Demographics of Japan

Demographics of Japan
Population pyramid, 2021
Population	123,990,000 [1] (11th)
Growth rate	-0.7% (2020 est.)
Birth rate	6.6 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate	11.7 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Life expectancy	84.83 years
• male	81 years
• female	87 years
Fertility rate	1.26 children per woman (2022) [2]
Infant mortality rate	1.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate	0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Age structure
0–14 years	11.98%
15–64 years	59.32%
65 and over	28.70%
Sex ratio
Total	0.95 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	Japanese
Major ethnic	Japanese

Japanese birth and death rates since 1950. The drop in 1966 was due to it being a "hinoe uma" year which is viewed as a bad omen by the Japanese Zodiac.

Historical population of Japan

The demographics of Japan include Japanese population, birth and death rates, age distribution, population density, ethnicity, education level, healthcare system of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects regarding the population. According to the United Nations, the population of Japan was roughly 124.9 million people (as of January 2021), which peaked at 128.1 million people in 2010. ^[4] It the 6th-most populous country in Asia, and the 11th-most populous country in the world.

In 2023, the median age of Japanese people was projected to be 49.5 years, the highest level since 1950, compared to 29.5 for India, 38.8 for the United States and 39.8 for China. Japan has the second highest median age in the world (behind only Monaco). An improved quality of life and regular health checks are just two reasons why Japan has one of the highest life expectancies in the world.

The life expectancy from birth in Japan improved significantly after World War II, rising 20 years in the decade between 1945 and 1955. As life expectancy rises further, Japan expects to experience difficulties caring for the older generations in the future. Shortages in the service sector are already a major concern, with demand for nurses and care workers increasing.

The fertility rate among Japanese women was around 1.4 children per woman from 2010 to 2018. From then until 2022, the fertility rate further declined to 1.2. Apart from a small baby boom in the early 1970s, the crude birth rate in Japan has been declining since 1950; it reached its currently lowest point of 6.6 births per thousand people in 2023. With a falling birth rate and a large share of its inhabitants reaching old age, Japan's total population is expected to continue declining, a trend that has been seen since 2010.

Japanese is a major language of the Japonic language family spoken by Japanese people, which is separated into several dialects with the Tokyo dialect considered Standard Japanese. It has around 128 million speakers in total, primarily in Japan, the only country where it is the national language, and within the Japanese diaspora across the globe.

The sex ratio in Japan in 2021 was 95.38 males per 100 females. There are 61.53 million males and 64.52 million females in Japan. The percentage of female population is 51.18%, compared to 48.82% male population. Japan has 2.98 million more females than males.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1920	55,963,053	—
1925	59,736,822	+6.7%
1930	64,450,005	+7.9%
1935	69,254,148	+7.5%
1940	73,114,308	+5.6%
1945	71,998,104	−1.5%
1950	83,199,637	+15.6%
1955	89,275,529	+7.3%
1960	93,418,501	+4.6%
1965	98,274,961	+5.2%
1970	103,720,060	+5.5%
1975	111,939,643	+7.9%
1980	117,060,396	+4.6%
1985	121,048,923	+3.4%
1990	123,611,167	+2.1%
1995	125,570,246	+1.6%
2000	126,925,843	+1.1%
2005	127,767,994	+0.7%
2010	128,057,352	+0.2%
2015	127,094,745	−0.8%
2020	126,226,568	−0.7%

Historical overview

See also: Demography of the Empire of Japan and Demographic history of Japan before the Meiji Restoration

As of 2017, Japan was the world's eleventh-most populous country. The total population had declined by 0.8 percent from the time of the census five years previously, the first time it had declined since the 1945 census. ^[5]

Since 2010, Japan has experienced net population loss due to falling birth rates and minimal immigration, despite having one of the highest life expectancies in the world, at 85.00 years as of 2016 ^[update] (it stood at 81.25 as of 2006). ^[6] Using the annual estimate for October of each year, the population peaked in 2008 at 128,083,960 and had fallen by 2,983,352 by October 2021. ^[7]

Based on 2012 data from the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Japan's population will keep declining by about one million people every year in the coming decades, which would leave it with a population of around 70 million by 2060 and 42 million by early 22nd century if the current projections do not change. ^[8] More than 40% of the population is expected to be over the age of 65 in 2060. ^[9] In 2021 the population had for fifteen consecutive years declined by 644,000 on this year, the largest drop on record since 1945 and also reflecting a record low of 831,000 births. As of 2013 ^[update] more than 20 percent of the population of Japan were aged 65 and over. ^[10]

The population consisted of 47,062,743 households, with 78.7% in urban areas (July 2000). High population density; 329.5 people per square kilometer for total area; 1,523 persons per square kilometer for habitable land. More than 50% of the population lives on 2% of the land. (July 1993). ^[11] According to research in 2009, the population to land density ratio has gradually increased, now at 127 million per 337 km2. Compared to the findings of July 1993 as well as in July 2000, the population density has greatly increased, from 50% of the population living on 2% of the land to 77%. However, as the years have progressed since the last recordings of the population, Japan's population has decreased, raising concern about the future of Japan. There are many causes, such as the declining birthrates, as well as the ratio of men to women since the last measurements from the years of 2006 and 2010. According to the Japanese Health Ministry, the population is estimated to drop from its current state of 125.58 million to 86.74 million by the year 2060. ^[12]

Japan dropped from the 7th most populous country in the world to 8th in 1990, to 9th in 1998, to 10th in the early 21st century, and to 11th in 2020. ^{[13] [14]} Over the period of 2010 to 2015, the population shrank by almost a million, ^[15] and Japan lost a half-million in 2022 alone. ^[16] The number of Japanese citizens decreased by 801,000 to 122,423,038 in 2022 from a year earlier, which was the most severe decrease and the first time all 47 prefectures have suffered a decline since the launch of the poll in 1968. The nation's population reached 128,057,352 Japanese people by early 2010. However, the long-lasting effects of Japanese economic crisis during the Great Recession strongly slowed down immigration rates in Japan in 2010s.

In March 2011, Japan suffered from a massive earthquake and tsunami and the subsequent Fukushima nuclear disaster, resulting 16,146 deaths, a reduction of about 1.39 years in the average life expectancy, an ultimate decrease in birth rates, and a marked decrease in immigration rates following the natural disasters, worst since the end of World War II.

According to studies from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, from January 2020 to the end of September 2021 as a direct effect of COVID-19 pandemic, Japan has registered 112,000 excess deaths, a loss of about 2.6 years in the average life expectancy, a noticeable decrease in birth rates and a marked decrease in immigration rates, the overall effect being a record natural population decline of 798,214 units^{[ clarification needed ]} in that year, although excess mortality rates for all causes has been estimated at between 100,000 and 130,000 deaths. It is the largest ever recorded since 1914 (at the time of World War I, Spanish flu pandemic, and the Great Kanto earthquake).^{[ citation needed ]}

According to a demographic study conducted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, the Japanese population (including foreign residents) has declined from 128 million people in 2010 to 124.3 million people in 2023, with a decrease of almost 511,000 people in one year. ^{[17] [18]}

Japanese population density map per prefecture as of 2022 per square kilometer

  0–100

  101–200

  201–300

  301–400

  401–500

  500–1000

  1000–5514

Population

Population Projection

Population projections for Japan (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, 2023)

• 
  Population pyramids of Japan 2065 (middle-birth, middle-death scenario case) ^[19]
• 
  Japan demographic transition 1888–2019

Census

See also: population and housing censuses by country

Japan collects census information every five years, with censuses conducted by the Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. ^{[20] [21]} The latest population census reflects the situation as of 2020. ^[21]

Population density

Japan's population density was 336 people per square kilometer as of 2014 (874 people per square mile) according to World Development Indicators. It ranks 35th in a list of countries by population density. Between 1955 and 1989, land prices in the six largest cities increased by 15,000% (+12% per year compound). Urban land prices generally increased 40% from 1980 to 1987; in the six largest cities, the price of land doubled over that period. For many families, this trend put housing in central cities out of reach. ^[11]

The result was lengthy commutes for many workers in the big cities, especially in the Tokyo area where daily commutes of two hours each way are common. ^[11] In 1991, as the bubble economy started to collapse, land prices began a steep decline, and within a few years fell 60% below their peak. ^[22] After a decade of declining land prices, residents began moving back into central city areas (especially Tokyo's 23 wards), as evidenced by 2005 census figures. Despite nearly 70% of Japan being covered by forests, ^[23] parks in many major cities—especially Tokyo and Osaka—are smaller and scarcer than in major West European or North American cities. As of 2014, parkland per inhabitant in Tokyo is 5.78 square meters, ^[24] which is roughly half of the 11.5 square meters of Madrid. ^[25]

National and regional governments devote resources to making regional cities and rural areas more attractive by developing transportation networks, social services, industry, and educational institutions to try to decentralize settlement and improve the quality of life. Nevertheless, major cities, especially Tokyo, Yokohama and Fukuoka, and to a lesser extent Kyoto, Osaka and Nagoya, remain attractive to young people seeking education and jobs. ^[11]

Urban distribution

Distribution of population by regions (blue shades) and prefectures (red: most populous; green: less).
KANTO, KEIHANSHIN and TOKAI are three largest metropolitan areas which have about 2/3 of total population of Japan. Out of 47 prefectures, 13 are red and 34 are green.
The population of Japan has been decreasing since 2011. Only 8 prefectures had increased its population compared to 2010, due to internal migration to large cities.

