Demographics of India

Last updated

Demographics of India
India single age population pyramid 2020.png
Population pyramid of India in 2020
PopulationIncrease2.svg1,438,069,597 (2023 est.) [1]
Density483.68 people/km² (2023 est.) [2]
Growth rate+0.89% (2023 est.) [3]
Birth rate16.15 births/1,000 people (2023 est.) [4]
Death rate6.61 deaths/1,000 people (2023 est.) [5]
Life expectancyIncrease2.svg72.03 years (2023 est.) [6]
 • male70.52 years (2023 est.) [7]
 • female73.60 years (2023 est.) [7]
Fertility rateDecrease2.svg1.98 children born per woman (2023) [8]
Infant mortality rateDecrease Positive.svg 22.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2023) [9]
Net migration rate-0.68 (negative net migration) [10]
Age structure
0–14 years25.68% (male 183,695,000/female 166,295,000) (2021 est.)
15–64 years67.49% (male 472,653,000/female 447,337,000) (2021 est.)
65 and over6.83% (male 44,275,000/female 48,751,000) (2021 est.)
Sex ratio
Total1.06 male(s)/female (2023) [11]
At birth1.1 male(s)/female (2023) [11]
Under 151.11 male(s)/female (2023) [11]
15–64 years1.07 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
65 and over0.85 male(s)/female (2023) [11]
Nationality
Nationality Indian
Major ethnic
Minor ethnic
Language
OfficialSee Languages of India
Spoken
Linguistic Demographics (2011)

India is the most populous country in the world with one-sixth of the world's population. According to estimates from the United Nations (UN), India has overtaken China as the country with the largest population in the world, with a population of 1,425,775,850 at the end of April 2023. [12] [13] [14] [15]

Contents

Between 1975 and 2010, the population doubled to 1.2 billion, reaching the billion mark in 2000. According to the UN's World Population dashboard, India's population now stands at slightly over 1.428 billion, edging past China's population of 1.425 billion people, as reported by the news agency Bloomberg. [15] In 2015, India's population was predicted to reach 1.7 billion by 2050. [16] [17] In 2017 its population growth rate was 0.98%, ranking 112th in the world; in contrast, from 1972 to 1983, India's population grew by an annual rate of 2.3%. [18]

In 2023, the median age of an Indian was 29.5 years, [19] compared to 39.8 for China and 49.5 for Japan; and, by 2030; India's dependency ratio will be just over 0.4. [20] However, the number of children in India peaked more than a decade ago and is now falling. The number of children under the age of five peaked in 2007, and since then the number has been falling. The number of Indians under 15 years old peaked slightly later (in 2011) and is now also declining. [21]

India has many ethnic groups, [22] and every major region is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages) as well as two language isolates: the Nihali language, [23] spoken in parts of Maharashtra, and the Burushaski language, spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir. 1,000,000 people in India are Anglo-Indians and between 25,000 and 70,000 people are Siddhis,who are descendants of Bantu slaves brought by Arabs, Persians and Portuguese to the western coast of India during the Middle Ages and the colonial period. They represent over 0.1% of the total population of India. Overall, only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India. [24]

The sex ratio was 944 females for 1000 males in 2016, and 940 per 1000 in 2011. [25] This ratio has been showing an upwards trend for the last two decades after a continuous decline in the 20th century. [26]

History

Historical population of India and China since 1100 with projection to 2100 Historical population of India and China.svg
Historical population of India and China since 1100 with projection to 2100

Prehistory to early 19th century

The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with interpolated estimates and overall aggregate averages derived from their estimates. [27] [28]

Historical population (10,000 BC - 1820 CE)
Year Maddison (2001) [29] Clark (1967) [30] [31] [32] Biraben (1979) [31] [33] [34] Durand (1974) [35] [31] McEvedy (1978) [36] [31] Aggregate averagePeriodAverage
 % growth
/ century
Population % growth
/ century		Population % growth
/ century		Population % growth
/ century		Population % growth
/ century		Population % growth
/ century		Population % growth
/ century
10,000 BC ————————100,000—100,000— Stone Age 3.9
4000 BC————————1,000,0003.91,000,0003.9
2000 BC————————6,000,0009.46,000,0009.4 Bronze Age 9.4
500 BC————————25,000,0001025,000,00010 Iron Age 10.2
400 BC————30,000,000———26,600,0006.328,300,00013.2
200 BC————55,000,00035.4——30,000,0006.342,500,00022.5 Maurya era 22.5
1 AD75,000,000—70,000,000—46,000,000–9.375,000,000—34,000,0006.560,000,00018.8 Classical
era 		5.3
20075,000,000072,500,0001.745,000,000–1.175,000,000039,000,0007.161,300,0001.1
40075,000,000075,000,0001.732,000,000–18.675,000,000045,000,0007.460,400,000–0.7
50075,000,000075,000,000033,000,0003.175,000,000048,000,0006.561,200,0001.3
60075,000,000075,000,000037,000,00012.175,000,000051,000,0006.562,600,0002.3 Early
medieval
era 		1.9
70075,000,000075,000,000050,000,00035.175,000,000056,500,00010.366,300,0005.9
80075,000,000075,000,000043,000,000–16.375,000,000062,000,00010.366,000,000–0.5
90075,000,000072,500,000–3.538,000,000–13.275,000,000069,500,00011.466,000,0000
100075,000,000070,000,000–3.540,000,0005.375,000,000077,000,00011.467,400,0002.1
110081,000,000872,500,0003.551,000,00027.581,300,0008.480,000,0003.973,200,0008.6 Late
medieval
era 		8.1
120087,500,000875,000,0003.565,100,00027.588,200,0008.483,000,0003.879,800,0009
130094,500,000875,000,000083,000,00027.595,700,0008.488,000,000687,200,0009.3
1400102,000,000877,000,0003.388,800,0007103,700,0008.494,000,0006.892,900,0007
1500110,000,000879,000,0003.395,000,0007112,500,0008.4100,000,0006.499,300,0007
1600135,000,00022.8100,000,00026.6145,000,00052.6135,800,00020.7130,000,00030129,200,00030.1 Mughal era 31.9
1650150,000,00022.2150,000,000125160,000,00020.7149,100,00020.7145,000,00024.4150,800,00036.2
1700165,000,00022.2200,000,00077.8175,000,00020.7163,900,00020.7160,000,00021.8172,800,00031.3
1750182,100,00021.8200,000,0000182,700,0009180,000,00020.7170,000,00012.9183,000,00012.1 Colonial
era 		12.2
1800200,900,00021.8190,000,000–10.8190,700,0009——185,000,00018.4190,400,0008
1820209,000,00021.8190,000,0000194,000,0009——200,000,00047.7198,300,00022

Population of India Over Time

India's population has changed significantly due to migrations, technological advancements, and societal developments. Below is a table of historical population estimates:

Estimated Population of India (10,000 BC – 2011) [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46]

Historical Population of India (10,000 BC – 2011)
EraYearEstimated PopulationGrowth Rate (%)
Prehistoric10,000 BC1,023,542N/A
5000 BC5,231,678+411.2%
Neolithic4000 BC7,003,245+33.9%
3000 BC9,875,620+41.0%
Indus Valley Civilization2000 BC13,642,189+38.2%
1500 BC15,246,830+11.8%
Vedic Period1000 BC16,895,450+10.8%
500 BC22,783,692+34.9%
Maurya Empire250 BC40,684,927+78.6%
1 AD51,287,345+26.1%
Classical India100 AD52,748,932+2.8%
200 AD54,902,817+4.1%
300 AD57,654,213+5.0%
400 AD60,834,921+5.5%
500 AD64,291,782+5.7%
Early Medieval India600 AD68,102,304+5.9%
700 AD71,837,610+5.5%
800 AD75,983,210+5.8%
900 AD81,274,936+7.0%
1000 AD86,732,843+6.7%
Delhi Sultanate1100 AD91,403,287+5.4%
1200 AD96,289,634+5.4%
1300 AD101,984,726+5.9%
1400 AD111,209,832+9.1%
Mughal Empire1500 AD121,847,294+9.6%
1600 AD136,204,781+11.8%
1700 AD161,874,263+18.9%
1800 AD186,432,976+15.2%
Colonial Period1810190,000,000+2.1%
1820195,000,000+2.6%
1830200,000,000+2.6%
1840205,000,000+2.5%
1850210,000,000+2.4%
British Raj1860215,000,000+2.4%
1870220,000,000+2.3%
1881253,891,821+15.4%
1891287,223,431+13.1%
1901317,318,032+10.5%
1911317,369,222+0.02%
1921318,866,673+0.46%
1931337,515,000+5.8%
1941389,000,000+15.3%
Post-independence India1951361,088,000-7.18%
1961439,235,000+21.7%
1971548,159,652+24.8%
1981683,329,097+24.7%
1991846,387,888+24.0%
20011,028,610,328+21.5%
20111,210,854,977+17.7%
Key Migration Periods & Population Impact

Key Migration Periods & Population Impact

Neolithic Revolution (10,000 BC – 3000 BC)

  • Transition from hunter-gatherers to settled farming societies.
  • Mehrgarh (7000 BC) – one of South Asia's earliest agricultural sites.

