Demographics of Myanmar

Demographics of Myanmar
Population pyramid of Myanmar in 2020
Population	57,526,449 (2022 est.)
Growth rate	0.78% (2022 est.)
Birth rate	16.34 births/1,000 population
Death rate	16.34 births/1,000 population
Life expectancy	69.92 years
• male	68.27 years
• female	71.67 years
Fertility rate	2.02 children
Infant mortality rate	32.94 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate	-1.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Age structure
0–14 years	26.93%
15–64 years	66.49%
65 and over	6.58%
Sex ratio
Total	0.97 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	Burmese
Major ethnic	Burman (Bamar) (68%)

An ethnolinguistic map of Burma.

This is a demography of Myanmar (also known as Burma) including statistics such as population, ethnicity, language, education level, and religious affiliations.

Population of Myanmar by census

Population

1983 census

At the time of the 1983 census in Burma, as of 31 March 1983, the population was 35,442,972. As of July 2012 ^[update] , this was estimated by the CIA World Factbook to have increased to 60,584,650. Other estimates put place the total population at around 60 million. China's People's Daily reported that Burma had a census in 2007, and at the end of 2009 has 59.2 million people, and growing at 2% annually. ^[1] with exception for Cyclone Nargis in 2008. Most of these estimates have indeed overlooked the demographic changes that were at work since the 1970s in the country. ^{[2] [3] [4]}

Britain-based human rights agencies place the population as high as 70 million. Estimates for the country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS. This can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.

No trustworthy census has occurred since the 1930s. In the 1940s, the detailed census results were destroyed during the Japanese invasion of 1942. Census results after that time have been flawed by civil wars and a series of military governments. The census in 1983 occurred at a time when parts of the country were controlled by insurgent groups and inaccessible to the government.

2014 census

Main article: 2014 Myanmar census

The Provisional results of the 2014 census show that the total population of Myanmar is 51,419,420—a population well below the official estimates of more than 60 million. ^{[3] [4]} This total population includes 50,213,067 persons counted during the census and an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted. More females (51.8%) were counted than males (48.2%). People who were out of the country at the time of the census are not included in these figures.

The provisional census results indicated that there were 10,889,348 households in Myanmar. On average, 4.4 people lived in each household in the country. The average household size was highest in Kachin State and Chin State at 5.1. The lowest household sizes were observed in Ayeyawady Region, Bago Region, Magway Region and Naypyidaw Union Territory, each at 4.1. ^[5]

Vital statistics

Burma has a low fertility rate (2.23 in 2011), slightly above replacement level, especially as compared to other Southeast Asian countries of similar economic standing, like Cambodia (3.18) and Laos (4.41), representing a significant decline from 4.7 in 1983 to 2.4 in 2001, despite the absence of any national population policy. ^{[2] [4] [6] [7]}

The fertility rate is much pronouncedly lower in urban areas. This is attributed to extreme delays in marriage (almost unparalleled in the region, with the exception of developed countries), the prevalence of illegal abortions, and the high proportion of single, unmarried women of reproductive age (with 25.9% of women aged 30–34 and 33.1% of men and women aged 25–34 single). ^{[7] [8]}

These patterns stem from several cultural and economic dynamics. The first is economic hardship, which results in the delay of marriage and family-building (the average age of marriage in Burma is 27.5 for men, 26.4 for women). ^{[7] [8]} The second is the social acceptability of celibacy among the Burmese, who are predominantly Buddhist and value celibacy as a means of spiritual development. ^{[6] [9]}