External images
Views of the World
Japan Gridded Population Cartogram
Japan Gridded Population

Japan has a high population concentration in urban areas on the plains since 75% of Japan's land area is made up of mountains, ^[27] and also Japan has a forest cover rate of 68.5% (the only other developed countries with such a high forest cover percentage are Finland and Sweden). ^[23] The 2010 census shows 90.7% of the total Japanese population live in cities. ^[28]

Japan is an urban society with about only 5% of the labor force working in agriculture. Many farmers supplement their income with part-time jobs in nearby towns and cities. About 80 million of the urban population is heavily concentrated on the Pacific shore of Honshu. ^[29]

Metropolitan Tokyo-Yokohama, with its population of 35 million residents, is the world's most populous city. Japan faces the same problems that confront urban industrialized societies throughout the world: overcrowded cities and congested highways.

Age structure

Main article: Aging of Japan

Japan's population is aging faster than that of any other nation. ^[30] The population of those 65 years or older roughly doubled in 24 years, from 7.1% of the population in 1970 to 14.1% in 1994. The same increase took 61 years in Italy, 85 years in Sweden, and 115 years in France. ^[31] In 2014, 26% of Japan's population was estimated to be 65 years or older, ^[32] and the Health and Welfare Ministry has estimated that over-65s will account for 40% of the population by 2060. ^[33] The demographic shift in Japan's age profile has triggered concerns about the nation's economic future and the viability of its welfare state. ^[34]

• 
  1888
• 
  1920 (1st national census of population)
• 
  1925 (2nd national census of population)
• 
  1930 (3rd national census of population)
• 
  1935 (4th national census of population)
• 
  1940 (5th national census of population)
• 
  1947 (6th national census of population)
• 
  1950 (7th national census of population)
• 
  1955 (8th national census of population)
• 
  1960 (9th national census of population)
• 
  1965 (10th national census of population)
• 
  1970 (11th national census of population)
• 
  1975 (12th national census of population)
• 
  1980 (13th national census of population)
• 
  1985 (14th national census of population)
• 
  1990 (15th national census of population)
• 
  1995 (16th national census of population)
• 
  2000 (17th national census of population)
• 
  2005 (18th national census of population)
• 
  2010 (19th national census of population)
• 
  2015 (20th national census of population)
• 
  2019 estimate
• 
  Live births and deaths of Japan (1946–2019)

• Population pyramids of Japans prefectures in 2020
• 
  Tokyo
• 
  Nagasaki
• 
  Hiroshima
• 
  Hokkaido
• 
  Kyoto
• 
  Aichi
• 
  Fukushima
• 
  Osaka
• 
  Okinawa
• 
  Aomori
• 
  Akita
• 
  Chiba
• 
  Ibaraki
• 
  Miyagi
• 
  Yamagata
• 
  Iwate
• 
  Fukuoka
• 
  Yamaguchi
• 
  Saga
• 
  Okayama
• 
  Toyama
• 
  Hyogo
• 
  Ishikawa
• 
  Niigata
• 
  Fukui
• 
  Ehime
• 
  Tokushima
• 
  Kagawa
• 
  Miyazaki
• 
  Kumamoto
• 
  Kagoshima
• 
  Kochi
• 
  Yamanashi
• 
  Oita
• 
  Kanagawa
• 
  Shizuoka
• 
  Mie
• 
  Wakayama
• 
  Saitama
• 
  Nara
• 
  Tochigi
• 
  Nagano
• 
  Gunma
• 
  Shiga
• 
  Gifu
• 
  Tottori
• 
  Shimane

Overview of the changing age distribution 1935–2020 ^[32]

Year	Total population (census; in thousands)	Population by age (%)
		0–14	15–64	65+
1935	69,254	36.9	58.5	4.7
1940	73,114	36.1	59.2	5.7
1945	71,998	36.8	58.1	5.1
1950	83,199	35.4	59.6	4.9
1955	89,275	33.4	61.2	5.3
1960	93,418	30.2	64.1	5.7
1965	98,274	25.7	68.0	6.3
1970	103,720	24.0	68.9	7.1
1975	111,939	24.3	67.7	7.9
1980	117,060	23.5	67.3	9.1
1985	121,048	21.5	68.2	10.3
1990	123,611	18.2	69.5	12.0
1995	125,570	15.9	69.4	14.5
2000	126,925	14.6	67.9	17.3
2005	127,767	13.7	65.8	20.1
2010	128,057	13.2	63.7	23.1
2015	127,094	12.6	60.7	26.6
2020	126,226	12.0	59.3	28.8

Population estimates by sex and age group (01.VII.2020) (Because of rounding, totals are not in all cases the sum of the respective components. Estimates or projections based on the 2015 population census.): ^[35]

Age group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	61 226 000	64 610 000	125 836 000	100
0–4	2 406 000	2 288 000	4 694 000	3.73
5–9	2 580 000	2 462 000	5 042 000	4.01
10–14	2 736 000	2 605 000	5 341 000	4.24
15–19	2 932 000	2 792 000	5 724 000	4.55
20–24	3 298 000	3 089 000	6 386 000	5.07
25–29	3 240 000	3 036 000	6 275 000	4.99
30–34	3 391 000	3 244 000	6 635 000	5.27
35–39	3 767 000	3 665 000	7 432 000	5.91
40–44	4 289 000	4 183 000	8 472 000	6.73
45–49	4 954 000	4 847 000	9 801 000	7.79
50–54	4 353 000	4 305 000	8 658 000	6.88
55–59	3 905 000	3 913 000	7 818 000	6.21
60–64	3 674 000	3 770 000	7 443 000	5.91
65–69	4 047 000	4 305 000	8 351 000	6.64
70–74	4 288 000	4 798 000	9 086 000	7.22
75–79	3 193 000	3 953 000	7 145 000	5.68
80–84	2 239 000	3 159 000	5 398 000	4.29
85–89	1 323 000	2 394 000	3 717 000	2.95
90–94	506 000	1 316 000	1 822 000	1.45
95–99	97 000	421 000	519 000	0.41
100+	10 000	66 000	76 000	0.06
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	7 722 000	7 355 000	15 077 000	11.98
15–64	37 801 000	36 843 000	74 644 000	59.32
65+	15 703 000	20 412 000	36 115 000	28.70

Life expectancy

Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations.

1865–1949

Years	1865	1870	1875	1880	1885	1890	1895	1900	1905	1910	1915	1920	1922	1927	1935	1945	1947	1948	1949	1950 [36]
Life expectancy in Japan	36.4	36.6	36.8	37.0	37.3	37.7	38.1	38.6	39.2	40.0	40.9	42.0	42.6	45.7	48.2	30.5	51.7	56.8	57.7	59.2

1950–2015

Life expectancy in Japan since 1865

Life expectancy in Japan since 1960 by gender

Period	Life expectancy in years	Period	Life expectancy in years
1950–1955	62.8	1985–1990	78.5
1955–1960	66.4	1990–1995	79.4
1960–1965	69.2	1995–2000	80.5
1965–1970	71.4	2000–2005	81.8
1970–1975	73.3	2005–2010	82.7
1975–1980	75.4	2010–2015	83.3
1980–1985	77.0	2015–2020	84.4

Source: UN World Population Prospects

Fertility

As of 2022, Japan's total fertility rate was 1.26, among the lowest in the world and far below the replacement rate of 2.1. Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida has pledged to take urgent steps to tackle the country's declining birth rate, calling it "now or never" for Japan's aging society, and plans to double the budget for child-related policies by June and set up a new government agency in April.^{[ citation needed ]}

Births and total fertility rate of Japan

• 
  Number of births by age groups in Japan
• 
  Map of East Asia by total fertility rate (TFR) in 2021. Japan's TFR in 2012 was estimated at 1.41 children per woman, increasing slightly from 1.32 in the 2001–05 period. In 2012, the highest TFR was 1.90, in Okinawa, and the lowest was 1.09, in Tokyo. TFR by prefecture for 2000–05, as well as future estimates, have been released. ^[37]
• 
  TFR of Japan over time to 2016
• 
  The percentage of births to unmarried women in selected countries, 1980 and 2007. ^[38] As can be seen in the figure, Japan has not followed the trend of other industrialized countries of children born outside of marriage to the same degree.

Sex ratio

Age group	2006	2020
At birth	1.05	1.06
0–15	1.05	1.06
15–64	1.01	1.01
65+	0.73	0.78
Total	0.95	0.94

Vital statistics

Live births, birth and death rates, overall fertility rate, and net change in Japan from 1899 to present. The statistics below do not include foreign nationalities. ^{[39] [40] [41]}

