissan Temple. Indische Studien. Punthi Pustak. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  8. ↑ Akio Tanabe (29 July 2021). Caste and Equality in India: A Historical Anthropology of Diverse Society and Vernacular Democracy. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-00-040933-8.[ page needed ]
  9. ↑ Surajit Sinha; Centre for Studies in Social Sciences (1987). Tribal Polities and State Systems in Pre-colonial Eastern and North Eastern India. Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta. ISBN   9788170740148.[ page needed ]
  10. ↑ Rolamba. Joshi Research Institute. 1982.
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  12. ↑ Kumar, Sanjay (2004). "JANATA REGIONALIZED: CONTRASTING BASES OF ELECTORAL SUPPORT IN BIHAR AND ORISSA". In Rob Jenkins (ed.). Regional Reflections: Comparing Politics Across India's States (PDF). Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 6.
  13. ↑ John A. Grimes (1 January 1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. SUNY Press. pp. 129–. ISBN   978-0-7914-3067-5.
  14. ↑ Georg Feuerstein; Subhash Kak; David Frawley (1999). In Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 149–. ISBN   978-81-208-1626-8.
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  16. ↑ Michelutti, Lucia (2002). "Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town" (PDF). London School of Economics and Political Science .
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  18. ↑ Dr. Taradatt. ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS (KHORDA) (PDF)– via gopabandhuacademy.gov.in.
  19. ↑ Orissa (India) (1972). Orissa District Gazetteers: Sambalpur. Superintendent, Orissa Government Press.
  20. ↑ Prashant K. Mishra (1992). Harijans in Hindu and Tribal Social Structures. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN   978-81-7141-165-8.
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  22. ↑ Laeequddin, Muhammad (1937). Census of Mayurbhanj State 1931. Vol. I. Calcutta: Caledonin Printing Company. pp. 173–178, 197–198. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25352830 . OCLC   496724918.
  23. ↑ Russell, R.V. (1916). The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. Vol. II. Macmillan and Company, limited. p. 20. Retrieved 17 June 2023. Alt URL
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  25. ↑ "www.stscodisha.gov.in" (PDF).
  26. ↑ Ramesh P. Mohanty (2003). Dalits Development and Change: An Empirical Study. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 38–. ISBN   978-81-7141-696-7.
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  29. ↑ The Orissa Historical Research Journal. Superintendent of Research and Museum. 2004.
  30. ↑ Nanda, Kanhu (6 April 2013). "Odihsa's folk dance 'Laudi Khela' during Dola fest loses its fame and charm". Odisha Views. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
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  32. ↑ James R. Brandon; Martin Banham (28 January 1997). The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre. Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–. ISBN   978-0-521-58822-5.
  33. ↑ Patra, Patitapaban (1994). Archaeological remains of Dhenkanal (PDF) (Thesis). Utkal University, Bhubaneswar. p. 205. hdl:10603/118750.
  34. ↑ Singh, K.S. (1996). Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles. National series. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1082. ISBN   978-0-19-563357-3 . Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  35. ↑ India. Department of Anthropology (1958). Memoir: (India. Dept. of Anthropology). Manager of Publications, Delhi. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  36. ↑ Roy, S.C. (1964). Man in India. A. K. Bose. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  37. ↑ Shyam Sunder Tripathy (1988). Buddhism and Other Religious Cults of South-east India. Sundeep Prakashan. ISBN   978-81-85067-15-5.
  38. ↑ "gopabandhuacademy.gov.in" (PDF).
  39. ↑ Dilip Kumar Mukherjee (1970). Chaitanya. National Book Trust, India.
  40. ↑ Misra, B. (1986). Indian Culture and Cult of Jagannātha. Orissa studies project. Punthi Pustak. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  41. ↑ Nava Kishor Das (2012). Odisha. Anthropological Survey of India by Seagull Books. ISBN   978-81-7046-293-4.
  42. ↑ Prabhat Mukherjee (1981). The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa. Asian Educational Services. pp. 83–. ISBN   978-81-206-0229-8.
  43. ↑ The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay. Education Society's Press. 1925.
  44. ↑ Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur) (1998). Man in India. A. K. Bose.
  45. ↑ "Odisha State Commission for Backward Classes". Odisha State Commission for Backward Classes. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  46. ↑ Prasad, D. M. Ravi (2004). Eradication of Caste and Birth of New Humanity. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 29. ISBN   978-81-7629-513-0.
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