Births and deaths

Year [10]	Live births per year	Deaths per year	Natural change per year	CBR1	CDR1	NC1	TFR1	IMR1
1950	808,000	496,000	312,000	45.6	28.0	17.6	5.95	213.7
1951	820,000	499,000	321,000	45.4	27.6	17.8	5.95	209.8
1952	832,000	485,000	347,000	45.2	26.4	18.9	5.95	201.1
1953	845,000	478,000	367,000	45.1	25.5	19.6	5.96	193.6
1954	858,000	469,000	389,000	44.8	24.5	20.3	5.97	186.7
1955	868,000	463,000	404,000	44.5	23.7	20.7	5.97	180.6
1956	879,000	458,000	421,000	44.1	23.0	21.1	5.98	175.2
1957	891,000	456,000	435,000	43.8	22.4	21.4	5.99	170.5
1958	900,000	452,000	447,000	43.3	21.7	21.5	5.99	166.4
1959	908,000	451,000	457,000	42.7	21.2	21.5	5.99	162.8
1960	917,000	449,000	467,000	42.2	20.7	21.5	5.98	159.3
1961	926,000	449,000	477,000	41.7	20.2	21.5	5.98	155.7
1962	938,000	447,000	491,000	41.3	19.7	21.6	5.99	151.7
1963	948,000	445,000	503,000	40.9	19.2	21.7	5.99	147.4
1964	960,000	439,000	521,000	40.4	18.5	22.0	5.99	142.3
1965	974,000	431,000	543,000	40.1	17.8	22.3	5.99	136.9
1966	983,000	425,000	559,000	39.6	17.1	22.5	5.96	131.3
1967	996,000	418,000	578,000	39.1	16.4	22.7	5.92	126.2
1968	1,007,000	413,000	594,000	38.7	15.9	22.8	5.87	121.8
1969	1,019,000	417,000	601,000	38.2	15.7	22.6	5.81	119.6
1970	1,032,000	420,000	612,000	37.8	15.4	22.4	5.75	117.8
1971	1,046,000	420,000	625,000	37.5	15.1	22.4	5.68	115.9
1972	1,056,000	424,000	632,000	37.0	14.9	22.1	5.59	113.8
1973	1,066,000	426,000	640,000	36.5	14.6	21.9	5.49	111.8
1974	1,069,000	427,000	643,000	35.9	14.3	21.6	5.38	109.7
1975	1,078,000	429,000	649,000	35.5	14.1	21.4	5.29	107.8
1976	1,088,000	428,000	659,000	35.1	13.8	21.3	5.21	105.7
1977	1,096,000	430,000	666,000	34.7	13.6	21.1	5.12	103.7
1978	1,105,000	435,000	670,000	34.3	13.5	20.8	5.02	102.0
1979	1,117,000	434,000	683,000	34.0	13.2	20.8	4.94	99.9
1980	1,122,000	434,000	687,000	33.5	13.0	20.5	4.83	98.0
1981	1,129,000	437,000	692,000	33.1	12.8	20.3	4.73	96.2
1982	1,145,000	439,000	706,000	32.9	12.6	20.3	4.67	94.5
1983	1,162,000	443,000	719,000	32.8	12.5	20.3	4.62	92.8
1984	1,169,000	447,000	722,000	32.3	12.4	20.0	4.50	91.3
1985	1,153,000	450,000	702,000	31.3	12.2	19.1	4.30	89.9
1986	1,133,000	452,000	681,000	30.2	12.0	18.1	4.09	88.4
1987	1,112,000	453,000	659,000	29.1	11.8	17.2	3.89	87.0
1988	1,094,000	459,000	636,000	28.1	11.8	16.4	3.71	85.5
1989	1,102,000	455,000	646,000	27.9	11.5	16.4	3.64	83.9
1990	1,102,000	461,000	641,000	27.5	11.5	16.0	3.54	82.3
1991	1,101,000	461,000	640,000	27.0	11.3	15.7	3.45	80.8
1992	1,096,000	462,000	634,000	26.6	11.2	15.4	3.36	79.1
1993	1,092,000	461,000	631,000	26.1	11.0	15.1	3.28	77.3
1994	1,082,000	461,000	621,000	25.5	10.9	14.7	3.19	75.6
1995	1,072,000	461,000	611,000	25.0	10.7	14.2	3.11	74.0
1996	1,068,000	452,000	616,000	24.6	10.4	14.2	3.04	72.2
1997	1,059,000	453,000	606,000	24.1	10.3	13.8	2.96	70.6
1998	1,051,000	448,000	603,000	23.6	10.1	13.5	2.89	69.0
1999	1,046,000	454,000	592,000	23.2	10.1	13.1	2.83	67.4
2000	1,046,000	456,000	590,000	22.9	10.0	12.9	2.79	65.9
2001	1,059,000	458,000	601,000	23.0	9.9	13.0	2.78	64.3
2002	1,071,000	460,000	612,000	23.0	9.9	13.1	2.78	62.8
2003	1,054,000	461,000	593,000	22.4	9.8	12.6	2.70	61.1
2004	1,033,000	462,000	571,000	21.8	9.7	12.0	2.62	59.5
2005	1,016,000	460,000	556,000	21.3	9.6	11.6	2.55	57.8
2006	1,004,000	461,000	543,000	20.8	9.6	11.3	2.50	56.0
2007	1,000,000	457,000	543,000	20.6	9.4	11.2	2.48	54.2
2008	984,000	593,000	391,000	20.2	12.1	8.0	2.43	62.8
2009	973,000	451,000	521,000	19.8	9.2	10.6	2.39	50.5
2010	960,000	456,000	504,000	19.4	9.2	10.2	2.35	48.7
2011	952,000	450,000	502,000	19.1	9.0	10.1	2.31	46.9
2012	943,000	453,000	489,000	18.8	9.0	9.7	2.27	45.2
2013	941,000	446,000	495,000	18.6	8.8	9.8	2.26	43.5
2014	941,000	450,000	491,000	18.4	8.8	9.6	2.24	42.0
2015	948,000	447,000	501,000	18.4	8.7	9.7	2.25	40.7
2016	952,000	455,000	497,000	18.3	8.8	9.6	2.25	39.4
2017	949,000	461,000	488,000	18.1	8.8	9.3	2.23	38.1
2018	942,000	455,000	488,000	17.9	8.6	9.2	2.21	36.9
2019	938,000	461,000	476,000	17.7	8.7	9.0	2.20	35.7
2020	928,000	471,000	457,000	17.4	8.8	8.5	2.17	34.6
2021	920,000	526,000	395,000	17.1	9.8	7.3	2.15	33.7
1CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Fertility and births