Year	Average population (October 1)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude rates (per 100002)				Total fertility rate [32] [42]	Net change	Infant mortality rate (per 1000 births)	Life expectancy [32]
					Births	Deaths	Natural change	Migration				Males	Females
1899	43,400,000	1,386,981	932,087	454,894	32.0	21.5	10.5		4.73		153.8
1900	43,847,000	1,420,534	910,744	509,790	32.4	20.8	11.6	-1.3	4.69	447,000	155.0
1901	44,359,000	1,501,591	925,810	575,781	33.9	20.9	13.0	-1.3	5.01	512,1000	149.9
1902	44,964,000	1,510,853	959,126	551,709	33.6	21.3	12.3	1.3	4.97	605,000	154.0
1903	45,546,000	1,489,816	931,008	558,808	32.0	20.0	13.5	-0.6	4.83	582,000	152.4
1904	46,135,000	1,440,371	955,400	484,971	30.6	21.2	10.7	2.2	4.61	589,000	151.9
1905	46,620,000	1,452,770	1,004,661	448,109	30.6	21.9	10.1	0.4	4.52	485,000	151.7
1906	47,038,000	1,394,295	955,256	439,039	29.0	20.0	10.6	-1.6	4.38	418,000	153.6
1907	47,416,000	1,614,472	1,016,798	597,674	33.2	21.0	13.9	-5.9	5.03	378,000	151.3
1908	47,965,000	1,662,815	1,029,447	633,368	33.7	20.9	14.5	-2.9	5.13	549,000	158.0
1909	48,554,000	1,693,850	1,091,264	602,586	33.9	21.9	13.8	-1.5	5.16	589,000	167.3
1910	49,184,000	1,712,857	1,064,234	648,623	33.9	21.1	14.5	-1.5	5.01	630,000	161.2
1911	49,852,000	1,747,803	1,043,906	703,897	34.1	20.4	15.5	-1.9	5.19	668,000	158.4
1912	50,577,000	1,737,674	1,037,016	700,658	33.4	20.0	15.3	-0.8	5.08	725,000	154.2
1913	51,305,000	1,757,441	1,027,257	730,184	33.3	19.5	15.6	-1.2	5.07	728,000	152.1
1914	52,039,000	1,808,402	1,101,815	706,587	33.8	20.6	14.9	-0.6	5.14	734,000	158.5
1915	52,752,000	1,799,326	1,093,793	705,533	33.2	20.2	14.4	-0.7	4.91	713,000	160.4
1916	53,496,000	1,804,822	1,187,832	616,990	32.9	21.6	12.7	1.4	4.98	744,000	170.3
1917	54,134,000	1,812,413	1,199,669	612,744	32.7	21.6	12.5	-0.6	4.95	738,000	173.2
1918	54,739,000	1,791,992	1,493,162	298,830	32.2	26.7	6.4	4.8	4.83	605,000	188.6
1919	55,033,000	1,778,685	1,281,965	496,720	31.6	22.8	10.2	-4.8	4.77	294,000	170.5
1920	55,963,053	2,025,564	1,422,096	603,468	36.2	25.4	12.0	4.9	5.35	930,053	165.7
1921	56,666,000	1,990,876	1,288,570	702,306	35.1	22.7	12.4	0.2	5.22	702,947	168.3
1922	57,390,000	1,969,314	1,286,941	682,373	34.3	22.4	11.9	0.9	5.12	724,000	166.4
1923	58,119,000	2,043,297	1,332,485	710,812	35.2	22.9	12.2	0.5	5.26	729,000	163.4
1924	58,876,000	1,998,520	1,254,946	743,574	33.9	21.3	12.6	0.4	5.07	757,000	156.2
1925	59,736,822	2,086,091	1,210,706	875,395	34.9	20.3	14.5	0.1	5.10	860,822	142.4
1926	60,741,000	2,104,405	1,160,734	943,671	34.6	19.1	15.5	1.3	5.19	1,004,178	137.5
1927	61,659,300	2,060,737	1,214,323	846,414	33.4	19.7	13.7	1.4	5.00	918,000	141.6
1928	62,595,300	2,135,852	1,236,711	899,141	34.1	19.8	14.4	0.8	5.09	936,000	136.7
1929	63,461,000	2,077,026	1,261,228	815,798	32.7	19.9	12.9	0.9	4.87	866,000	142.1
1930	64,450,005	2,085,101	1,170,867	914,234	32.4	18.2	14.2	1.4	4.70	989,005	124.1
1931	65,457,500	2,102,784	1,240,891	861,893	32.1	19.0	13.2	2.4	4.76	1,006,995	131.5
1932	66,433,800	2,182,742	1,175,344	1,007,398	32.9	17.7	15.2	-0.3	4.86	343,000	117.5
1933	67,431,600	2,121,253	1,193,987	927,266	31.5	17.7	13.8	1.2	4.63	990,000	121.3
1934	68,308,900	2,043,783	1,234,684	809,099	29.9	18.1	11.9	1.1	4.39	890,000	124.8
1935	69,254,148	2,190,704	1,161,936	1,028,768	31.6	16.8	14.9	-1.1	4.59	574,148	106.7
1936	70,113,600	2,101,969	1,230,278	871,691	30.0	17.5	12.4	0	4.34	345,852	116.7	46.92	49.63
1937	70,630,400	2,180,734	1,207,899	972,835	30.9	17.1	13.7	-6.3	4.45	770,000	105.8
1938	71,012,600	1,928,321	1,259,805	668,516	27.2	17.7	9.4	-4.0	3.88	230,000	114.4
1939	71,379,700	1,901,573	1,268,760	632,813	26.6	17.8	8.8	-3.6	3.80	340,000	106.2
1940	71,993,000	2,115,867	1,186,595	929,272	29.4	16.4	12.9	-4.3	4.11	2,184,308	90.0
1941	71,678,000	2,277,283	1,149,559	1,127,724	31.1	15.7	15.4	-19.8	4.36	-364,308	84.1
1942	72,386,000	2,233,660	1,166,630	1,067,030	30.3	15.8	14.4	-4.5	4.18	700,000	85.5
1943	72,887,700	2,253,535	1,213,811	1,039,724	30.3	16.3	13.9	-7.0	4.11	530,000	86.6
1944	73,064,000	2,149,843	1,279,639	870,204	29.2	17.4	11.8	-9.4	3.95	-115,000
1945	71,998,104	1,685,583	2,113,798	-428,215	23.2	29.2	-5.9	-8.7	3.11	-1,866,896
1946	73,114,000	1,905,809	1,326,592	579,217	25.3	17.6	7.7	7.8	3.37	3,301,896
1947	78,101,000	2,678,792	1,138,238	1,540,554	34.3	14.6	19.7	48.5	4.541	2,725,000	76.7	50.06	53.96
1948	80,002,500	2,681,624	950,610	1,731,014	33.7	12.0	21.8	2.5	4.400	1,475,000	61.7	55.6	59.4
1949	81,772,600	2,696,638	945,444	1,751,194	33.2	11.6	21.5	0.6	4.316	1,800,000	62.5	56.2	59.8
1950	83,199,637	2,337,507	904,876	1,432,631	28.2	10.9	17.3	0.2	3.650	1,899,637	60.1	58.0	61.5
1951	84,541,000	2,137,689	838,998	1,298,691	25.4	10.0	15.4	0.7	3.262	1,035,363	57.5	59.57	62.97
1952	85,808,000	2,005,162	765,068	1,240,094	23.5	8.9	14.5	0.5	2.976	1,268,000	49.4	61.9	65.5
1953	86,981,000	1,868,040	772,547	1,095,493	21.5	8.9	12.6	1.1	2.695	1,192,000	48.9	61.9	65.7
1954	88,239,000	1,769,580	721,491	1,048,089	20.1	8.2	11.9	2.6	2.481	1,281,000	44.6	63.41	67.69
1955	89,275,529	1,730,692	693,523	1,037,169	19.4	7.8	11.7	0	2.370	1,299,529	39.8	63.60	67.75
1956	90,172,000	1,665,278	724,460	940,818	18.5	8.1	10.5	-0.5	2.223	677,471	40.6	63.59	67.54
1957	90,928,000	1,566,713	752,445	814,268	17.3	8.3	9.0	-0.6	2.043	781,000	40.0	63.24	67.60
1958	91,767,000	1,653,469	684,189	969,280	18.1	7.5	10.6	-1.4	2.110	812,000	34.5	64.98	69.61
1959	92,641,000	1,626,088	689,959	936,129	17.6	7.5	10.1	-0.6	2.039	888,000	33.7	65.21	69.88
1960	93,418,501	1,606,041	706,599	899,442	17.3	7.6	9.7	-1.3	2.004	984,501	30.7	65.32	70.19
1961	94,287,000	1,589,372	695,644	893,728	17.0	7.4	9.6	-0.3	1.961	1,524,499	28.6	66.03	70.79
1962	95,181,000	1,618,616	710,265	908,351	17.1	7.5	9.6	-0.1	1.976	889,000	26.4	66.23	71.16
1963	96,156,000	1,659,521	670,770	988,751	17.4	7.0	10.4	-0.2	2.005	980,000	23.2	67.21	72.34
1964	97,182,000	1,716,761	673,067	1,043,694	17.8	6.9	10.8	-0.1	2.049	1,014,000	20.4	67.67	72.87
1965	98,274,961	1,823,697	700,438	1,123,259	18.7	7.1	11.5	-0.3	2.139	448,961	18.5	67.74	72.92
1966	99,036,000	1,360,974	670,342	690,632	13.8	6.8	7.1	0.6	1.578	1,515,039	19.3	68.35	73.61
1967	100,196,000	1,935,647	675,006	1,260,641	19.4	6.7	12.7	-1.0	2.226	935,000	14.9	68.91	74.15
1968	101,331,000	1,871,839	686,555	1,185,284	18.5	6.8	11.8	-0.5	2.134	1,336,000	15.3	69.05	74.30
1969	102,536,000	1,889,815	693,787	1,196,028	18.5	6.8	11.7	0.2	2.131	1,111,000	14.2	69.18	74.67
1970	103,720,060	1,934,239	712,962	1,221,277	18.7	6.9	11.9	-0.4	2.135	548,060	13.1	69.31	74.66
1971	105,145,000	2,000,973	684,521	1,316,452	19.1	6.5	12.6	1.1	2.157	1,976,940	12.4	70.17	75.58
1972	107,595,000	2,038,682	683,751	1,354,931	19.2	6.4	12.8	10.5	2.142	1,491,000	11.7	70.50	75.94
1973	109,104,000	2,091,983	709,416	1,382,567	19.2	6.5	12.7	1.3	2.140	1,521,000	11.3	70.70	76.02
1974	110,573,000	2,029,989	710,510	1,319,479	18.4	6.4	12.0	1.5	2.049	1,453,000	10.8	71.16	76.31
1975	111,939,643	1,901,440	702,275	1,199,165	17.0	6.3	10.7	1.7	1.909	1,777,643	10.0	71.73	76.89
1976	113,094,000	1,832,617	703,270	1,129,347	16.3	6.2	10.0	0.3	1.852	835,357	9.3	72.15	77.35
1977	114,165,000	1,755,100	690,074	1,065,026	15.4	6.1	9.4	0.1	1.800	1,097,000	8.9	72.69	77.95
1978	115,190,000	1,708,643	695,821	1,012,822	14.9	6.1	8.8	0.2	1.792	662,000	8.4	72.97	78.33
1979	116,155,000	1,642,580	689,664	952,916	14.2	6.0	8.2	0.2	1.769	962,000	7.9	73.46	78.89
1980	117,060,396	1,576,889	722,801	854,088	13.6	6.2	7.3	0.5	1.747	1,104,396	7.5	73.35	78.76
1981	117,902,000	1,529,455	720,262	809,193	13.0	6.1	6.9	0.3	1.741	621,604	7.1	73.79	79.13
1982	118,728,000	1,515,392	711,883	803,509	12.8	6.0	6.8	0.2	1.770	821,000	6.6	74.22	79.66
1983	119,536,000	1,508,687	740,038	768,649	12.7	6.2	6.5	0.3	1.800	796,000	6.2	74.20	79.78
1984	120,305,000	1,489,780	740,247	749,533	12.5	6.2	6.3	0.1	1.811	654,000	6.0	74.54	80.18
1985	121,049,000	1,431,577	752,283	679,294	11.9	6.3	5.6	0.6	1.764	755,923	5.5	74.78	80.48
1986	121,660,000	1,382,946	750,620	632,326	11.4	6.2	5.2	-0.2	1.723	670,077	5.2	75.23	80.93
1987	122,239,000	1,346,658	751,172	595,486	11.1	6.2	4.9	-0.1	1.690	863,000	5.0	75.61	81.39
1988	122,745,000	1,314,006	793,014	520,992	10.8	6.5	4.3	-0.2	1.656	565,000	4.8	75.54	81.30
1989	123,205,000	1,246,802	788,594	458,208	10.2	6.4	3.7	0	1.572	609,000	4.6	75.91	81.77
1990	123,611,000	1,221,585	820,305	401,280	10.0	6.7	3.3	0	1.543	455,167	4.6	75.92	81.90
1991	124,101,000	1,223,245	829,797	393,448	9.9	6.7	3.2	0.8	1.533	511,833	4.4	76.11	82.11
1992	124,567,000	1,208,989	856,643	352,346	9.8	6.9	2.9	0.9	1.502	453,000	4.5	76.09	82.22
1993	124,928,000	1,188,282	878,532	309,750	9.6	7.1	2.5	0.4	1.458	431,000	4.3	76.25	82.51
1994	125,265,000	1,238,328	875,933	362,395	10.0	7.1	2.9	-0.2	1.500	452,000	4.2	76.57	82.98
1995	125,570,000	1,187,064	922,139	264,925	9.6	7.4	2.2	0.2	1.423	213,000	4.3	76.38	82.85
1996	125,859,000	1,206,555	896,211	310,344	9.7	7.2	2.5	-0.2	1.425	285,000	3.8	77.01	83.59
1997	126,157,000	1,191,665	913,402	278,263	9.5	7.3	2.2	0.2	1.388	300,000	3.7	77.19	83.82
1998	126,472,000	1,203,147	936,484	266,663	9.6	7.5	2.1	0.4	1.384	343,000	3.6	77.16	84.01
1999	126,667,000	1,177,669	982,031	195,638	9.4	7.8	1.6	-0.1	1.342	231,000	3.4	77.10	83.99
2000	126,926,000	1,190,547	961,653	228,894	9.5	7.7	1.8	0.2	1.359	212,000	3.2	77.72	84.60
2001	127,291,000	1,170,662	970,331	200,331	9.3	7.7	1.6	1.3	1.334	306,000	3.1	78.07	84.93
2002	127,435,000	1,153,855	982,379	171,476	9.2	7.8	1.4	-0.3	1.319	296,000	3.0	78.32	85.23
2003	127,619,000	1,123,610	1,014,951	108,659	8.9	8.0	0.9	0.5	1.291	273,000	3.0	78.36	85.33
2004	127,687,000	1,110,721	1,028,602	82,119	8.8	8.2	0.6	-0.1	1.289	43,000	2.8	78.64	85.59
2005	127,768,000	1,062,530	1,083,796	-21,266	8.4	8.6	-0.2	0.8	1.260	12,000	2.8	78.56	85.52
2006	127,770,000	1,092,674	1,084,451	8,223	8.7	8.6	0.1	-0.1	1.317	81,000	2.6	79.00	85.81
2007	127,771,000	1,089,818	1,108,334	-18,516	8.6	8.8	-0.2	0.2	1.337	147,000	2.6	79.19	85.99
2008	127,692,000	1,091,156	1,142,407	-51,251	8.7	9.1	-0.4	-0.2	1.367	62,000	2.6	79.29	86.05
2009	127,510,000	1,070,036	1,141,865	-71,829	8.5	9.1	-0.6	-0.8	1.368		2.4	79.59	86.44
2010	128,057,000	1,071,305	1,197,014	-125,709	8.5	9.5	-1.0	5.3	1.387		2.3	79.64	86.39
2011	127,799,000	1,050,807	1,253,068	-202,261	8.3	9.9	-1.6	-0.4	1.393		2.3	79.44	85.90
2012	127,515,000	1,037,232	1,256,359	-219,127	8.2	10.0	-1.8	-0.4	1.405		2.2	79.93	86.37
2013	127,298,000	1,029,817	1,268,438	-238,621	8.2	10.1	-1.9	0.2	1.427		2.1	80.19	86.56
2014	127,083,000	1,003,609	1,273,025	-269,416	8.0	10.1	-2.1	0.4	1.423			80.48	86.77
2015	127,095,000	1,005,721	1,290,510	-284,789	8.0	10.3	-2.3	2.4	1.451		1.9	80.75	86.98
2016	127,042,000	977,242	1,308,158	-330,916	7.8	10.5	-2.7	2.3	1.442			80.98	87.14
2017	126,919,000	946,146	1,340,567	-394,421	7.6	10.8	-3.2	2.2	1.428		1.9	81.09	87.26
2018	126,749,000	918,397	1,362,482	-444,085	7.4	11.0	-3.6	2.3	1.416			81.25	87.32
2019	126,555,000	865,239	1,381,093	-515,854	7.0	11.2	-4.2	2.7	1.361			81.41	87.45
2020	126,146,000	840,832	1,372,648	-531,816	6.8	11.1	-4.3	1.1	1.330			81.64	87.74
2021	125,502,000	811,604	1,439,809	-628,205	6.6	11.7	-5.1	0	1.303		1.6	81.47	87.57
2022	124,947,000	770,759	1,569,050	-798,291	6.1	12.5	-6.4	2.2	1.257			80.74	86.88
2023	123,990,213	727,000(e)	1,590,503	-863,503					1.20(e)

