For centuries, the place was a meeting center for people from the hinterland who flocked here to exchange goods using the barter system and the place was called Gaw-Mela. Gumla is believed to derive its name from Gaw-Mela, which consists of two words of Hindi (also used in several local dialects), namely, Gaw (cows and the cattle) and Mela, that is, a fair. The place became known as Gaw-mela, and then the word transformed itself into Gumla.[1]
During British rule Gumla was under Lohardaga district. In 1843 it was brought under Bishunpur province that was further named Ranchi. In fact Ranchi district came into existence in 1899. In 1902 Gumla became Sub-division under Ranchi district. On 18 May 1983 Gumla District came into existence. Sri Jagannath Mishra then ruling Chief Minister of Bihar inaugurated it and Sri Dwarika Nath Sinha acquired the post of first deputy commissioner of the newly created district.
Gumla is considered to be the birthplace of the Hindu God Hanuman. A temple a few kilometers away from the city off the Gumla-Ghaghra road is dedicated to him and his mother. The district contains mountains named Risyamook, which are mentioned in the Ramayana.
There are three major rivers, which flow through the Gumla district viz. the South Koel, the North Koel and the Sankh. There are various streams/ tributaries to the main rivers on which there are some picturesque waterfalls, as for example Sadni Falls.
The terrain is highly undulating and there are existence of many rivers and streams. The forest cover of the district is 1.35 lakh hectares out of the total 5.21 lakh hectares of land i.e. round 27% of the total area of the district.
Climate
Climate of Gumla is characterized by a pleasant cold and temperate weather conditions. Gumla has a sub-tropical climate. Temperature ranges from maximum 40 to 20°C during summer, and minimum 21 to 3°C during winter. The annual rainfall is about 1450mm. From June to September the rainfall level is about 1,150mm.
Administration
Deputy Commissioner and District Magistrate: Karn Satyarthi (IAS)
According to the 2011 census Gumla district has a population of 1,025,213,[7] roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus[8] or the US state of Montana.[9] This gives it a ranking of 439rd in India (out of a total of 640).[7] The district has a population density of 193 inhabitants per square kilometre (500/sqmi).[7] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 23.21%.[7] Gumla has a sex ratio of 993 females for every 1000 males[7] and a literacy rate of 65.73%. 6.35% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 3.17% and 68.94% of the population respectively.[7]
Gumla district has rich natural and mineral resources. There are 23 bauxitemines and 68 stone mines in Gumla district. Besides these there is good number of brick makers. In Gumla District the important minerals like bauxite and laterite (aluminium ore) are found in villages of Amkipani, Langdatanr, Chirodih, Jalim, Narma, Bahagara and Gurdari of Bishunpur block, Langatanr, Lupungpat and Chota-Agiatu in Chainpur block and Harup, Serengdag and Jalim in Ghaghra block. Beside these china clay is also found in some part of the district. Other mining activities like stone crusher, Brick kiln and stone chip mining lease are also available in different part of the district.
In 2006 the Indian government named Gumla one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640).[11] It is one of the 21 districts in Jharkhand currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).[11]
Education
In 1986, Rakesh Popli and his wife, Rama (an expert in childhood education), founded the first Ekal Vidyalaya (one-teacher) schools to bring education to the tribes of the region.[12] From 2018, Deptt. of Higher and Technical Education, Govt. of Jharkhand is going to start Polytechnic College "Gumla Polytechnic". The Polytechnic college will be run and manage under "PPP" Mode by Gumla Educational Foundation.
Three colleges under Ranchi University:
Kartik Oraon College
Karunavati Devi Memorial College
Women's College
Technical Institute
Gumla Polytechnic
IIST Computer Institute
Media INFOTECH
Wings IT
Schools in Gumla:
Adarsh Vidya Mandir School, Pugu
Chanchal Cygnus School, Dumerdih
D.A.V. Public School, Neemtoli
Don Bosco School, Bhamni
Kendriya Vidyalaya Gumla
Notre Dame School
Oxford Public School
S.S. High School
Saraswati Shishu-Vidya Mandir
Solitaire Educational Academy
St. Patrick School
St. Stephen's School
Ursuline Convent School
Wescott Public School
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Masaria Dam
St. Ignatius School, founded in 1935 and administered by the Jesuits, has produced international-level hockey players.
Culture
Gumla has a rich culture. The majority of people speak Nagpuri and Hindi.
Karma - A holy festival celebrated by the people in almost all places of this district.
Sarhul - A festival celebrated by the people and Jhankis and Rallies were organised around the main town Gumla. Ladies put flowers (Gulaichi Flower) on their hair and gents put it on their ears.
Ramnavami - A holy festival celebrated with huge sound, and Jhankies and Rallies.
Tourist attractions
Palkot Fort- Palkot Fort is a historic place which was one of the capital of the Nagvanshi dynasty. It is located in Palkot block of the district.[13]
Anjan - Small village about 18km (11mi) away from Gumla. The name of the village has been derived from the name of goddess Anjani, mother of Hanuman. Many objects of archeological importance obtained from this place have been placed at Patna Museum. It is believed to be the birthplace of Lord Hanuman.
Hapamuni - The ancient village Mahamaya temple that is the identity of this village. Hapamuni Mahamaya temple traces its origin to 11th century. It also has some ancient rock sculpture in front of temple dating to that period. Moreover, with the arrival of Hapamuni agro tech, the village economy has reached new dimensions.[14]
Nagfeni - It is known for the Jagannath temple and there is a big rock in the shape of snake 'Nag'.
Navratangarh- It was the seat of old Nagvanshi kings located in Sisai block of the district. The fort of navratangarh is made by the king Durjansaal and it is the administration capital of Durjansaal .[15]
Tanginath - Tanginath Dham is located in Gumla's Dumri block. Several devotees during the month of Shravan come to shrine which goes back to seventh or ninth Century AD.[16][17]
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