Further information: List of townships of Myanmar by total fertility rate

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR): ^[11]

Year	CBR (Total)	TFR (Total)	CBR (Urban)	TFR (Urban)	CBR (Rural)	TFR (Rural)
2015–2016	18	2.3 (2.0)	16	1.9 (1.7)	18.8	2.4 (2.1)

Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Total Fertility Rate (TFR), and Total Marital Fertility Rate (TMFR) by region (2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census): ^[12]

Region	Crude Birth Rate (CBR)	Total Fertility Rate (TFR)	Total Marital Fertility Rate (TMFR)
Total (Myanmar)	18.8	2.29	4.0
Urban	15.8	1.79	3.6
Rural	20.1	2.52	4.2
Kachin	22.0	2.82	5.1
Kayah	26.1	3.34	5.7
Kayin	23.8	3.43	5.4
Chin	29.9	4.37	6.9
Sagaing	19.4	2.32	4.4
Tanintharyi	21.9	2.98	5.0
Bago	17.6	2.19	3.6
Magway	17.6	2.07	3.8
Mandalay	16.9	1.94	3.7
Mon	18.1	2.44	4.2
Rakhine	18.0	2.24	3.5
Yangon	15.5	1.72	3.3
Shan	21.2	2.67	4.3
Ayeyawady	20.2	2.58	4.1
Naypyitaw	18.7	2.15	3.4

Structure of the population

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.X.2012) (Estimates): ^{[13] [14]}