Current vital statistics

^{[43] [44]}

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January 2023	64,052	168,970	-104,918
January 2024	61,074	156,650	-95,576
Difference	-2,978 (-4.6%)	-12,320 (-7.3%)	9,342

Migration

Internal migration

Main article: Migration in Japan

Between 6 million and 7 million people moved their residences each year during the 1980s. About 50% of these moves were within the same prefecture; the others were relocations from one prefecture to another. During Japan's economic development in the twentieth century, and especially during the 1950s and 1960s, migration was characterized by urbanization as people from rural areas in increasing numbers moved to the larger metropolitan areas in search of better jobs and education. Out-migration from rural prefectures continued in the late 1980s, but more slowly than in previous decades. ^[11]

In the 1980s, government policy provided support for new urban development away from the large cities, particularly Tokyo, and assisted regional cities to attract young people to live and work there. Regional cities offered familiarity to those from nearby areas, lower costs of living, shorter commutes, and, in general, a more relaxed lifestyle than could be had in larger cities. Young people continued to move to large cities, however, to attend universities and find work, but some returned to regional cities (a pattern known as U-turn) or to their prefecture of origin (referred to as "J-turn"), or even moved to a rural area for the first time ("I-turn"). ^{[11] [45]}

Government statistics show that in the 1980s significant numbers of people left the largest central cities (Tokyo and Osaka) to move to suburbs within their metropolitan areas. In 1988, more than 500,000 people left Tokyo, which experienced a net loss through migration of nearly 73,000 for the year. Osaka had a net loss of nearly 36,000 in the same year. ^[11]

With a decreasing total population, internal migration results in only eight prefectures showing an increase in population. These are Okinawa (2.9%), Tokyo (2.7%), Aichi (1.0%), Saitama (1.0%), Kanagawa (0.9%), Fukuoka (0.6%), Shiga (0.2%), and Chiba (0.1%). ^[46]

Emigration

Main article: Japanese diaspora

About 663,300 Japanese were living abroad, approximately 75,000 of whom had permanent foreign residency, more than six times the number who had that status in 1975. More than 200,000 Japanese went abroad in 1990 for extended periods of study, research, or business assignments. As the government and private corporations have stressed internationalization, greater numbers of individuals have been directly affected, decreasing Japan's historical insularity. By the late 1980s, these problems, particularly the bullying of returnee children in schools, had become a major public issue both in Japan and in Japanese communities abroad. ^[11]

Cities with significant populations of Japanese nationals in 2015 included:

• Los Angeles, United States: 68,689
• Bangkok, Thailand: 48,700
• Shanghai, China: 46,115
• New York, United States: 44,636
• Singapore: 36,963
• London, United Kingdom: 36,721
• Sydney, Australia: 30,448
• Vancouver, Canada: 26,999
• Hong Kong: 26,869
• San Francisco, United States: 18,777
• Toronto, Canada: 13,410

Note: The above data shows the number of Japanese nationals living overseas. It was published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan and relates to 2015. ^[47]

Immigration

Main article: Immigration to Japan

According to the Japanese immigration centre, the number of foreign residents in Japan has steadily increased, and the number of foreign residents exceeded 2.8 million people in 2020. ^[48]

In 2020, the number of foreigners in Japan was 2,887,116. This includes 325,000 Filipinos, many of whom are married to Japanese nationals and possessing some degree of Japanese ancestry, ^{[49] [50]} 208,538 Brazilians, the majority possessing some degree of Japanese ancestry, ^[50] 778,112 Chinese, 448,053 Vietnamese and 426,908 South Koreans. Chinese, Vietnamese, Koreans, Filipinos and Brazilians account for about 77% of foreign residents in Japan.