Indo-Aryan Migration (2000 BC – 1500 BC)

  • Migration of Indo-Aryan speakers into North India.
  • Vedic texts composed; Hinduism develops from Vedic traditions.

Persian & Greek Influences (500 BC – 300 BC)

  • Parts of North India ruled by Persian Achaemenids.
  • Alexander the Great's invasion (326 BC) impacts northwest India.

Islamic Invasions & Sultanates (1000 AD – 1500 AD)

  • Ghaznavid & Ghurid invasions bring Persian-Turkic influences.
  • Establishment of Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD) leads to urban growth.

Mughal Empire & Central Asian Influence (1500 AD – 1700 AD)

  • Large-scale migration from Persia, Central Asia, and Afghanistan.
  • Economic growth under Akbar and Shah Jahan boosts population.

British Expansion & Demographic Shifts (1757 AD – 1800 AD)

  • British East India Company influences trade and taxation.
  • Population growth slows due to famines and colonial policies.

The population grew from the South Asian Stone Age in 10,000 BC to the Maurya Empire in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate, [47] before population growth slowed down in the classical era up to 500 AD, and then became largely stagnant during the early medieval era era up to 1000 AD. [29] [31] The population growth rate then increased in the late medieval era (during the Delhi Sultanate) from 1000 to 1500. [29] [31]

Under the Mughal Empire, India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge, [47] due to Mughal agrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production. [48] 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century British India [49] and contemporary Europe [49] up until the 19th century. [50] These estimates by Abraham Eraly [49] and Paolo Malanima [50] have been criticised by Tim Dyson, who considers them exaggerations and estimates urbanisation of the Mughal Empire to be less than 9% of the population. [51]

Under the reign of Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe. [52] By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871. [53] Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships. [49] A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people, [49] with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah) with up to 800,000 people [54] and Dhaka (in Bengal Subah) with over 1 million people. [55] Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time of Aurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707). [52]

Late 19th century to early 20th century

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire years. Sources: Our World in Data and Gapminder Foundation. [56]

Years188018811882188318841885188618871888188918901902 [56]
Total Fertility Rate in India5.955.925.895.865.825.794.385.765.765.755.755.75
Years1921192219231924192519261927192819291930 [56]
Total Fertility Rate in India5.7615.775.785.795.85.815.825.835.855.86

Life expectancy from 1881 to 1950

Years188118911901190519111915192119251931193519411950 [57]
Life expectancy in India25.424.323.524.023.224.024.927.629.331.032.635.4

The population of India under the British Raj (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) according to censuses:

Census year Population Growth (%)
1871 [58] 238,830,958—
1881 [59] 253,896,3306.3
1891 [58] 287,223,43113.1
1901 [58] 293,550,3102.2
1911 [60] 315,156,3967.4
1921 [60] 318,942,4801.2
1931 [60] 352,837,77810.6
1941 [60] 388,997,95510.2

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta). [61]

Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Suggestions that it was the benefits of colonialism are refuted by academic thinking: "There can be no serious, informed belief... that... late colonial era mortality diminished and population grew rapidly because of improvements in income, living standards, nutrition, environmental standards, sanitation or health policies, nor was there a cultural transformation...". [62]

Languages

Top 30 Languages of India by number of native speakers from 1971 to 2011 (includes Non-scheduled languages) [63] [64]
RankLanguageLanguage FamilySpeakers (1971)Speakers (1981)Speakers (1991)Speakers (2001)Speakers (2011)
1 Hindi [note 1] Indo-Aryan202,767,971257,749,009329,505,193422,048,642528,347,193
2 Bengali Indo-Aryan44,792,31251,298,31969,595,73883,369,76997,237,669
3 Telugu Dravidian44,756,92350,624,61166,017,61574,002,85681,127,740
4 Marathi Indo-Aryan41,765,19049,452,92262,481,68171,936,89483,026,680
5 Tamil Dravidian37,690,106-53,006,36860,793,81469,026,881
6 Urdu Indo-Aryan28,620,89534,941,43543,406,93251,536,11150,772,631
7 Gujarati Indo-Aryan25,865,01233,063,26740,695,37046,091,61755,492,554
8 Kannada Dravidian21,710,64925,697,14632,753,67637,924,01143,706,512
9 Malayalam Dravidian21,938,76025,700,70530,377,17633,066,39234,838,819
10 Odia Indo-Aryan19,863,19823,021,52828,061,31333,017,44637,521,324
11 Punjabi Indo-Aryan14,108,44319,611,19923,378,74429,102,47733,124,726
12 Assamese Indo-Aryan8,959,558-13,079,69613,168,48415,311,351
13 Maithili Indo-Aryan6,130,0267,522,2657,766,92112,179,12213,583,464
14 Bhili/Bhilodi Non-scheduledIndo-Aryan3,399,2854,293,3145,572,3089,582,95710,413,637
15 Santali Austro-Asiatic3,786,8994,332,5115,216,3256,469,6007,368,192
16 Kashmiri Indo-Aryan2,495,4873,176,975-5,527,6986,797,587
17 Nepali Indo-Aryan1,419,8351,360,6362,076,6452,871,7492,926,168
18 Gondi Non-scheduledDravidian1,688,2841,913,2622,124,8522,713,7902,984,453
19 Sindhi Indo-Aryan1,676,8752,044,3892,122,8482,535,4852,772,264
20 Konkani Indo-Aryan1,508,4321,570,1081,760,6072,489,0152,256,502
21 Dogri Indo-Aryan1,299,1431,530,616-2,282,5892,596,767
22 Khandeshi Non-scheduledIndo-Aryan251,8961,216,789973,7092,075,2581,860,236
23 Kurukh Non-scheduledDravidian1,235,6651,333,6701,426,6181,751,4891,988,350
24 Tulu Non-scheduledDravidian1,158,4191,417,2241,552,2591,722,7681,846,427
25 Meitei (Manipuri)Sino-Tibetan791,714901,4071,270,2161,466,7051,761,079
26 Bodo Sino-Tibetan556,576-1,221,8811,350,4781,482,929
27 Khasi Non-scheduledAustro-Asiatic479,028628,846912,2831,128,5751,431,344
28 Mundari Non-scheduledAustro-Asiatic771,253742,739861,3781,061,3521,128,228
29 Ho Non-scheduledAustro-Asiatic751,389783,301949,2161,042,7241,421,418
30 Tripuri Non-scheduledSino-Tibetan372,579502,067694,940854,0231,011,294
South Asian Language Families.jpg
Map of South Asian language families
‹ The template Pie chart is being considered for merging. ›

Mother tongue languages of India (2011)

   Hindi (26.6%)
   Bengali (7.94%)
   Marathi (6.84%)
   Telugu (6.68%)
   Tamil (5.69%)
   Gujarati (4.55%)
   Urdu (4.19%)
   Bhojpuri (4.18%)
   Kannada (3.59%)
   Malayalam (2.87%)
  Others (26.87%)

According to the 2001 census, 41.03% of the Indians spoke Hindi natively, while the rest spoke Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Maithili, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and a variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues spoken in India. Of these, 22 languages are specified in the Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution, while 100 are non-specified.

The table below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results.