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	30 139 447	30 836 546	60 975 993	100
0-4	2 892 346	2 843 804	5 736 150	9.41
5-9	3 019 538	2 933 751	5 953 054	9.76
10-14	3 061 725	2 939 751	6 001 476	9.84
15-19	2 939 176	2 830 830	5 770 006	9.46
20-24	2 804 028	2 729 466	5 533 494	9.07
25-29	2 608 652	2 578 175	5 186 827	8.51
30-34	2 378 395	2 414 221	4 792 616	7.86
35-39	2 134 820	2 212 315	4 347 135	7.13
40-44	1 868 709	1 984 907	3 853 616	6.32
45-49	1 604 910	1 737 570	3 342 480	5.48
50-54	1 325 584	1 459 978	2 785 562	4.57
55-59	1 081 479	1 213 529	2 295 008	3.76
60-64	838 871	962 728	1 801 599	2.95
65-69	647 286	766 066	1 413 352	2.32
70-74	477 948	593 666	1 071 614	1.76
75-79	335 405	449 974	785 379	1.29
80+	120 575	186 050	306 625	0.50
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0-14	8 973 609	8 717 306	17 690 915	29.01
15-64	19 584 624	20 123 484	39 708 108	65.12
65+	1 581 214	1 995 756	3 576 970	5.87

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 29.III.2014) (Data refer to enumerated population. - 50 279 900); Population - 51 486 253:

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	24 228 714	26 051 186	50 279 900	100
0-4	2 262 783	2 209 347	4 472 130	8.89
5-9	2 438 372	2 380 705	4 819 077	9.58
10-14	2 595 759	2 512 613	5 108 362	10.16
15-19	2 290 998	2 334 991	4 625 989	9.20
20-24	2 091 525	2 239 544	4 331 069	8.61
25-29	1 995 465	2 150 669	4 146 134	8.25
30-34	1 884 549	2 014 312	3 898 861	7.75
35-39	1 705 630	1 857 850	3 563 480	7.09
40-44	1 548 942	1 734 131	3 283 073	6.53
45-49	1 375 041	1 571 107	2 946 148	5.86
50-54	1 182 341	1 376 891	2 559 232	5.09
55-59	935 979	1 115 958	2 051 937	4.08
60-64	712 040	864 805	1 576 845	3.14
65-69	466 618	597 875	1 064 493	2.12
70-74	301 679	411 491	713 170	1.42
75-79	228 315	324 983	553 298	1.10
80-84	130 875	204 701	335 576	0.67
85-89	56 979	101 090	158 069	0.31
90+	24 834	48 123	72 957	0.15
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0-14	7 296 904	7 102 665	14 399 569	28.64
15-64	15 722 510	17 260 258	32 982 768	65.60
65+	1 209 300	1 688 263	2 897 563	5.76

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.X.2020) (Based on the results of the 2014 Population Census.): ^[15]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	26 253 029	28 564 888	54 817 917	100
0–4	2 530 919	2 466 636	4 997 555	9.12
5–9	2 440 079	2 391 031	4 831 110	8.81
10–14	2 498 690	2 434 982	4 933 672	9.00
15–19	2 580 205	2 502 427	5 082 632	9.27
20–24	2 303 893	2 352 534	4 656 427	8.49
25–29	2 048 287	2 234 735	4 283 022	7.81
30–34	1 933 997	2 157 191	4 091 188	7.46
35–39	1 848 391	2 048 816	3 897 207	7.11
40–44	1 686 627	1 892 346	3 578 973	6.53
45–49	1 524 718	1 764 361	3 289 079	6.00
50–54	1 352 184	1 607 900	2 960 084	5.40
55–59	1 155 216	1 413 151	2 568 367	4.69
60–64	896 135	1 145 018	2 041 153	3.72
65-69	640 767	863 956	1 504 723	2.74
70-74	395 453	576 158	971 611	1.77
75-79	211 626	342 884	554 510	1.01
80-84	124 414	213 715	338 129	0.62
85-89	61 122	113 105	174 227	0.32
90+	20 306	43 942	64 248	0.12
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	7 469 688	7 292 649	14 762 337	26.93
15–64	17 329 653	19 118 479	36 448 132	66.49
65+	1 453 688	2 153 760	3 607 448	6.58