The current issue of the shrinking workforce in Japan alongside its aging population has resulted in a recent need to attract foreign labour to the country. Reforms which took effect in 2015 relax visa requirements for "Highly Skilled Foreign Professionals" and create a new type of residence status with an unlimited period of stay.

The number of naturalizations peaked in 2008 at 16,000, declining to over 9,000 in the most recent year for which data are available. ^[51] Most of the decline is accounted for by a steep reduction in the number of Japan-born Koreans taking Japanese citizenship. Historically the bulk of those taking Japanese citizenship have not been foreign-born immigrants but rather Japanese-born descendants of Koreans and Taiwanese who lost their citizenship in the Japanese Empire in 1947 as part of the American Occupation policy for Japan.

Japanese statistical authorities do not collect information on ethnicity, only nationality. ^[52] As a result, both native and naturalized Japanese citizens are counted in a single group. ^[53] Although official statistics therefore show homogeneity, other analyses describe the population as “multi-ethnic”. ^{[54] [55] [56]}

Languages

Main article: Languages of Japan

Languages of Japan
Official	None [57]
National	Standard Japanese
Main	Standard Japanese
Indigenous	Ainu
Regional	Japanese dialects, Amami-Ōshima, Kunigami, Miyako, Okinawan, Yaeyama, Yonaguni
Minority	Bonin English, Matagi, Nivkh, Orok, Sanka, Zainichi Korean
Immigrant	Chinese, Korean, Mongolian, Portuguese, Spanish
Foreign	Arabic, Bengali, Burmese, Chinese, Dutch, English, Filipino, French, German, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Khmer, Korean, Kurdish, Lao, Malay, Nepali, Persian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Tamil, Thai, Turkish, Vietnamese
Signed	Japanese Sign Language Amami Oshima Sign Language Miyakubo Sign Language
Keyboard layout	JIS

The most widely spoken language in Japan is Japanese, which is separated into several dialects with Tokyo dialect considered Standard Japanese.

In addition to the Japanese language, Ryūkyūan languages are spoken in Okinawa and parts of Kagoshima in the Ryūkyū Islands. Along with Japanese, these languages are part of the Japonic language family, but they are separate languages,^{[ citation needed ]} and are not mutually intelligible with Japanese, or with each other. All of the spoken Ryukyuan languages are classified by UNESCO as endangered.

In Hokkaidō, there is the Ainu language, which is spoken by the Ainu people, who are the indigenous people of the island. The Ainu languages, of which Hokkaidō Ainu is the only extant variety, are isolated and do not fall under any language family. Ever since the Meiji period, Japanese has become widely used among the Ainu people and consequently Ainu languages have been classified critically endangered by UNESCO. ^[58]

In addition, languages such as Orok, Evenki and Nivkh spoken in formerly Japanese controlled southern Sakhalin are becoming more and more endangered. After the Soviet Union took control of the region, speakers of these languages and their descendants migrated to mainland Japan and still exist in small numbers.

The Japanese society of Yamato people is linguistically homogeneous with small populations of Koreans (0.9 million), Chinese/Taiwanese (0.65 million), Filipino (306,000 some being Japanese Filipino; children of Japanese and Filipino parentage). ^[59] This can be also said for Brazilians (300,000, many of whom are ethnically Japanese) as well as Peruvians and Argentineans of both Latin American and Japanese descent.^{[ citation needed ]} Japan has indigenous minority groups such as the Ainu and Ryukyuans, who generally speak Japanese.

Citizenship

Japanese citizenship is conferred jure sanguinis , and monolingual Japanese-speaking minorities often reside in Japan for generations under permanent residency status without acquiring citizenship in their country of birth, although legally they are allowed to do so. This is because Japanese law does not recognize dual citizenship after the age of adulthood, and so people becoming naturalized Japanese citizens must relinquish their previous citizenship upon reaching the age of 22 years ^{[60] [61]}

In addition, people taking Japanese citizenship must take a name using one or more of the Japanese character sets (hiragana, katakana, kanji). Names written in the Western alphabet, Korean alphabet, Arabic characters, etc., are not acceptable as legal names. Chinese characters are usually legally acceptable as nearly all Chinese characters are recognized as valid by the Japanese government. Transliterations of non-Japanese names using katakana (e.g. スミス　"Sumisu" for "Smith") are also legally acceptable.^{[ citation needed ]}

However, some naturalizing foreigners feel that becoming a Japanese citizen should mean that they have a Japanese name and that they should abandon their foreign name, and some foreign residents do not wish to do this—although most Special Permanent Resident Koreans and Chinese already use Japanese names. Nonetheless, some 10,000 Zainichi Koreans naturalize every year. Approximately 98.6% of the population are Japanese citizens, and 99% of the population speak Japanese as their first language. Non-ethnic Japanese in the past, and to an extent in the present, also live in small numbers in the Japanese archipelago. ^[54]

Society

Lifestyle

Japanese people enjoy a high standard of living, and nearly 90% of the population consider themselves part of the middle class. ^[11] However, many studies on happiness and satisfaction with life tend to find that Japanese people average relatively low levels of life satisfaction and happiness when compared with most of the highly developed world; the levels have remained consistent if not declining slightly over the last half century. ^{[62] [63] [64] [65]} Japanese have been surveyed to be relatively lacking in financial satisfaction. ^[66] The societal view generally disapproves of out-of-wedlock births and premarital pregnancies. ^[67]

Social isolation is a problem for a segment of Japanese society, with almost 500,000 young people belonging to this group, they are also known as hikikomori . ^[68]

The Japanese management working culture in Japan has led some to work-related deaths due to heart attack or stroke, this has led to the term karoshi (lit. "overwork death"). The government has received 200 claims of karoshi related work injuries each year, with some leading to suicide. ^[69]

Many Japanese lead a sexless marriage. Japan has the lowest level of couples having sex at 45 times per year, well below the global average of 103 times. With reasons of "tired" and "bored with intercourse" usually given as an answer. ^[70] Despite this, Japan ranks as number two globally on the amount spent on pornography, after South Korea. ^{[71] [72]}

Marriages and divorce

• Marriage and divorce statistics
• 
  Marriages in Japan over time
• 
  Marriage rate per 1000 people in Japan
• 
  Average age of first marriage in Japan
• 
  Number of divorces in Japan over time
• 
  Divorce rates per 1000 of total population

Ethnic groups

Main articles: Ethnic issues in Japan and Ethnic groups of Japan

Naturalized Japanese citizens and native-born Japanese nationals with a multi-ethnic background are all considered to be Japanese in the population census of Japan. ^[53]

Discrimination against ethnic minorities

Main article: Burakumin

Three native Japanese minority groups can be identified. The largest are the hisabetsu buraku or "discriminated communities", also known as the burakumin. These descendants of premodern outcast hereditary occupational groups, such as butchers, leatherworkers, funeral directors, and certain entertainers, may be considered a Japanese analog of India's Dalits. Historically, discrimination against these occupational groups was based on Buddhist prohibitions on killing and Shinto notions of pollution, and it was also a feature of governmental attempts to maintain social control. ^[11]

During the Edo period, such people were required to live in special buraku and, like the rest of the population, they were bound by sumptuary laws which were based on the inheritance of social class. The Meiji government abolished most of the derogatory names which were applied to these discriminated communities in 1871, but the new laws had little effect on the social discrimination which was faced by the former outcasts and their descendants. However, the laws eliminated the economic monopoly which they had on certain occupations. ^[11] The buraku continued to be treated as social outcasts and some casual interactions with the majority caste were perceived taboo until the era after World War II.

Estimates of their number range from 2 to 4 million (about 4% of the national population in 2022). Although the members of these marginalized communities are physically indistinguishable from other Japanese, most of them live in urban ghettoes or they live in the traditional special hamlets which are located in rural areas, and as a result, membership in a marginalized group can be surmised from the location of a family's home, a family's occupation, the dialect which a family speaks, or the mannerisms which a family uses when it communicates with people. Checks on the backgrounds of families which were designed to ferret out buraku were commonly performed as a condition of marriage arrangements and employment applications, ^[11] but in Osaka, they have been illegal since 1985.

Among the hisabetsu buraku, past and current discrimination against them has resulted in lower educational attainments and it has also resulted in a lower socioeconomic status, by contrast, the majority of Japanese have higher educational attainments and they also have a higher economic status. Movements with objectives which range from "liberation" to the encouragement of integration have attempted to change this situation, ^[11] with some success. Nadamoto Masahisa of the Buraku History Institute estimates that as of 1998, between 60 and 80% of burakumin marry a non-burakumin. ^[73]

Ryukyuans

One of the largest minority groups among Japanese citizens is the Ryukyuan people. ^[74] They are primarily distinguished by their use of several distinct Ryukyuan languages, though use of Ryukyuan is dying out. ^[75] The Ryukyuan people and language originated in the Ryukyu Islands, which are in Okinawa prefecture and Kagoshima Prefecture.