Vital statistics

[65]

Crude birth rate trends in India (per 1000 people, national average) Birth rate in India (1950 to 2024).png
Crude birth rate trends in India
(per 1000 people, national average)

UN estimates

United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2024 revision – India [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74]
YearMid-year populationBirths per yearDeaths per yearAnnual change in populationCrude birth rate
(per 1000)		Crude death rate
(per 1000)		Natural change
(per 1000)		Crude migration rate
(per 1000)		Total Fertility rateInfant mortality (per 1000) Life expectancy
1950346,278,81715,287,9987,852,2197,435,77944.1522.6821.65.73181.241.7
1951353,870,05815,663,4407,973,0047,591,24144.2622.5321.60.55.77180.141.7
1952361,874,90416,082,8888,048,9908,004,84644.4422.2421.90.25.82177.542.0
1953370,104,57116,501,1768,169,7228,229,66744.5922.0722.105.87175.342.2
1954378,687,14116,903,3368,122,0908,582,57044.6421.4522.7−0.45.91172.243.0
1955387,700,89117,219,7568,168,7689,013,75044.4121.0722.8−0.15.91169.743.4
1956396,988,90617,526,4028,232,4719,288,01544.1520.7422.805.91167.343.8
1957406,253,89517,825,6508,323,7479,264,98943.8820.4922.805.91165.044.1
1958415,777,43718,053,4268,374,3839,523,54243.4220.1422.7−0.25.90162.744.4
1959425,780,66918,321,0228,395,63010,003,23243.0319.7222.7−0.25.89160.344.9
1960435,990,34418,705,0128,467,29010,209,67542.9019.4222.90.25.92158.245.2
1961446,564,73019,054,9348,586,01210,574,38642.6719.2322.80.55.94156.445.4
1962457,283,09219,422,9868,679,85110,718,36242.4818.9822.90.55.95154.545.7
1963468,138,57619,783,9628,767,24610,855,48442.2618.7322.90.55.97152.745.9
1964479,229,59920,156,9888,871,37711,091,02342.0618.5123.00.35.98151.146.2
1965490,140,14120,414,2069,488,51610,910,54241.6519.3621.70.95.94156.445.0
1966500,740,25020,632,9909,543,20710,600,10941.2019.0621.60.25.88154.745.3
1967511,606,37520,889,4589,609,69110,866,12540.8318.7821.505.83153.145.7
1968522,716,89421,162,2989,155,30311,110,51940.4817.5222.4−0.55.76145.047.5
1969533,880,54421,386,2089,218,62411,163,65040.0617.2722.305.68143.347.9
1970545,864,26821,705,4209,287,48311,983,72439.7617.0122.3−0.15.62141.748.2
1971558,096,38322,169,8749,382,77812,232,11539.7216.8122.5−0.15.57139.948.6
1972570,482,14222,509,8309,468,02612,385,75939.4616.6022.505.48138.549.0
1973583,465,59522,929,8109,517,15012,983,45339.3016.3122.70.15.40136.349.5
1974597,041,39223,284,7969,489,00113,575,79739.0015.8922.805.33133.350.2
1975611,309,53223,451,0709,492,65514,268,14038.3615.5322.605.20130.750.8
1976625,861,88723,935,7429,499,65614,552,35538.2415.1822.7−0.45.13127.951.4
1977640,801,10524,070,4849,494,74114,939,21837.5614.8222.20.15.01124.951.9
1978655,728,22624,359,8349,461,50314,927,12137.1514.4322.10.34.89121.752.5
1979671,155,74524,833,5949,440,52815,427,51937.0014.0722.30.24.81118.453.1
1980687,354,03125,471,0689,452,56716,198,28637.0613.7522.50.44.78115.253.6
1981703,696,25525,868,4409,446,65816,342,22436.7613.4222.70.34.70112.154.2
1982720,313,47426,221,3609,431,25616,617,21936.4013.0922.60.34.62109.354.7
1983737,372,68526,637,4489,418,13117,059,21136.1312.7722.60.24.57106.755.3
1984754,875,45127,113,1149,414,27717,502,76635.9212.4722.70.24.52104.255.8
1985772,647,80127,366,9509,398,79317,772,35035.4212.1622.50.24.43101.856.3
1986790,689,97827,848,4249,392,67018,042,17735.2211.8822.7−0.14.4099.456.8
1987808,931,26127,860,8789,365,35818,241,28334.4411.5822.20.24.3197.057.3
1988827,342,99728,040,3429,337,58318,411,73633.8911.2921.90.24.2294.657.8
1989846,039,53028,154,9869,306,08318,696,53333.2811.0021.60.34.1392.258.2
1990864,972,21928,171,5209,277,65118,932,68932.5710.7321.10.54.0589.858.7
1991883,927,60728,305,7209,256,42518,955,38832.0210.4721.00.23.9687.659.1
1992902,957,07228,365,2049,232,80919,029,46531.4110.2220.70.33.8885.559.5
1993922,118,38028,374,4189,221,70819,161,30830.7710.0020.30.43.8083.559.8
1994941,163,77528,512,6929,201,75619,045,39530.309.7820.00.43.7281.460.2
1995960,301,04828,588,0529,191,89219,137,27329.779.5719.70.43.6579.360.6
1996979,678,46428,623,2849,180,93619,377,41629.229.3719.40.33.5877.161.0
1997999,133,76528,659,9949,166,22419,455,30128.689.1719.00.43.5174.861.4
19981,018,665,07328,724,9349,155,89819,531,30828.208.9918.70.43.4572.561.8
19991,038,225,82128,790,3109,141,49319,560,74827.738.8018.40.33.3870.262.2
20001,057,922,72829,111,7129,127,43119,696,90727.528.6318.30.13.3567.862.7
20011,077,898,57229,324,9309,143,22819,975,84427.218.4818.203.3065.463.1
20021,097,600,38129,128,2169,103,54819,701,80926.548.2917.70.23.2263.163.6
20031,116,802,99728,794,4429,074,46919,202,61625.788.1317.20.23.1260.864.1
20041,135,991,51028,537,7369,067,05319,188,51325.127.9816.70.23.0558.664.5
20051,154,676,31928,063,0009,027,96118,684,80924.307.8216.10.12.9656.365.0
20061,172,878,89027,637,6108,995,89318,202,57123.567.6715.5−0.12.8654.165.4
20071,190,676,02827,304,6228,972,69817,797,13822.937.5415.1−0.32.7851.965.8
20081,207,930,96227,186,0948,950,89417,254,93422.517.4114.7−0.42.7249.666.1
20091,225,524,76027,219,6708,934,34017,593,79822.217.2914.5−0.52.6747.466.5
20101,243,481,56426,900,7108,908,60117,956,80421.637.1614.1−0.22.6045.266.9
20111,261,224,95226,681,9908,889,39317,743,38821.167.0513.702.5443.067.4
20121,278,674,50626,432,4168,879,96417,449,55420.676.9513.30.12.4740.867.9
20131,295,829,50625,995,9988,888,12617,155,00020.066.8613.00.12.4138.768.5
20141,312,277,18425,050,5388,884,41216,447,67819.096.7712.30.22.3136.769.1
20151,328,024,49225,147,2528,936,42615,747,30818.946.7312.1−0.22.2934.769.6
20161,343,944,29325,207,1469,004,53915,919,80118.76 6.7011.902.2732.870.1
20171,359,657,39224,466,7449,072,74915,713,09918.006.6711.30.32.2031.170.5
20181,374,659,06824,620,2069,169,44915,001,67617.916.6711.0−0.12.1829.470.7
20191,389,030,30324,124,9829,264,48614,371,23517.376.6710.302.1127.970.9
20201,402,617,69223,485,34010,118,28613,587,38916.747.219.20.42.0526.670.1
20211,414,203,88923,321,85413,093,78311,586,19716.499.267.0−1.02.0125.567.2
20221,425,423,21223,286,1249,373,18011,219,32316.346.587.2−0.41.9967.7
20231,438,069,59723,219,4889,507,01312,646,38516.156.619.5−1.41.9872.0