Life expectancy

Period	Life expectancy in Years	Period	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	36.1	1985–1990	57.8
1955–1960	41.3	1990–1995	59.6
1960–1965	44.2	1995–2000	61.3
1965–1970	49.6	2000–2005	62.9
1970–1975	51.9	2005–2010	64.3
1975–1980	54.0	2010–2015	66.0
1980–1985	56.0

Source: UN World Population Prospects ^[16]

Ethnic groups

Main article: List of ethnic groups in Myanmar

Ethnic composition in Myanmar (estimates)
Ethnic group			Percent
Burman			68%
Shan			9%
Karen			7%
Han Chinese			2.5%
Indians			2.5%
Mon			2%
Rakhine			1.7%
Kachin			1.5%
Kayah			0.75%
Other groups			2.5%

Government classifications

The Burmese government identifies eight major national ethnic groups (which comprise 135 "distinct" ethnic groups), which include the Burman (68%), Shan (10%), Karen (7%), Rakhine (4%), Mon (3%), Kayah (1.5%), and Kachin (1.3%). However, the government classification system is flawed, because it groups ethnic groups by geography, rather than by linguistic or genetic similarity (e.g. the Kokang are under the Shan ethnicity, although they are a Han Chinese sub-group).

Unrecognised ethnic groups include Burmese Han-Chinese and Burmese Indians, who form 3% and 2% of the population respectively. The remaining 5% of the population belong to small ethnic groups such as the remnants of the Anglo-Burmese and Anglo-Indian communities, as well as the Lisu, Rawang, Naga, Padaung, Burmese Gurkha, Moken, and many minorities across Shan State.

Language

Main article: Languages of Myanmar

The official language and primary medium of instruction of Burma is Burmese (65%). Multiple languages are spoken in Burma, that includes Shan (7.4%), Karen (6.2%), Hindi or Urdu (4.3%), Kachin (2.1%), Chinese (2%) Chin (1.6%), Bengali (1.3%), Mon (1.8%), and Rakhine (2%), Nepali (1%). Additionally English is spoken as a second language, particularly by the educated urban elite, and is the secondary language learnt in government schools. In recent years, instruction of the Chinese language has been recovered, after long-term limitations from the government of Myanmar.

Religious affiliation

Further information: Religion in Myanmar

Religious group	Population % 1973 [17]	Population % 1983 [17]	Population % 2014 [17] [note 1]
Buddhism	88.8%	89.4%	87.9%
Christianity	4.6%	4.9%	6.2%
Islam	3.9%	3.9%	4.3%
Hinduism	0.4%	0.5%	0.5%
Tribal religions	2.2%	1.2%	0.8%
Other religions	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%
Not religious	n/a	n/a	0.1%

Religion in Myanmar

Faith	% (2008 est.)
Total Buddhism	89%
Theravada Buddhism	89%
Mahayana Buddhism	<1%
Total Christianity	4%
Baptist	3%
Roman Catholicism	1%
Total Islam	4%
Sunni Islam	4%
Shia Islam	＞0%
Total other religions	<1%
Animism	1%
Other (inc. Hinduism)	2%

Buddhist Sangha

Below are statistics regarding the Buddhist monastic community in Myanmar, compiled by the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee. ^[18]