Ainu

Japanese Ainu group in 1904

The third largest minority group among Japanese citizens is the Ainu, whose language is an isolate. Historically, the Ainu were an indigenous hunting and gathering population who occupied most of northern Honshū as late as the Nara period (A.D. 710–94). As Japanese settlement expanded, the Ainu were pushed northward, ^[11] by the Tokugawa shogunate, the Ainu were pushed into the island of Hokkaido. ^[76]

Characterized as remnants of a primitive circumpolar culture, the fewer than 20,000 Ainu in 1990 were considered racially distinct and thus not fully Japanese. Disease and a low birth rate had severely diminished their numbers over the past two centuries, and intermarriage had brought about an almost completely mixed population. ^[11]

Although no longer in daily use, the Ainu language is preserved in epics, songs, and stories transmitted orally over succeeding generations. Distinctive rhythmic music and dances and some Ainu festivals and crafts are preserved, but mainly in order to take advantage of tourism. ^[11]

Hāfu

Hāfu (a kana rendition of "half") is a term used for people who are biracial and ethnically half Japanese. Of the one million children born in Japan in 2013, 2.2% had one or two non-Japanese parents. ^[70] According to the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, one in forty-nine babies born in Japan today are born into families with one non-Japanese parent. ^[77] Most intermarriages in Japan are between Japanese men and women from other Asian countries, including China, the Philippines and South Korea. ^[78] Southeast Asia too, also has significant populations of people with half-Japanese ancestry, particularly in the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand.

In the 1940s, biracial Japanese children (Ainoko), specifically Amerasian children, encountered social problems such as poverty, perception of impurity and discrimination due to negative treatment in Japan. ^[79] In the 21st century, discrimination against hāfu occurs based on how different their identity, behavior and appearance is from a typical Japanese person. ^[80]

Foreign residents

Transition of numbers of registered foreigners in Japan

Age and sex distribution of major foreigners in Japan

In 2021, there were 2,887,116 foreign residents in Japan, representing 2.3% of the Japanese population. ^[81] Foreign Army personnel, of which there were up to 430,000 from the SCAP (post-occupation, United States Forces Japan) and 40,000 BCOF in the immediate post-war years, have not been at any time included in Japanese foreign resident statistics. ^[82] Most foreign residents in Japan come from Brazil or from other Asian countries, particularly from China, Vietnam, South Korea, the Philippines, and Nepal. ^{[83] [84]}

A number of long-term resident Koreans in Japan today retain familial links with the descendants of Koreans, ^[85] that either immigrated voluntarily or were forcibly relocated during the Japanese Occupation of the Korea. Within this group, a number hold Special Permanent Resident status, granted under the terms of the Normalisation Treaty (22. June 1965) between South Korea and Japan. ^[86] In many cases special residents, despite being born in Japan and speaking Japanese, have chosen not to take advantage of the mostly automatic granting of citizenship to special resident applicants. ^[87]

Beginning in 1947 the Japanese government started to repatriate Korean nationals, who had nominally been granted Japanese citizenship during the years of military occupation. When the Treaty of San Francisco came into force many ethnic Koreans lost their Japanese citizenship from April 28, 1952, and with it the right to welfare grants, to hold a government job of any kind or to attend Japanese schools. ^[82] In the following year the government contrived, with the help of the Red Cross, a scheme to "repatriate" Korean residents, who mainly were from the Southern Provinces, to their "home" of North Korea. ^[88] Between 1959 and 1984 93,430 people used this route, of whom 6,737 were Japanese or Chinese dependents. Most of these departures – 78,276 – occurred before 1962. ^[89]

Foreign-born population by citizenship in 2023

All non-Japanese without special residential status (people whose residential roots go back to before WWII) are required by law to register with the government and carry alien registration cards. From the early 1980s, a civil disobedience movement encouraged refusal of the fingerprinting that accompanied registration every five years. ^[11]

Opponents of fingerprinting argued that it was discriminatory because the only Japanese who were fingerprinted were criminals. The courts upheld fingerprinting, but the law was changed so that fingerprinting was done once rather than with each renewal of the registration, ^[11] which until a law reform in 1989 was usually required every six months for anybody from the age of 16. Those refusing fingerprinting were denied re-entry permits, thus depriving them of freedom of movement.

Of these foreign residents below, the new wave started in 2014 comes to Japan as students or trainees. These foreigners are registered under student visa or trainee visa, which gives them the student residency status. Most of these new foreigners are under this visa. Almost all of these foreign students and trainees will return to their home country after three to four years (one valid period); few students extend their visa. Vietnamese makes the largest increase, however Burmese, Cambodians, Filipinos and Chinese are also increasing.

Asian migrant wives of Japanese men have also contributed to the foreign-born population in the country. Many young single Japanese male farmers choose foreign wives, mainly from the Philippines, Thailand, China and South Korea, due to a lack of interest from Japanese women living a farming life. ^[91] Migrant wives often travel as mail-order brides as a result of arranged marriages with Japanese men. ^[92] Additionally, Japanese men in urban parts of the country have also begun marrying foreign Asian women.

Country region groups	Number	Percentage of
		Foreign citizens	Total population
South Asians	255,168	8.8%	0.20%
Southeast Asians	1,304,765	45.2%	1.0%
Other East Asians	1,301,610	45.1%	1.0%
Europeans/North Americans	84,916	2.9%	0.05%
South Americans	256,794	8.8%	0.20%
Others (African, West Asian, etc.)	635,787	23.6%	0.50%
Total (as of 2022)	2,887,116	100%	2.3%

Country	1990	2000 [93]	2005	2010	2011	2012 [94]	2014 [95]	2015 [96]	2017 [97]	2019 [98]	2020 [48]	2023 [99]	Main　article
China	137,499	335,575	519,561	687,156	674,879	652,555 [100]	654,777 [100]	665,847 [100]	711,486	813,675	778,112	821,838	Chinese people in Japan
Vietnam	6,316	16,908	28,932	41,781	44,690	52,364	99,865	146,956	232,562	411,968	448,053	565,026	Vietnamese people in Japan
South Korea	681,838	635,269	598,687	565,989	545,401	530,046	501,230	457,772	452,953	446,364	426,908	410,156	Koreans in Japan
Philippines	38,925	144,871	187,261	210,181	209,376	209,974	217,585	229,595	251,934	282,798	279,660	322,046	Filipinos in Japan
Brazil	14,258	254,394	302,080	230,552	210,032	190,581	175,410	173,437	185,967	211,677	208,538	211,840	Brazilians in Japan
Nepal	399	3,649	6,953	17,525	20,383	24,069	42,346	54,775	74,300	96,824	95,982	176,336	Nepalis in Japan
Indonesia	2,781	19,346	25,097	24,895	24,660	25,530	30,210	35,910	46,350	66,860	66,832	149,101	Indonesians in Japan
Myanmar	894	4,851	5,342	8,577	8,692	8,045	10,252	13,737	20,346	32,049	35,049	86,546	Burmese people in Japan
Taiwan						22,773	40,197	48,723	54,358	64,773	55,872	64,663	Taiwanese people in Japan  [ jp ]
United States	34,900	44,856	49,390	50,667	49,815	48,357	51,256	52,271	54,918	59,172	55,761	63,408	Americans in Japan
Thailand	5,542	29,289	37,703	41,279	42,750	40,130	43,081	45,379	48,952	54,809	53,379	61,771	Thai people in Japan  [ jp ]
Peru	4,121	46,171	57,728	54,636	52,842	49,248	47,978	47,721	47,861	48,669	48,256	52,564	Peruvian migration to Japan
India	2,926	10,064	16,988	22,497	21,501	21,653	24,524	26,244	30,048	40,202	38,558	48,352	Indians in Japan
Sri Lanka	1,064	5,655	9,013	9,097	9,303	8,427	10,741	13,152	20,716	27,367	29,290	46,949	Sri Lankans in Japan
Bangladesh	2,205	7,176	11,015	10,175	9,413	8,622	9,641	10,835	13,033	16,632	17,463	27,962	Bangladeshis in Japan
Pakistan	1,875	7,498	8,789	10,299	10,849	10,597	11,802	12,708	14,312	17,766	19,103	25,334	Pakistanis in Japan
Cambodia	1,148	1,761	2,263	2,683	2,770	2,862	4,090	6,111	9,598	15,020	16,659	23,750	Cambodians in Japan  [ jp ]
United Kingdom	9,272	16,525	17,494	16,044	15,496	14,652	15,262	15,826	16,498	18,631	16,891	19,909	Britons in Japan
Mongolia	23	1,209	3,762	4,949	4,774	4,837	5,796	6,590	8,364	12,797	13,504	19,490	Mongolians in Japan
North Korea								33,939	31,674	28,096	27,214	18,671	Koreans in Japan
France	2,881	5,371	7,337	9,060	8,423	8,455	9,641	10,672	12,273	14,106	12,264	15,054	French people in Japan
Malaysia	4,309	8,386	7,910	8,364	8,136	7,848	8,288	8,738	9,394	10,862	10,318	11,256
Canada	4,172	10,088	12,022	9,995	9,484	9,006	9,286	9,538	10,085	11,118	10,103	11,242
Russia	340 [101]	4,893	7,110	7,814	7,566	7,295	7,859	8,092	8,500	9,378	9,249	10,878	Russians in Japan
Australia	3,073	9,188	11,277	9,756	9,166	8,888	9,350	9,843	9,981	12,024	9,758	10,649	Australians in Japan
Germany	3,410	4,295	5,356	5,971	5,303	5,223	5,864	6,336	6,755	7,782	6,114	8,066	Germans in Japan  [ jp ]
Bolivia	238	3,915	6,139	5,720	5,567	5,283	5,333	5,412	5,657	6,096	6,119	6,505
Turkey	190	1,424	2,275	2,547	2,613	2,528	3,654	4,157	5,167	5,419	6,212	6,070	Turks in Japan
Uzbekistan	113	184	495	832	840	938	1,329	1,503	2,269	3,627	3,632	5,984	Uzbeks in Japan  [ jp ]
Italy	890	1,579	2,083	2,731	2,642	2,629	3,267	3,536	4,019	4,702	4,263	5,391	Italians in Japan  [ jp ]
Egypt	703	776	823	945	1,013	1,362	1,794	2,334	2,750	3,247	3,816	4,783	Egyptians in Japan  [ jp ]
Iran	988	6,167	5,227	4,841	4,725	3,996	3,976	3,996	3,988	4,170	4,121	4,368	Iranians in Japan
Ukraine	892	1,004	1,784	1,507	1,479	1,452	1,601	1,699	1,831	1,940	1,865	4,212
Spain	827	1,338	1,585	1,907	1,883	1,822	2,309	2,495	2,852	3,620	3,240	3,890
Laos	864	1,677	2,393	2,639	2,584	2,521	2,556	2,592	2,730	2,965	2,903	3,602
Hungary	343	562	742	913	1,083	1,367	1,674	1,892	2,046	2,657	2,432	3,529
Mexico	691	1,740	1,825	1,956	1,909	1,935	2,033	2,141	2,393	2,889	2,714	3,463
New Zealand	967	3,264	3,824	3,250	3,146	3,109	3,119	3,152	3,217	3,672	3,280	3,441
Argentina	1,704	3,072	3,834	3,181	2,970	2,722	2,651	2,630	2,710	3,077	2,966	3,209
Singapore	1,042	1,940	2,283	2,512	2,440	2,135	2,366	2,501	2,763	3,164	2,958	3,164
Afghanistan	128	430	593	1,148	1,355	1,609	2,154	2,639	2,873	3,350	3,509	3,084
Nigeria	140	1,741	2,389	2,729	2,730	2,377	2,518	2,638	2,845	3,201	3,315	3,017	Nigerians in Japan
Colombia	373	2,496	2,902	2,606	2,505	2,253	2,244	2,268	2,366	2,509	2,482	2,723
Ghana	518	1,657	1,824	1,883	1,729	1,915	2,005	2,235	2,404	2,506	2,005	2,534	Ghanaians in Japan
Romania	42	2,449	3,574	2,409	2,281	2,185	2,245	2,408	2,367	2,332	2,250	2,284	Romanians in Japan  [ jp ]
Paraguay	672	1,678	2,287	2,098	1,984	1,878	1,841	1,880	2,040	2,188	2,131	2,215
Sweden	586	1,158	1,136	1,553	1,579	1,677	1,874	1,805	1,736	1,754	1,514	1,775
Poland	359	742	870	978	951	1,007	1,110	1,653	1,434	1,605	1,408	1,762
Netherlands	749	904	1,079	1,099	1,097	917	1,044	1,129	1,351	1,595	1,294	1,705
South Africa	108	353	564	570	553	542	613	691	873	1,035	1,020	1,345
Switzerland	980	907	971	1,089	1,011	937	986	1,023	1,139	1,189	1,076	1,306
Ireland	671	974	1,094	1,061	1,065	1,072	998	1,026	1,142	1,290	1,128	1,268
Cameroon	6	100	214	343	365	328	454	473	627	857	1,059	1,173
Chile	263	652	712	680	657	607	625	639	691	940	886	1,128
Kenya	118	328	467	546	542	503	609	695	778	789	803	1,022
Total foreign residents	984,455	1,686,444	2,011,555	2,134,151	2,078,508	2,033,656	2,121,831	2,232,189	2,471,458	2,933,137	2,887,116	3,410,992