Census of India: sample registration system

Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by districts, 2011 India TFR regions 2011.png
Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by districts, 2011
Census of India: sample registration system [75] [76] [77] [78]
YearAverage population
Live births1Deaths1Natural changeCrude birth rate
(per 1000)		Crude death rate
(per 1000)		Natural change
(per 1000)		Total fertility rate
1981716,493,00024,289,0008,956,00015,333,00033.912.521.44.52
1982733,152,00024,781,0008,725,00016,056,00033.811.921.94.5
1983750,034,00025,276,0008,925,00016,351,00033.711.921.84.5
1984767,147,00026,006,0009,666,00016,340,00033.912.621.34.5
1985784,491,00025,810,0009,257,00016,553,00032.911.821.14.3
1986802,052,00026,147,0008,903,00017,244,00032.611.121.54.15
1987819,800,00026,316,0008,936,00017,380,00032.110.921.24.1
1988837,700,00026,388,0009,215,00017,173,00031.511.020.54.0
1989855,707,00026,185,0008,814,00017,371,00030.610.320.33.9
1990873,785,00026,388,0008,476,00017,912,00030.29.720.53.8
1991891,910,00026,133,0008,741,00017,392,00029.39.819.53.64
1992910,065,00026,392,0009,192,00017,200,00029.010.118.93.6
1993928,226,00026,640,0008,633,00018,007,00009.319.43.5
1994946,373,00027,161,0008,801,00018,360,00028.79.319.43.5
1995964,486,00027,295,0008,680,00018,615,00028.39.019.33.5
1996982,553,00026,824,0008,745,00018,079,00027.38.918.43.40
19971,000,558,00027,215,0008,905,00018,310,00027.28.918.33.3
19981,018,471,00026,989,0009,166,00017,823,00026.59.017.53.2
19991,036,259,00026,943,0009,015,00017,928,00026.08.717.33.2
20001,053,898,00027,191,0008,958,00018,233,00025.88.517.33.2
20011,071,374,00027,213,0009,000,00018,213,00025.48.417.03.10
20021,088,694,00027,217,0008,818,00018,399,00025.08.116.93.0
20031,105,886,00027,426,0008,847,00018,579,00024.88.016.83.0
20041,122,991,00027,064,0008,422,00018,642,00024.17.516.62.9
20051,140,043,00027,133,0008,664,00018,469,00023.87.616.22.9
20061,157,039,00027,190,0008,678,00018,512,00023.57.516.02.79
20071,134,024,00026,195,9548,391,77817,804,17623.17.415.72.7
20081,150,196,00026,224,4698,511,45017,713,01922.87.415.42.6
20091,166,228,00026,240,1308,513,46417,726,66622.57.315.22.6
20101,182,108,00026,124,5878,511,17817,613,40922.17.214.92.5
20111,197,658,00026,108,9448,503,37217,605,57221.87.114.72.44
20121,212,827,00026,197,0638,489,78917,707,27421.67.014.62.38
20131,227,012,00026,258,0578,589,08417,668,97321.47.014.42.34
20141,243,542,00025,904,3778,264,73017,639,64721.06.714.32.32
20151,259,108,00026,189,4468,184,20218,005,24420.86.514.32.27
20161,273,986,00025,989,3148,153,51017,835,80420.46.414.02.26
2017 [79] 1,288,522,00026,028,1448,117,68917,910,45520.26.313.92.18
20181,324,609,00026,492,1808,212,57618,279,60420.06.213.82.15
20191,338,995,00024,820,8867,641,07617,179,81018.55.712.82.08 [80]
20201,353,378,00024,222,4448,115,88216,106,56217.96.011.92.03
1The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population.

Life expectancy

Life Expectancy at birth in India by district based on the analysis of NFHS-5 data (2019-2021) 12889 2024 18278 Fig4 HTML.webp
Life Expectancy at birth in India by district based on the analysis of NFHS-5 data (2019–2021)
Life expectancy at birth in India since 1960 with calculated sex gap Life expectancy by WBG -India -diff.png
Life expectancy at birth in India since 1960 with calculated sex gap
Life expectancy by age group (1950-2020) [83] [84] [85] [86] [87]
PeriodLife expectancy at birthLife expectancy at age 15Life expectancy at age 65Life expectancy at age 80
195041.1860.0675.9084.77
195543.7460.9676.1484.86
196045.6161.7576.3384.93
196545.5661.8476.2084.91
197048.5963.4076.5585.30
197550.7664.6877.0085.69
198053.5966.1077.2285.82
198556.3267.3577.3085.81
199058.6268.3277.5985.94
199560.6369.0878.0686.22
200062.7569.9278.5686.44
200564.9470.8478.8786.45
201067.1671.8379.2886.64
201569.3372.8879.9187.14
202070.1672.8179.4886.92

Demographic and Health Surveys From the Demographic Health Survey: [88]

TFR rate in India (1886 to 2016)
TFR of India to 2016 TFR of India to 2016.svg
TFR of India to 2016
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) in India according to the NFHS data.
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate)
YearTotalUrbanRural
CBRTFR1CBRTFR1CBRTFR1
1992–199328.73.39 (2.64)24.12.70 (2.09)30.43.67 (2.86)
1998–199924.82.85 (2.13)20.92.27 (1.73)26.23.07 (2.28)
2005–200623.12.68 (1.90)18.82.06 (1.60)25.02.98 (2.10)
2015–201619.02.18 (1.8)15.81.75 (1.5)20.72.41 (1.9)
2019–202117.11.99 (1.6)14.01.63 (1.4)18.62.14 (1.7)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
Total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) by religion.
Total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) by religion
YearHinduMuslimChristianSikhBuddhist/
Neo-Buddhist		JainOther
2019–20211.94 (1.6)2.36 (1.8)1.88 (1.7)1.61 (1.4)1.39 (1.2)1.60 (1.5)2.15 (1.7)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
Fertility rate and wanted Fertility rate by State and UT (2015-2016) as per the NFHS-4 data.
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2015–2016
State (Population 2011)TotalUrbanRural
CBRTFR1CBRTFR1CBRTFR1
Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341)22.62.74 (2.06)18.62.08 (1.62)24.02.99 (2.22)
Maharashtra (112 374 333)16.61.87 (1.57)15.51.68 (1.41)17.52.06 (1.73)
Bihar (104 099 452)27.13.41 (2.48)20.42.42 (1.83)28.03.56 (2.58)
West Bengal (91 276 115)16.61.77 (1.53)14.01.57 (1.38)18.01.85 (1.58)
Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809)20.22.32 (1.82)17.71.95 (1.61)21.32.48 (1.91)
Tamil Nadu (72 147 030)15.51.70 (1.51)13.91.54 (1.38)17.21.86 (1.63)
Rajasthan (68 548 437)20.82.40 (1.81)17.51.94 (1.52)22.02.56 (1.91)
Karnataka (61 095 297)15.91.81 (1.42)15.21.65 (1.30)16.51.92 (1.50)
Gujarat (60 439 692)16.72.03 (1.54)15.31.82 (1.39)17.92.19 (1.64)
Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799)16.11.83 (1.64)13.91.53 (1.39)17.01.96 (1.75)
Odisha (41 974 218)18.12.05 (1.69)15.61.73 (1.50)18.72.12 (1.72)
Telangana (35 193 978)17.11.79 (1.59)17.11.67 (1.53)17.21.88 (1.64)
Kerala (33 406 061)11.21.56 (1.47)11.41.57 (1.47)11.01.55 (1.46)
Jharkhand (32 988 134)21.72.55 (2.06)16.31.78 (1.47)23.52.83 (2.27)
Assam (31 205 576)19.52.21 (1.78)13.21.45 (1.25)20.52.34 (1.87)
Punjab (27 743 338)13.81.62 (1.37)13.51.59 (1.32)14.01.63 (1.39)
Chhattisgarh (25 545 198)20.72.23 (1.88)17.91.78 (1.58)21.52.37 (1.97)
Haryana (25 351 462)18.72.05 (1.63)16.31.78 (1.44)20.22.22 (1.75)
Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302)17.72.01 (1.67)13.91.58 (1.39)19.42.18 (1.77)
Uttarakhand (10 086 292)19.02.07 (1.60)17.11.80 (1.43)20.02.24 (1.71)
Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602)15.31.88 (1.55)12.01.43 (1.15)15.71.92 (1.59)
Tripura (3 673 917)15.31.69 (1.55)12.71.40 (1.34)16.41.80 (1.62)
Meghalaya (2 966 889)24.63.04 (2.79)16.11.67 (1.57)26.73.47 (3.18)
Manipur (2 855 794)21.22.61 (2.33)17.52.14 (1.96)23.72.92 (2.57)
Nagaland (1 978 502)21.42.74 (2.35)16.31.78 (1.58)24.13.38 (2.86)
Goa (1 458 545)12.81.66 (1.37)13.41.72 (1.37)11.71.55 (1.37)
Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727)17.92.12 (1.64)17.01.69 (1.26)18.22.29 (1.79)
Mizoram (1 097 206)18.72.26 (2.15)16.91.97 (1.89)21.22.71 (2.54)
Sikkim (610 577)11.41.17 (0.88)12.11.11 (0.82)11.11.21 (0.91)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2019–2021 [89]
State (Population 2011)TotalUrbanRural
CBRTFR1CBRTFR1CBRTFR1
Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341)20.52.35 (1.77)16.71.88 (1.49)21.82.50 (1.86)
Maharashtra (112 374 333)13.81.71 (1.43)12.61.50 (1.27)15.01.89 (1.58)
Bihar (104 099 452)25.92.98 (2.25)20.42.35 (1.88)27.03.11 (2.31)
West Bengal (91 276 115)15.51.64 (1.42)12.41.39 (1.24)17.01.73 (1.48)
Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809)17.21.99 (1.61)13.71.61 (1.34)18.52.12 (1.69)
Tamil Nadu (72 147 030)13.71.76 (1.59)12.71.61 (1.50)14.61.89 (1.66)
Rajasthan (68 548 437)18.72.01 (1.61)15.31.67 (1.42)19.82.11 (1.65)
Karnataka (61 095 297)14.21.67 (1.38)13.21.50 (1.25)14.91.79 (1.46)
Gujarat (60 439 692)15.01.86 (1.53)13.31.65 (1.39)16.32.0 (1.60)
Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799)13.81.68 (1.55)12.51.47 (1.36)14.31.78 (1.64)
Odisha (41 974 218)15.91.82 (1.52)13.11.48 (1.26)16.51.89 (1.57)
Telangana (35 193 978)15.31.75 (1.55)16.01.75 (1.57)15.31.74 (1.54)
Kerala (33 406 061)11.81.79 (1.68)11.91.82 (1.71)11.61.76 (1.65)
Jharkhand (32 988 134)20.22.26 (1.87)14.21.56 (1.32)22.02.48 (2.04)
Assam (31 205 576)16.81.87 (1.56)13.11.50 (1.37)17.41.93 (1.59)
Punjab (27 743 338)13.31.63 (1.35)12.11.55 (1.29)14.01.68 (1.38)
Chhattisgarh (25 545 198)16.41.82 (1.57)13.61.42 (1.28)17.21.94 (1.66)
Haryana (25 351 462)16.41.91 (1.54)14.11.65 (1.38)17.52.04 (1.62)
Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302)13.11.41 (1.3)
Uttarakhand (10 086 292)16.71.85 (1.46)16.81.84 (1.47)16.61.86 (1.47)
Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602)12.71.66 (1.43)11.21.43 (1.36)12.91.69 (1.44)
Tripura (3 673 917)14.51.70 (1.49)11.01.39 (1.29)15.81.81 (1.56)
Meghalaya (2 966 889)24.22.91 (2.66)14.81.57 (1.43)26.53.31 (3.04)
Manipur (2 855 794)17.42.17 (1.98)14.71.84 (1.73)19.12.38 (2.13)
Nagaland (1 978 502)15.41.72 (1.57)12.51.21 (1.13)16.82.00 (1.82)
Goa (1 458 545)10.31.30 (1.21)10.31.26 (1.19)10.31.36 (1.24)
Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727)16.01.80 (1.49)14.81.44 (1.24)16.21.88 (1.54)
Mizoram (1 097 206)15.01.87 (1.78)13.91.63 (1.56)16.42.19 (2.08)
Sikkim (610 577)10.21.05 (0.85)7.80.71 (0.54)11.71.32 (1.11)
Delhi 14.81.62 (1.29)14.61.60 (1.27)23.42.47 (2.06)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.