Sangha in Myanmar

Division	Samanera members	%	Bhikkhu members	%	Sangha members	%
Kachin State	3,121	1.2%	4,845	1.7%	7,966	1.5%
Kayah State	1,300	0.5%	760	0.3%	2,060	0.4%
Kayin State	5,967	2.4%	8,113	2.9%	14,080	2.6%
Chin State	157	0.1%	300	0.1%	457	0.1%
Sagaing Region	25,050	9.9%	29,991	10.6%	55,041	10.3%
Tanintharyi Region	3,009	1.2%	6,086	2.2%	9,095	1.7%
Naypyidaw Union Territory	5,713	2.3%	5,243	1.9%	10,956	2%
Bago Region	18,032	7.1%	32,166	11.4%	50,198	9.4%
Magway Region	13,654	5.4%	17,695	6.3%	31,349	5.9%
Mandalay Region	47,217	18.7%	52,747	18.7%	99,964	18.7%
Mon State	13,466	5.3%	19,303	6.8%	32,769	6.1%
Rakhine State	6,395	2.5%	6,548	2.3%	12,943	2.4%
Yangon Region	36,654	14.5%	51,788	18.3%	88,442	16.5%
Shan State	57,850	22.9%	19,663	7%	77,513	14.5%
Ayeyawady Region	15,377	6.1%	27,117	9.6%	42,494	7.9%
Subtotal	252,962	100%	282,365	100%	535,227	100%

Thilashin in Myanmar

Division	Thilashin members	%
Kachin State	1,103	1.8%
Kayah State	303	0.5%
Kayin State	1,000	1.7%
Chin State	43	0.1%
Sagaing Region	9,915	16.4%
Tanintharyi Region	978	1.6%
Naypyidaw Union Territory	923	1.5%
Bago Region	5,100	8.4%
Magway Region	2,473	4.1%
Mandalay Region	8,174	13.5%
Mon State	3,550	5.9%
Rakhine State	534	0.9%
Yangon Region	16,960	28.1%
Shan State	3,814	6.3%
Ayeyawady Region	5,520	9.1%
Subtotal	60,390	100%

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

Demographics of Myanmar, Data of FAO, year 2009; Number of inhabitants in thousands.

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Age structure

• 0–14 years: 26.85% (male 7,567,976/female 7,233,577)
• 15–24 years: 17.75% (male 4,917,290/female 4,865,264)
• 25–54 years: 42.36% (male 11,426,913/female 11,922,728)
• 55–64 years: 7.52% (male 1,930,253/female 2,213,263)
• 65 years and over: 5.53% (male 1,327,811/female 1,718,739)

Median age

• total: 28.2 years (2017 est.)

Population growth rate

0.91% (2017 est.)

Urbanisation

Further information: List of cities and largest towns in Myanmar

• Urban population: 29.6% of total population (2014 census)
• Rate of urbanisation: 2.9% of annual rate of change (2010–15 est.)

Human sex ratios

• at birth: 1.06 males/female
• under 15 years: 1.03 males/female
• 15–64 years: 0.98 male/female
• 65 years and over: 0.75 male/female (2009 est.)
• total population: 0.93 male/female (2014 census)

Life expectancy

• total population: 69.92 years
• male: 68.27 years
• female: 71.67 years (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

• 5.8% (2016)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

• 18.9% (2016)

Literacy

Age 15 and over can read and write, official statistics:

• Total: 89.5% ^[19]
• Male: 92.6% ^[19]
• Female: 86.9% ^[19]

Education expenditures

0.8% of GDP (2011)

Notes

1. Based on the estimated overall population, including both the enumerated and non-enumerated population (51,486,253), and on the assumption that the non-enumerated population in Rakhine State affiliate with the Islamic faith.

References

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8. United Nations, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (30 June 2000). "WorldMarriage Patterns 2000" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2003. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
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17. Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR (July 2016). The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Census Report Volume 2-C. Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR. pp. 12–15.
18. "၁၃၈၁(၂၀၁၉) ခုနှစ်၊ ဝါဆိုသံဃာနှင့်သီလရှင်စာရင်း". နိုင်ငံတော် သံဃာ့မဟာနာယကအဖွဲ့ (in Burmese). 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
19. The Union Report: Census Report Volume 2. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. Nay Pyi Taw: Ministry of Immigration and Population. 2015. p. 12.

External links

• Population Projections for Myanmar, 1983-2013 Asia Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2 (PDF document)
•  This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.