Foreign residents as of 2015

There was an increase of 110,358 foreign residents from 2014 to 2015. Vietnamese made the largest proportion of these new foreign residents, whilst Nepalese, Filipino, Chinese and Taiwanese are also significant in numbers. Together these countries makes up 91,126 or 82.6% of all new residents from 2014 to 2015. However, the majority of these immigrants will only remain in Japan for a maximum of five years, as many of them have entered the country in order to complete trainee programmes. Once they complete their programmes, they will be required to return to their home countries. ^[102]

As of December 2014 there were 2,121,831 foreigners residing in Japan, 677,019 of whom were long-term residents in Japan, according to national demographics figures. The majority of long-term residents were from Asia, totalling 478,953. Chinese made up the largest portion of them with 215,155, followed by Filipinos with 115,857, and Koreans with 65,711. Thai, Vietnamese, and Taiwanese long-term residents totaled 47,956, and those from other Asian countries totaled 34,274. The Korean figures do not include zainichi Koreans with tokubetsu eijusha ("special permanent resident") visas, of whom there were 354,503 (of a total of 358,409 of all nationalities with such visas). The total number of permanent residents had declined over the previous five years due to high cost of living. ^[95]

Foreign residents as of 2021

The number of foreign residents of Japan reached a high of 2.93 million in 2019 before falling to 2.76 million at the end of 2021. ^[103] The number of foreign workers was 1.46 million in 2018, 29.7% are in the manufacturing sector; 389,000 are from Vietnam and 316,000 are from China. ^[104]

On April 1, 2019, Japan's revised immigration law was enacted. The revision clarifies and better protects the rights of foreign workers. Japan formally accepts foreign blue-collar workers. This helps reduce labour shortage in certain sectors of the economy. The reform changes the status of foreign workers to regular employees and they can obtain permanent residence status. The reform includes a new visa status called tokutei gino (特定技能, "designated skills"). In order to qualify, applicants must pass a language and skills test (level N4 or higher of the Japanese-Language Proficiency Test). In the old "Technical Trainee programme" a foreign employee was tied to their employer. This caused numerous cases of exploitation. The revision gives foreign workers more freedom to leave and change their employer. ^[105]

• Japanese nationality data mapped in prefectures in 2020
• 
  Japanese nationality (96.3% total)
• 
  Foreign nationality (1.9% total) ^{[t 1]}
• 
  No nationality stated (1.7% total)

1. The proportion of foreign nationals is most likely higher due to those that did not declare a nationality. The Statistics of Foreign Residents estimated that there was a total of 2,887,116 (2.3% of the total population) foreign nationals in December 2020, while in the 2020 census carried out in October enumerated 2,402,460 foreign nationals.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Japan

Shinto wedding at the Meiji Shrine

Shinto and Buddhism are Japan's two major religions. They have co-existed for more than a thousand years. However, most Japanese people generally do not exclusively identify themselves as adherents of one religion, but rather incorporate various elements in a syncretic fashion. ^[106] There are small Christian and other minorities as well, with the Christian population dating to as early as the 1500s, as a result of European missionary work before sakoku was implemented from 1635 to 1853.

See also

• Demographic history of Japan before the Meiji Restoration
• Demography of the Empire of Japan
• Elderly people in Japan
• Largest cities in Japan by population by decade