Regional vital statistics

Birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, and infant mortality rate, by state and UT in 2010.
Birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, and infant mortality rate, by state and UT(2010) [90]
State or UTBirth rateDeath rateNatural growth rateInfant mortality rate
TotalRuralUrbanTotalRuralUrbanTotalRuralUrbanTotalRuralUrban
Andaman and Nicobar Islands15.615.515.84.34.83.311.310.712.6252918
Andhra Pradesh17.918.316.77.68.65.410.29.711.3465133
Arunachal Pradesh20.522.114.65.96.92.314.615.212.3313412
Assam23.224.415.88.28.65.814.915.810.1586036
Bihar28.128.822.06.87.05.621.321.816.4484938
Chandigarh15.621.615.03.93.73.911.617.911.0222023
Chhattisgarh25.326.818.68.08.46.217.318.412.4515244
Dadra and Nagar Haveli26.626.028.64.75.13.321.920.925.3384322
Daman and Diu18.819.118.34.94.94.813.914.213.6231929
Delhi17.819.717.54.24.64.113.615.013.4303729
Goa13.212.613.76.68.15.76.64.58.0101010
Gujarat21.823.319.46.77.55.515.115.814.0445130
Haryana22.323.319.86.67.05.615.716.314.3485138
Himachal Pradesh16.917.511.56.97.24.210.010.37.3404129
Jammu and Kashmir18.319.513.55.75.94.712.613.68.8434532
Jharkhand25.326.719.37.07.45.418.319.313.9424430
Karnataka19.220.217.57.18.15.412.112.112.1384328
Kerala14.814.814.87.07.16.77.87.78.1131410
Lakshadweep14.315.513.26.46.16.78.09.56.5252327
Madhya Pradesh27.329.220.58.39.06.018.920.214.5626742
Maharashtra17.117.616.46.57.55.310.610.211.1283420
Manipur14.914.815.34.24.34.010.710.511.314159
Meghalaya24.526.614.87.98.45.616.618.29.2555837
Mizoram17.121.113.04.55.43.712.515.79.3374721
Nagaland16.817.016.03.63.73.313.213.312.7232420
Odisha20.521.415.28.69.06.611.912.48.6616343
Puducherry16.716.716.77.48.27.09.38.59.6222521
Punjab16.617.215.67.07.75.89.69.59.8343728
Rajasthan26.727.922.96.76.96.020.020.916.9556131
Sikkim17.818.116.15.65.93.812.312.312.3303119
Tamil Nadu15.916.015.87.68.26.98.37.88.9242522
Tripura14.915.611.55.04.85.79.910.85.8272919
Uttar Pradesh28.329.224.28.18.56.320.220.717.9616444
Uttarakhand19.320.216.26.36.75.113.013.511.1384125
West Bengal16.818.611.96.06.06.310.712.65.6313225

Neonatal and infant demographics

Infant mortality rate trends in India (per 1000 births, under age 1, national average) IndiaIMRates.jpg
Infant mortality rate trends in India
(per 1000 births, under age 1, national average)
Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011. The data suggest the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India. India Male to Female Sex Ratio 1941 1951 1961 1981 1991 2001 2011.png
Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011. The data suggest the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India.

The table below represents the infant mortality rate trends in India, based on sex, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than average female infant mortality rates. [92]

Infant mortality rate trend (deaths per 1000) As per NFHS & UNICEF Data.
YearMaleFemaleTotal
1998 [93] 69.873.571.6
2005 [92] 56.35857 [94]
2009 [95] 4952—
2014 [96] 43.737.9040.7 [94]
2018 [97] 29.9529.8829.94 [97]

India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven – activists posit that eight million female fetuses may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011. [98]

Population size and structure

Map showing the population density in India, per 2011 Census. 2011 Census India population density map, states and union territories.svg
Map showing the population density in India, per 2011 Census.

India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population [100] lived in about 638,000 villages [101] and the remaining 27.8% [100] lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations. [102] India's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010. [103] However, because Africa's population growth is extremely high compared to the rest of the world, [104] [105] it is expected to surpass both China and India by the early 2030s. [106] Comparative demographics

Comparative demographics
CategoryGlobal rankingReferences
Area7th [107]
Population1st [107]
Population growth rate 102nd of 212in 2010 [108]
Population density24th of 212in 2010 [108]
Male to Female ratio, at birth12th of 214in 2009 [109]
Population growth of India per decade (1951 - 2011)
Population growth of India per decade [110]
Census yearPopulationChange (%)
1951361,088,003–
1961439,235,00021.6
1971548,160,00024.8
1981683,329,00024.7
1991846,387,88823.9
20011,028,737,43621.5
20111,210,193,42217.7

List of states and union territories by demographics

Population distribution by states/union territories (2011)
Population distribution by states/union territories (2011)
Rank State/UT Population [111] Percent (%)MaleFemaleDifference between male and female Sex ratio Rural [112] Urban [112] Area [113] (km2)Density (per km2)
1 Uttar Pradesh 199,812,34116.50104,480,51095,331,8319,148,679930155,111,02244,470,455240,928828
2 Maharashtra 112,374,3339.2858,243,05654,131,2774,111,77992961,545,44150,827,531307,713365
3 Bihar 104,099,4528.6054,278,15749,821,2954,456,86291892,075,02811,729,60994,1631,102
4 West Bengal 91,276,1157.5446,809,02744,467,0882,341,93995062,213,67629,134,06088,7521,030
5 Madhya Pradesh 72,626,8096.0037,612,30635,014,5032,597,80393152,537,89920,059,666308,245236
6 Tamil Nadu 72,147,0305.9636,137,97536,009,055128,92099637,189,22934,949,729130,058555
7 Rajasthan 68,548,4375.6635,550,99732,997,4402,553,55792851,540,23617,080,776342,239201
8 Karnataka 61,095,2975.0530,966,65730,128,640838,01797337,552,52923,578,175191,791319
9 Gujarat 60,439,6924.9931,491,26028,948,4322,542,82891934,670,81725,712,811196,024308
10 Andhra Pradesh 49,386,7994.0824,738,06824,648,73189,33799634,776,38914,610,410160,205308
11 Odisha 41,974,2183.4721,212,13620,762,082450,05497934,951,2346,996,124155,707269
12 Telangana 35,193,9782.9117,704,07817,489,900214,17898821,585,31313,608,665114,840307
13 Kerala 33,406,0612.7616,027,41217,378,649−1,351,237108417,445,50615,932,17138,863859
14 Jharkhand 32,988,1342.7216,930,31516,057,819872,49694825,036,9467,929,29279,714414
15 Assam 31,205,5762.5815,939,44315,266,133673,31095826,780,5264,388,75678,438397
16 Punjab 27,743,3382.2914,639,46513,103,8731,535,59289517,316,80010,387,43650,362550
17 Chhattisgarh 25,545,1982.1112,832,89512,712,303120,59299119,603,6585,936,538135,191189
18 Haryana 25,351,4622.0913,494,73411,856,7281,638,00687916,531,4938,821,58844,212573
19 Delhi (UT)16,787,9411.398,887,3267,800,6151,086,711868944,72712,905,7801,48411,297
20 Jammu and Kashmir 12,541,3021.046,640,6625,900,640740,0228899,134,8203,414,106222,23656
21 Uttarakhand 10,086,2920.835,137,7734,948,519189,2549637,025,5833,091,16953,483189
22 Himachal Pradesh 6,864,6020.573,481,8733,481,8733,382,72999,1449726,167,805688,70455,673123
23 Tripura 3,673,9170.301,874,3761,799,54174,8359602,710,051960,98110,486350
24 Meghalaya 2,966,8890.251,491,8321,475,05716,7759892,368,971595,03622,429132
25 Manipur 2,855,7940.241,438,6871,417,10721,5809851,899,624822,13222,327128
26 Nagaland 1,978,5020.161,024,649953,85370,7969311,406,861573,74116,579119
27 Goa 1,458,5450.12739,140719,40519,735973551,414906,3093,702394
28 Arunachal Pradesh 1,383,7270.11713,912669,81544,0979381,069,165313,44683,74317
29 Puducherry (UT)1,247,9530.10612,511635,442−22,9311037394,341850,1234792,598
30 Mizoram 1,097,2060.09555,339541,86713,472976529,037561,99721,08152
31 Chandigarh (UT)1,055,4500.09580,663474,787105,87681829,0041,025,6821149,252
32 Sikkim 610,5770.05323,070287,50735,563890455,962151,7267,09686
33 Andaman and Nicobar Islands (UT)380,5810.03202,871177,71025,161876244,411135,5338,24946
34 Dadra and Nagar Haveli (UT)343,7090.03193,760149,94943,811774183,024159,829491698
35 Daman and Diu (UT)243,2470.02150,30192,94657,35561860,331182,5801122,169
36 Lakshadweep (UT)64,4730.0133,12331,3501,77394614,12150,308322,013
–Total (India)1,210,854,977100623,724,248586,469,17435,585,741943833,087,662377,105,7603,287,240382

Literacy rate

Literacy rate map of India (2011).
Literacy rate map of India, 2011. 2011 Census India literacy distribution map by states and union territories.svg
Literacy rate map of India, 2011.
Literacy rate by state/union territory (2011).
Literacy rate by state/union territory in 2011
State or UT codeState or UTOverall (%)Male (%)Female (%)
1Jammu and Kashmir
68.74%
76.75%
58.01%
2Himachal Pradesh
83.78%
90.83%
76.60%
3Punjab
86.60%
81.48%
71.34%
4Chandigarh
86.43%
90.54%
81.38%
5Uttarakhand
79.63%
88.33%
70.70%
6Haryana
76.64%
85.38%
66.77%
7Delhi
86.34%
91.03%
80.93%
8Rajasthan
67.06%
80.51%
52.66%
9Uttar Pradesh
69.72%
79.24%
59.26%
10Bihar
63.82%
73.39%
53.33%
11Sikkim
82.20%
87.29%
76.43%
12Arunachal Pradesh
66.95%
73.69%
59.57%
13Nagaland
80.11%
83.29%
76.69%
14Manipur
79.85%
86.49%
73.17%
15Mizoram
91.58%
93.72%
89.40%
16Tripura
87.75%
92.18%
83.15%
17Meghalaya
75.48%
77.17%
73.78%
18Assam
73.18%
78.81%
67.27%
19West Bengal
77.08%
82.67%
71.16%
20Jharkhand
67.63%
78.45%
56.21%
21Odisha
72.90%
82.40%
64.36%
22Chhattisgarh
71.04%
81.45%
60.59%
23Madhya Pradesh
70.63%
80.53%
60.02%
24Gujarat
79.31%
87.23%
70.73%
25Daman and Diu
87.07%
91.48%
79.59%
26Dadra and Nagar Haveli
77.65%
86.46%
65.93%
27Maharashtra
83.20%
89.82%
75.48%
28Andhra Pradesh [115]
67.35%
74.77%
59.96%
29Karnataka
75.60%
82.85%
68.13%
30Goa
87.40%
92.81%
81.84%
31Lakshadweep
92.28%
96.11%
88.25%
32Kerala
93.91%
96.02%
91.98%
33Tamil Nadu
80.33%
86.81%
73.86%
34Puducherry
86.55%
92.12%
81.22%
35Andaman and Nicobar Islands
86.27%
90.11%
81.84%
–Overall (India)
74.03%
82.14%
65.46%