References

1. "Statistics Bureau Home Page/Population Estimates Monthly Report". www.stat.go.jp. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
2. "Japan demographic woes deepen as birthrate hits record low". Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
3. Clyde Haberman (1987-01-15). "Japan's Zodiac: '66 was a very odd year". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
4. "Statistics Bureau Home Page/Population Estimates Monthly Report". www.stat.go.jp. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
5. "Japan's population declines in 2015 for first time since 1920". Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
6. "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-12-29. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
7. Japan Statistical Agency monthly Population Estimate.
8. "Population Statistics of Japan e2012". National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. January 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
9. "Japan population to shrink by one-third by 2060". BBC News. January 30, 2012.
10. "Japan's population falls by record 244,000 in 2013". January 2, 2014. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
11. Dolan, Ronald E.; Worden, Robert L. (November 1, 1992). Japan : a country study. Washington, D.C. : Federal Research Division, Library of Congress : For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govt. Print. Off. ISBN   9780844407319 – via Internet Archive.
12. Yoko Wakatsuki and James Griffiths (7 May 2018). "Number of children in Japan shrinks to new record low". CNN.
13. United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables (PDF) (Report). p. 23.
14. https://www.prb.org/world-population-2015/&usg=AOvVaw0xnHFwqbWicTrd7ozF_x2e ^{[ dead link ]}
15. Richard Smart. "Japan's population declines for first time since 1920s – official census | World news". The Guardian . Retrieved 2017-04-17.
16. Yeung, Jessie; Karasawa, Moeri (2023-04-13). "Japan's population drops by half a million in 2022". CNN . Retrieved 2022-04-17.
17. "Japanese population falls in all 47 prefectures for first time". The Japan Times. 2023-07-26. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
18. Blair, Gavin (2023-07-26). "Japan's population drops by nearly 800,000 with falls in every prefecture for the first time". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2023-07-26.
19. "日本の将来推計人口（平成29年推計）". Social Security Research. 2. National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. April 2017. NAID 40021416334.
20. "Population Estimates Monthly Report December 2020". www.stat.go.jp. Statistics Bureau Japan. June 20, 2019. Archived from the original on June 6, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
21. "Statistics Bureau Home Page/Population Census".
22. Krugman, Paul (2009). The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008 . W.W. Norton Company Limited. ISBN   978-0-393-07101-6.
23. "Forest area (% of land area)". The World Bank. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
24. "公園の現況". Bureau of Construction Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
25. "Madrid Now". The Now Institute – Urban research, planning and speculations. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
26. Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan Intercensal Adjustment of Current Population Estimates 2010 – 2015
27. "地形分類" (PDF). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
28. "平成22年国勢調査最終報告書 人口の地域分布" (PDF). The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Statistics Bureau. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
29. "Japan – Places in the News | Library of Congress". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
30. "Japan's demography: The incredible shrinking country". The Economist. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
31. "Statistical Handbook of Japan". Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication. 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
32. "Statistics Bureau Home Page/JAPAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2016 – Chapter 2 Population and Households". Stat.go.jp. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
33. "Japan population to shrink by a third by 2060". The Guardian. 30 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
34. Hashimoto, Ryutaro (attributed). General Principles Concerning Measures for the Aging Society. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 2011-3-5.
35. "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics".
36. "Life expectancy". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
37. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2012-03-09.
38. "Changing Patterns of Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States" (PDF). CDC/National Center for Health Statistics. May 13, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
39. B.R. Mitchell. International historical statistics: Africa. Asia & Oceania 1750–2000.
40. "United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics". Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
41. Archived 2012-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
42. Max Roser (2014), "Fertility Rate", Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation
43. "Statistic Dashboard Data search". Portal site of Official Statistics of Japan.
44. "人口動態調査 | ファイル | 統計データを探す". www.e-stat.go.jp.
45. (in Japanese) 「Uターン」「Jターン」「Iターン」とは？地方への転職のメリット・デメリット Creative Village, 2017/03/08
46. 総務省統計局. "統計局ホームページ/日本の統計 2018－第2章 人口・世帯". www.stat.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-06-15.
47. "Annual Report of Statistics on Japanese Nationals Overseas" . Retrieved 8 April 2018.
48. "在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計） 在留外国人統計 月次 2020年12月 | ファイル | 統計データを探す". www.e-stat.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-07-24.
49. "2 Filipinos in Japan may be COVID-19 positive, says PH Embassy". April 2020.
50. "平成２３年末現在における外国人登録者統計について 法務省" [Statistics of Registered Foreigners in 2011] (in Japanese). Japan: Ministry of Justice. February 22, 2012. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
51. "法務省". Moj.go.jp. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
52. Shendruk, Amanda (2021-07-08). "Are you even trying to stop racism if you don't collect data on race?". Quartz. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
53. "平成20年末現在における外国人登録者統計について(Number of Foreign residents in Japan)". Moj.go.jp. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
54. John Lie, Multiethnic Japan (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001) ISBN   0-674-01358-1
55. Atsushi Kotani (2010). 日本文化論のインチキ[The Phoniness of the Japanese Cultural Theory]. Gentensei Shinko Shinbun. ISBN   978-4-344-98166-9.
56. Eiji Oguma (1995). 単一民族神話の起源――<日本人>の自画像の系[The Origin of the Myth of Ethnic Homogeneity: A Genealogy of "Japanese" Self-Images]. Shin-yo-sha.
57. "参議院法制局".
58. Ertl, John, ed. (2008). Multiculturalism in the new Japan : crossing the boundaries within. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 57. ISBN   9780857450258.
59. "Embassy taps help of Pinoy groups in Japan". Japan. March 12, 2011.
60. Atsushi, Kondo (Oct 2016). "Report on citizenship law: Japan" (PDF). Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. Retrieved 13 Feb 2024.
61. Wilkinson, Aoife (2020). "Forfeiting Citizenship, Forfeiting Identity? Multiethnic and Multiracial Japanese Youth in Australia and the Japanese Nationality Law". New Voices in Japanese Studies. 12: 21–43. doi: 10.21159/nvjs.12.02 .
62. "Ranks of Happiness in Nations in the 1990s". Archived from the original on 2008-01-04. Retrieved 2007-11-29.
63. "nation" (PDF). Worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-13. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
64. "Countries Compared by Lifestyle > Life satisfaction. International Statistics at". Nationmaster.com. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
65. "A Global Projection of Subjective Well-being: A Challenge to Positive Psychology?". Archived from the original on 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
66. "Countries Compared by Lifestyle > Financial satisfaction. International Statistics at". Nationmaster.com. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
67. "Fall in Births Combines with Record High Deaths in Japan in 2021". Nippon.com. March 17, 2022. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022.
68. Jozuka, Emiko (September 12, 2016). "Why won't 541,000 young Japanese leave the house?". CNN News . Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
69. "The "Karoshi" Phenomenon is Now a Worldwide Problem". Observatory | Institute for the Future of Education. 6 July 2021. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
70. "No sex, thank you ... we're Japanese". The Guardian. 2008-03-30. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
71. "The Japanese Porn Industry: 5 Things We Learned at Japan Adult Expo". Tokyo Weekender. 2018-02-16. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
72. "Koreas per capita porn spending highest in world". koreatimes. 2011-02-07. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
73. "Kyoto Ijin: Nadamoto Masahisa". Nancho.net. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
74. The international handbook of the demography of race and ethnicity. Saenz, Rogelio,, Embrick, David G.,, Rodriguez, Néstor. Dordrecht. 2015-06-03. ISBN   9789048188918. OCLC   910845577.
75. Matsumori, Akiko (1995-01-01). "Ryûkyuan: Past, present, and future". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 16 (1–2): 19–44. doi:10.1080/01434632.1995.9994591. ISSN   0143-4632.
76. Shinichiro, Takakura (1960). The Ainu of Northern Japan: A Study in Conquest and Acculturation. Independence Square: The American Philosophical Society. pp. 24–25.
77. "About the film | Hafu". hafufilm.com. Archived from the original on 2016-10-15. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
78. "Being 'hafu' in Japan: Mixed-race people face ridicule, rejection". Al Jazeera . Retrieved 2017-05-01.
79. Kosaka, Kristy (2009-01-27). "Half, bi or double? One family's trouble". The Japan Times . Retrieved 2011-11-20.
80. "What it means to be a mixed-race model in Japan". CNN. October 25, 2018. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022.
81. "Population Estimates Population Estimates by Age (Five-Year Groups) and Sex – February 1, 2021(Final estimates), July 1, 2021(Provisional estimates) | File | Browse Statistics". Portal Site of Official Statistics of Japan. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
82. Morris-Suzuki, Tessa; Borderline Japan: foreigners and frontier controls in the post-war era; Cambridge 2010; ISBN   978-0-521-86460-2, Ch. 1: "Border Politics," Ch. 8: "A point of no return"
83. Murai, Shusuke (March 11, 2016). "Japan sees record high number of foreign residents: Justice Ministry" – via Japan Times Online.
84. "Japan's Foreign Population Climbs to All-Time High". nippon.com. March 29, 2016.
85. "衆議院会議録情報 第０２３回国会 法務委員会 第３号". Kokkai.ndl.go.jp. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
86. Morris-Suzuki (2010), p. 230
87. "Koreans in Japan: Past and Present". HAN. Archived from the original on 2019-06-06. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
88. Agreement signed in Calcutta, brokered by the ICRC. Morris-Suzuki (2010), p. 208
89. Detailed in: Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (2006). Exodus to North Korea: Shadows from Japan's Cold War. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, Publishers. ISBN   978-0-7425-5441-2.
90. Japan Statistics Bureau Archived December 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , accessed 8 December 2007
91. Sugimoto, Yoshio (22 June 2010). An Introduction to Japanese Society. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9781139489478 – via Google Books.
92. Yusuf, Shahid; Wu, Weiping; Evenett, Simon J. (16 September 2017). Local Dynamics in an Era of Globalization: 21st Century Catalysts for Development. World Bank Publications. ISBN   9780195215977 – via Google Books.
93. National Statistics Center. "国籍（出身地）2000年". E-stat.go.jp. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
94. National Statistics Center. "統計表一覧 政府統計の総合窓口 GL08020103". E-stat.go.jp. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
95. "統計表一覧 政府統計の総合窓口" [General counter of statistical tables list government statistics] (in Japanese). 2015-04-24. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
96. "統計表一覧 政府統計の総合窓口 GL08020103". E-stat.go.jp. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
97. "在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計） 2017年6月 | ファイルから探す | 統計データを探す | 政府統計の総合窓口". www.e-stat.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-02-10.
98. "統計表一覧 政府統計の総合窓口 GL08020103". E-stat.go.jp. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
99. National Statistics Center. "国籍・地域別 在留資格 2023年". E-stat.go.jp. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
100. excluding Taiwan
101. Soviet Union
102. "第１表 国籍・地域別 在留資格（在留目的）別 在留外国人". E-stat.go.jp. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
103. "令和３年末現在における在留外国人数について" (PDF). Immigration Services Agency of Japan. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
104. "Japan immigration hits record high as foreign talent fills gaps". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
105. "New immigration rules to stir up Japan's regional rentals scene — if they work". REthink Tokyo. 27 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
106. Edwin O. Reischauer The Japanese Today: Change and Continuity; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press (1988), pg. 215.

• Details for Japan birth life information. Data is for 2023.

External links

• Media related to Demographics of Japan at Wikimedia Commons
• Japan Population Census 2010
• Expatriates in Japan Archived 2017-06-08 at the Wayback Machine
• "The Dilemma Posed by Japan's Population Decline"—Discussion paper by Julian Chapple in the electronic journal of contemporary japanese studies, 18 October 2004.
• The Exodus to North Korea Museum—Commemorates the story of the 93,340 people who migrated from Japan to North Korea in the period 1959–1984
• Another Tsunami Warning: Caring for Japan's Elderly—Brief on what the future of Japan looks like for an increasingly aging population, and if this demographic transition is limited to Japan alone
• Morita, Kiriro and Saskia Sassen. "The New Illegal Immigration in Japan, 1980–1992". International Migration Review . Vol. 28, No. 1 (Spring 1994), pp. 153–163. JSTOR   2547030.