Structure of the population

Population by age group (2011).
Population by age group
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercentage (%)Cumulative Percentage
0–458,632,07454,174,704112,806,7789.329.32
5–966,300,46660,627,660126,928,12610.4819.8
10–1469,418,83563,290,377132,709,21210.9630.76
15–1963,982,39656,544,053120,526,4499.9540.71
20–2457,584,69353,839,529111,424,2229.2049.91
25–2951,344,20850,069,757101,413,9658.3858.29
30–3444,660,67443,934,27788,594,9517.3265.61
35–3942,919,38142,221,30385,140,6847.0372.64
40–4437,545,38634,892,72672,438,1125.9878.62
45–4932,138,11430,180,21362,318,3275.1583.77
50–5425,843,26623,225,98849,069,2544.0587.82
55–5919,456,01219,690,04339,146,0553.2391.05
60–6418,701,74918,961,95837,663,7073.1194.16
65–6912,944,32613,510,65726,454,9832.1896.34
70–749,651,4999,557,34319,208,8421.5997.93
75–794,490,6034,741,9009,232,5030.7698.69
80–842,927,0403,293,1896,220,2290.5199.2
85–891,120,1061,263,0612,383,1670.2099.4
90–94652,465794,0691,446,5340.1299.52
95–99294,759338,538633,2970.0599.57
100+289,325316,453605,7780.0599.62
Unknown2,372,8812,116,9214,489,8020.3799.99
Total623,270,258587,584,7191,210,854,977100.00
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–14194,351,375178,092,741372,444,11630.76
15–64394,175,879373,559,847767,735,72663.40
65+32,370,12333,815,21066,185,3335.47
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (03.III.2016) (Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.)
[116]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total664,184,000626,890,0001,291,074,000100
0–462,872,00056,038,000118,910,0009.21
5–961,499,00056,969,000118,468,0009.18
10–1465,142,00059,682,000124,824,0009.67
15–1967,223,00060,871,000128,094,0009.92
20–2463,521,00057,356,000120,877,0009.36
25–2957,272,00053,357,000110,629,0008.57
30–3450,782,00049,250,000100,032,0007.75
35–3945,318,00044,787,00090,105,0006.98
40–4441,280,00040,497,00081,777,0006.33
45–4936,602,00035,107,00071,709,0005.55
50–5430,738,00029,016,00059,754,0004.63
55–5924,403,00023,307,00047,710,0003.70
60–6419,133,00019,288,00038,421,0002.98
65–6915,198,00016,114,00031,312,0002.43
70–7411,002,00011,723,00022,725,0001.76
75–797,703,0008,367,00016,070,0001.24
80+4,496,0005,161,0009,657,0000.75
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–14189,513,000172,689,000362,202,00028.05
15–64436,272,000412,836,000849,108,00065.77
65+38,399,00041,365,00079,764,0006.18
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.III.2021) (Includes data for the Indian-held part of Jammu and Kashmir, the final status of which has not yet been determined. Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.)
[117]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total700 623 000662 383 0001 363 006 000100
0–460 153 00054 120 000114 273 0008.38
5–962 276 00055 390 000117 666 0008.63
10–1461 266 00056 785 000118 051 0008.66
15–1964 862 00059 420 000124 282 0009.12
20–2466 770 00060 474 000127 244 0009.34
25–2962 944 00056 956 000119 900 0008.80
30–3456 614 00052 961 000109 575 0008.04
35–3950 027 00048 836 00098 863 0007.25
40–4444 450 00044 315 00088 765 0006.51
45–4940 204 00039 903 00080 107 0005.88
50–5435 235 00034 331 00069 566 0005.10
55–5929 082 00028 062 00057 144 0004.19
60–6422 465 00022 079 00044 544 0003.27
65–6916 823 00017 583 00034 406 0002.52
70–7412 546 00013 904 00026 450 0001.94
75–798 269 0009 294 00017 563 0001.29
80+6 637 0007 970 00014 607 0001.07
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–14183 695 000166 295 000349 990 00025.68
15–64472 653 000447 337 000919 990 00067.50
65+44 275 00048 751 00093 026 0006.83
Population within the age group of 0–6 (2011).
Population between age 0–6 by state/union territory [118]
State or UT codeState or UTTotalMaleFemaleDifference
1Jammu and Kashmir2,008,6701,080,662927,982152,680
2Himachal Pradesh763,864400,681363,18337,498
3Punjab2,941,5701,593,2621,348,308244,954
4Chandigarh117,95363,18754,7668,421
5Uttarakhand1,328,844704,769624,07580,694
6Haryana3,297,7241,802,0471,495,677306,370
7Delhi1,970,5101,055,735914,775140,960
8Rajasthan10,504,9165,580,2124,924,004656,208
9Uttar Pradesh29,728,23515,653,17514,075,0601,578,115
10Bihar18,582,2299,615,2808,966,949648,331
11Sikkim61,07731,41829,6591,759
12Arunachal Pradesh202,759103,43099,3304,100
13Nagaland285,981147,111138,8708,241
14Manipur353,237182,684170,55312,131
15Mizoram165,53683,96581,5712,394
16Tripura444,055227,354216,70110,653
17Meghalaya555,822282,189273,6338,556
18Assam4,511,3072,305,0882,206,21998,869
19West Bengal10,112,5995,187,2644,925,335261,929
20Jharkhand5,237,5822,695,9212,541,661154,260
21Odisha5,035,6502,603,2082,432,442170,766
22Chhattisgarh3,584,0281,824,9871,759,04165,946
23Madhya Pradesh10,548,2955,516,9575,031,338485,619
24Gujarat7,564,4643,974,2863,519,890454,396
25Daman and Diu25,88013,55612,3141,242
26Dadra and Nagar Haveli49,19625,57523,6211,954
27Maharashtra12,848,3756,822,2626,026,113796,149
28Andhra Pradesh8,642,6864,448,3304,194,356253,974
29Karnataka6,855,8013,527,8443,327,957199,887
30Goa139,49572,66966,8265,843
31Lakshadweep7,0883,7153,373342
32Kerala3,322,2471,695,8891,626,35869,531
33Tamil Nadu6,894,8213,542,3513,352,470189,881
34Puducherry127,61064,93262,6782,254
35Andaman and Nicobar Islands39,49720,09419,403691
–Total (India)158,789,28782,952,13575,837,1527,114,983
Population above the age of seven (2011).
Population above the age of seven by state/union territory [118]
State or UT codeState or UTTotalMaleFemale
1Jammu and Kashmir–––
2Himachal Pradesh–––
3Punjab–––
4Chandigarh–––
5Uttarakhand–––
6Haryana22,055,35711,703,08310,352,274
7Delhi14,782,7257,920,6756,862,050
8Rajasthan58,116,09630,039,87428,076,222
9Uttar Pradesh169,853,24288,943,24080,910,002
10Bihar85,222,40844,570,06740,652,341
11Sikkim546,611290,243256,368
12Arunachal Pradesh1,179,852616,802563,050
13Nagaland1,694,621878,596816,025
14Manipur2,368,5191,187,0801,181,439
15Mizoram925,478468,374457,104
16Tripura3,226,9771,644,5131,582,464
17Meghalaya2,408,1851,210,4791,197,706
18Assam26,657,96513,649,83913,008,126
19West Bengal81,235,13741,740,12539,495,012
20Jharkhand27,728,65614,235,76713,492,889
21Odisha36,911,70818,598,47018,313,238
22Chhattisgarh21,956,16811,002,92810,953,240
23Madhya Pradesh62,049,27032,095,96329,953,307
24Gujarat52,889,45227,507,99625,381,456
25Daman and Diu217,031136,54480,487
26Dadra and Nagar Haveli293,657167,603126,054
27Maharashtra99,524,59751,539,13547,985,462
28Andhra Pradesh76,022,84738,061,55137,961,296
29Karnataka54,274,90327,529,89826,745,005
30Goa1,318,228668,042650,186
31Lakshadweep57,34129,39127,950
32Kerala–––
33Tamil Nadu65,244,13732,616,52032,627,617
34Puducherry1,116,854545,553571,301
35Andaman and Nicobar Islands340,447182,236158,211
–Total (India)1,051,404,135540,772,113510,632,022

Religion

Population pyramid by religion

Hindu population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Hindu population across various age groups in India. Hindu population pyramid in India (2011). 04.jpg
Hindu population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Hindu population across various age groups in India.
Muslim population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Muslim population across various age groups in India. Muslim population pyramid in India (2011). 03.jpg
Muslim population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Muslim population across various age groups in India.
Buddhist population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Buddhist population across various age groups in India. Buddhist population pyramid in India (2011).jpg
Buddhist population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Buddhist population across various age groups in India.
Jain population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Jain population across various age groups in India. Jain population pyramid in India (2011). 01.jpg
Jain population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Jain population across various age groups in India.

The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati district of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the 2011 census in per cent. The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. Missing citing/reference for "Changes in religious demagraphics over time" table below.

Religious populations' numbers (2011)
Religious populations' numbers (2011) [119]
ReligionPopulationPercentage (%)
Hindus966,378,868
79.80%
Muslims172,245,158
14.23%
Christians27,819,588
2.30%
Sikhs20,833,116
1.72%
Buddhists8,442,972
0.70%
Jains4,451,753
0.37%
Others7,937,734
0.66%
Not Stated2,867,303
0.24%
Changes in religious demographics over time
Changes in religious demographics over time
YearHindusMuslimsChristiansSikhsBuddhistsJainisZoroastriansOthers/
Religion not specified
1951
84.1%
9.8%
2.3%
1.79%
0.74%
0.46%
0.13%
0.43%
1961
83.45%
10.69%
2.44%
1.79%
0.74%
0.46%
0.09%
0.43%
1971
82.73%
11.21%
2.60%
1.89%
0.70%
0.48%
0.09%
0.41%
1981
82.30%
11.75%
2.44%
1.92%
0.70%
0.47%
0.09%
0.42%
1991
81.53%
12.61%
2.32%
1.94%
0.77%
0.40%
0.08%
0.44%
2001
80.46%
13.43%
2.34%
1.87%
0.77%
0.41%
0.06%
0.72%
2011 [120]
79.80%
14.23%
2.30%
1.72%
0.70%
0.37%
—
0.9%
Characteristics of religious groups
Characteristics of religious groups [120]
Religious
group		Population (2011)
%		 Growth
(2001–2011) [121] [122] 		Sex ratio (2011) Literacy (2011)
(%) [123] 		Work participation (2011)
(%) [124] [125]
total [124] ruralurbanchild [126]
Hinduism79.80%16.8%93994692191373.3%41.0%
Islam14.23%24.6%95195794194368.5%32.6%
Christianity2.30%15.5%10231008104695884.5%41.9%
Sikhism1.72%8.4%90390589882875.4%36.3%
Buddhism0.70%6.1%96596097393381.3%43.1%
Jainism0.37%5.4%95493595988994.9%35.5%
Others/Religion Not Specified0.90%n/a959947975974n/an/a
Percentage of total population of India's administrative divisions made up by Muslims (2011) Muslim Demographics of India.png
Percentage of total population of India's administrative divisions made up by Muslims (2011)

Caste/tribe

Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" (SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979, which was completed in 1983.

India has chosen not to officially count caste population since then.

The following data are from the Mandal report:[ citation needed ]

Caste/Tribe demographics (1983)
Caste/Tribe demographics (1983)
Caste/TribePopulationPercentageNotes
Total population731,000,000
100%
*Margin of error 0.34%
Scheduled castes and tribes164,913,600
22.56%
Scheduled castes110,015,500
15.05%
Scheduled tribes54,898,100
7.51%
Non OBC/SC/ST Hindu castes/communities128,509,800
17.58%
Brahmin (including Bhumihar)40,351,200
5.52%
Kshtriyas(Rajput)28,509,000
3.90%
Maratha16,155,100
2.21%
Jats7,310,000
1%
Vaishya, Bania, etc.13,742,800
1.88%
Kayasthas7,821,700
1.07%
Others [ Including Yadavs (Kshtriyas) ]14,620,000
2%
Non-Hindu communities and groups121,346,000
16.6%
Non-Hindu scheduled and OBC
Muslim (Non S.T)81,798,900
11.19%
0.02%
Christian (Non S.T)15,789,600
2.16%
0.44%
Sikh (Non scheduled)12,207,700
1.67%
0.22%
Buddhist (Non S.T)4,897,700
0.67%
0.03%
Jain (Non scheduled)3,435,700
0.47%
Other backward classes and communities (OBC)380,120,000
52%
*OBC is a derived figure
Hindu OBC318,716,000
43.60%
Non-Hindu OBC61,404,000
8.40%
*52% of Non-Hindus

Ethnic groups

List of Ethnic groups

1) Indo-Aryans and Aryanized People: Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in North India, including states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, and parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra etc.

General Phenotype: Indo-Aryans typically have light to medium to dark skin tones, with a range of hair colors from black to brown and often brunette[ citation needed ]. Facial features can include prominent noses and well-defined bone structures.

Sources:

  • C. Majumdar, R. Mukherjee, "The History and Culture of the Indian People," Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti, 1951. [128]
  • S. B. Singh, "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia," Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 052141739X. [129]

2) Dravidian People: Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in South India, including states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Kerala etc.

General Phenotype: Dravidians generally have medium to dark skin tones, curly to wavy hair, and distinct facial features such as broader noses and fuller lips.

Sources:

  • K. R. Subramanian, "The Dravidian Contribution to Indian Culture," Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1966. [130]
  • M. A. Rao, "History of South India," S. Chand & Company, 1976. [131]

3) Sino-Tibetan People: Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in Northeast India, including states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and parts of Sikkim etc.

General Phenotype: Sino-Tibetan people often have lighter skin tones, straight black hair, and epicanthic folds in their eyelids, which are characteristic of East Asian phenotypes.

Sources:

  • H. Risley, "The Tribes and Castes of Bengal," Calcutta, 1891. [132]
  • R. B. Singh, "Ethnic Groups of North-East India," Concept Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 8170224974. [133]

4) Austroasiatic Peoples: Geographical Distribution: Scattered across central and eastern India, with significant populations in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh etc.

General Phenotype: Austroasiatic people generally have light to medium to dark skin tones, wavy to curly hair, and facial features that are somewhat intermediate between Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan populations.

Sources:

  • D. Balakrishnan, "Austroasiatic and Other Languages of Eastern India," Calcutta University Press, 1961. [134]
  • N. Chakrabarti, "The Austroasiatic Peoples of India," Anthropological Survey of India, 2003. [135]

5) Negrito: Geographical Distribution: Primarily in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

General Phenotype: Negrito people typically have very dark skin, tightly curled hair, and small statures.

Sources:

  • L. A. Waddell, "The Tribes of the Andaman Islands," Cambridge University Press, 1901. [136]
  • V. Ball, "Jungle Life in India," Dehli, 1972. [137]
Population of India by Ethnic Group (Share of Total Population): 1951–2011
Indo-Aryans and Aryanized people (%)Dravidian people (%)Sino-Tibetan people (%)Austroasiatic (%)Negrito (%)Others (%)
1951 [138]
71.86%
23.95%
2.99%
0.60%
0.006%
0.594%
1961 [139]
72.24%
23.91%
2.93%
0.59%
0.005%
0.325%
1971 [140]
72.02%
23.49%
2.94%
0.59%
0.005%
0.955%
1981 [141]
71.98%
23.98%
2.88%
0.58%
0.005%
0.575%
1991 [142]
72.08%
24.02%
2.80%
0.56%
0.004%
0.536%
2001 [143]
71.25%
24.89%
2.83%
0.57%
0.004%
0.456%
2011 [144]
70.16%
24.96%
3.05%
1.48%
0.004%
0.346%
Sources:
  • Census of India. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
1. **1951 Census of India:** – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1951). *1951 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at .

2. **1961 Census of India:**

– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1961). *1961 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [ citation needed ].

3. **1971 Census of India:**

– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1971). *1971 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [ citation needed ].

4. **1981 Census of India:**

– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1981). *1981 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [ citation needed ].

5. **1991 Census of India:**

– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1991). *1991 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [ citation needed ].

6. **2001 Census of India:**

– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (2001). *2001 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [ citation needed ].

7. **2011 Census of India:**

– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (2011). *2011 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [ citation needed ].
  • Singh, K. S. (1992). *People of India: An Introduction*. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 8126012215 [ citation needed ].

2. Ludden, David. (2013). India and South Asia: A Short History. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1780741086 [ citation needed ].

3. Bhagat, R. B. (2004). "Census Enumeration in India, 1991 and 2001: Issues and Concerns." Economic and Political Weekly[ citation needed ].

The national Census of India does not recognise racial or ethnic groups within India, [145] but recognises many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India). For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries), see South Asian ethnic groups.

‹ The template Pie chart is being considered for merging. ›

Linguistic groups in India chart [146] [147]

   Indo-Aryan (75%)
   Dravidian (20%)
   Kolarian, Tibeto-Burman, Khasi, Tai and others (5%)

According to a 2009 study published by Reich et al.., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BP), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India. [148] [149] 700,000 people from the United States of any race live in India. [150] Between 300,000 and 1 million Anglo-Indians live in India. [151]

India is a country with a vast diversity of ethnic groups, each with its own distinct culture, language, and traditions. The major ethnic groups in India include the Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, Sino-Tibetans, Austroasiatic peoples, and various indigenous tribes. These groups are spread across different regions of India, each contributing to the country's rich cultural mosaic.

Genetics

South Asian ancestry map (scaled).png
South Asian ancestry map

Y-chromosome DNA

[152]

Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Indian Y-chromosome pool may be summarised as follows where haplogroups R-M420, H, R2, L and NOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes. [153]

H
30%
R1a
34%
R2
15%
L
10%
NOP
10%
(Excluding R)
Other Haplogroups
15%

Mitochondrial DNA

[154]

Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of Haplogroup M [155]

Haplogroup M
60%
Haplogroup UK
15%
Haplogroup N
25%
(Excluding UK)

Autosomal DNA

Tripuri children preparing for a dance performance. The Tripuris are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group. Cropped Tripuri.jpg
Tripuri children preparing for a dance performance. The Tripuris are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group.

Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.

Largest cities of India

 
 
Largest cities or towns in India
Rank Name State/UT Pop. Rank Name State/UT Pop.
Mumbai 03-2016 10 skyline of Lotus Colony.jpg
Mumbai
Skyscrapers connaught place New Delhi.JPG
Delhi 		1 Mumbai Maharashtra 12,478,44711 Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 2,920,067 Chennai metro during trail run during night.JPG
Chennai
UB CITY Skyline.jpg
Bangalore
2 Delhi Delhi 11,007,83512 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 2,901,474
3 Chennai Tamil Nadu 8,696,01013 Nagpur Maharashtra 2,405,421
4 Bangalore Karnataka 8,425,97014 Indore Madhya Pradesh 1,960,521
5 Hyderabad Telangana 6,809,97015 Thane Maharashtra 1,818,872
6 Ahmedabad Gujarat 5,570,58516 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 1,795,648
7 Kolkata West Bengal 4,486,67917 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 1,730,320
8 Surat Gujarat 4,462,00218 Pimpri-Chinchwad Maharashtra 1,729,359
9 Pune Maharashtra 3,115,43119 Patna Bihar 1,683,200
10 Jaipur Rajasthan 3,073,35020 Vadodara Gujarat 1,670,806

.

See also

Government

Lists

Charts

Notes

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