As of December 2023, there were 48,835 Indian nationals living in Japan. Indian nationals in Japan are often employed in IT, engineering, management, finance, and scientific research, and other office jobs where the English language is used.[1][2][4] Today, in the 21st century, Indian migration to Japan has undergone a major increase and Japan is seeing an influx of professionals from India.[5] Indian nationals are the third largest Indian ethnic group, preceded by Nepali and Burmese nationals and followed by Sri Lankan nationals.[6]
A significant percentage of the Indians in Japan are from north east India. Although these may often have more Asian face shapes, they identify very heavily with India and the Indian people, and consider themselves to be Indian. They have unique and long-standing cultural relations with Japan. People from other South Asian countries such as Nepal and Myanmar may also have more Asian face shapes, but again they identify very heavily with India and the Indian people.[7][8][9] Nepali people are the largest South Asian nationality group with 176,336 Nepalis living in Japan, followed by Burmese with 86,546.[1][2]
A significant number of the Indians in Japan also descend from the large Indian populations in Hong Kong and South East Asia such as Thailand and Singapore.[10][11]
India is also the largest source of tourism to Japan after East Asian countries.[12]
In an opinion poll published by the Pew Research Center, India was the major Asian country most liked by Japanese people, with a majority of people holding favorable views, while Japan was the major Asian country most liked by Indian people, with a majority of people again holding favorable views.[13]
Japan has been a destination for Indian travellers and merchants for hundreds of years. India and Japan have maintained relations through direct contact and indirect contact via the Sinosphere and South East Asia.[15][16] There is evidence that Austronesian traders engaged in a trade and communications network in South Asia (in particular the coasts of the south east of India and Sri Lanka), South East Asia (including Taiwan) and Japan as far back as 5000 B.C.[17][18] One of the earliest Indians in Japan was a monk from the intellectual city of Madurai, who ultimately played a key role in development of Chinese Buddhism and the transmission of Chinese Buddhism to Japan.[19]
The history of modern Indian settlement in Japan goes back more than a century. As early as 1872, a few Indian businessmen and their families had settled in Yokohama as well as Okinawa.[20] In 1891, Tata, then a small trading firm, established a branch in Kobe.[21] By 1901, Japanese government statistics recorded 30 people from British India living in Japan.[22] Local statistics of the Hyōgo Prefecture government showed 59 Indians living in the prefecture in 1905, among whom all but one were men.[23] After the destruction wreaked on Yokohama in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, the Indian traders there also migrated to Kobe; from then on, Kobe became the center of Japan's Indian community's growth.[24]
Japanese operation in South Asia in 1942. Nagumo's forces are shown at the bottom of the map.
By 1939, on the eve of World War II, the number of Indians in Hyōgo Prefecture had reached 632. However, due to British sanctions against Japan and the 1941 halt of shipping between Japan and their homeland, many closed their shops and left; by 1942, there were only 114 remaining. Three years after the Partition of India, their numbers had recovered somewhat to 255.[25] Prior to 1990, the Indian community in Japan remained centred on the Kobe area. However, after 1990, the numbers in Tokyo began to show a sharp increase.[26] Migrants who arrived in the 1990s included industrial trainees sent by Japanese car manufacturers which had set up factories in India.[27] IT professionals and their families also came to Tokyo, settling primarily in Setagaya and Minato wards.[28]
There is some technical cooperation between India and Japan, such as for the Shinkansen in western India, or for the numerous Japanese companies present in India such as Sony, Softbank or Suzuki. In 2016, the two sides signed the "Manufacturing Skill Transfer Promotion Programme” agreement for training 30,000 people over 10 years.[4]
In 2021, Japan and India signed an agreement to allow Indian citizens to obtain the specified skilled visa, which allows Indians to work in several fields including nursing, industrial machinery, shipbuilding, aviation, agriculture and the food services industry.[4]
Indians in Japan largely fill more professional roles due to a combination of the language barrier and lower salaries for the specified skilled visa, for which there are only 434 Indians. There are far more students for example.[29] The first batch of construction workers from India arrived in Japan in December 2019.[30]
Indians represent a growing and notable influence in the world of IT.[31]As of 2000[update], there were also around 800 Indians working in the IT industry in Japan, up from 120 in 1993.[32] Kenichi Yoshida, a director of the Softbridge Solutions Japan Co., stated in late 2009 that the Indian engineers are becoming the backbone of Japan's IT industry and that "it is important for Japanese industry to work together with the India."[33][34] Japan has been increasingly looking to India as a source for IT workers and talent.[35]
Japan also become the new destination for Indian nurses in 2023, with salaries that are over eight times higher than those found in India.[36] Many Indian nurses in Japan come from the private sector because private hospitals in India often offer lower salaries than government hospitals.[37] Indian nurses working in Japan can save over 1 lakh per month.[38]
Others are engaged in trading, importing the Indian handicrafts, garments, precious stones, and marine products, and exporting Japanese electronic goods, textiles, automotive parts, and jewellery.[20] Indian cotton is traditionally used in Japanese clothing.[39]
Cuisine
Indian food is very popular in Japan. Conversely Japanese food is also very popular with Indians.[40]
Historically many spices were imported into Japan as these spices could only be grown in certain climates found in Southern China (including Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau), Southern India (including Sri Lanka) and South East Asia.[41] The various spices and cultural infusion that were imported along the same trade routes from South Asia into South East Asia led to the formation of cuisines in South East Asia heavily influenced by South Asia as far back as at least 2000 years ago, of which many of them are eaten in Japan.[42]
An Indian restaurant in Tokyo
Curry
Indian curry is one of the most popular dishes in Japan, sometimes labelled as the most popular dish of Japan.[43] Curry (カレー, karē) is a loanword from Tamil (கறி kaṟi) via Indian English, popularized by naval contact between the Japan and the British East India Company.[44][45]
It is now considered to be a national dish of Japan, and dishes from various parts of India are often sold in convenience stores and restaurants.[46] The majority of the Indian restaurants in Japan are a "fusion" of Nepali and Indian cuisine, who are by far the largest Indian ethnic group in Japan, but many restaurants are also run by Indians and Sri Lankans, the latter of whom number around 35,000 and make the third largest Indian ethnic group after Nepalis and Indians.[6][47]
The majority of Japanese will eat Japanese curry purchased from supermarkets and convenience stores, or from one of the numerous Japanese chain restaurants that specialize in curry.[48]
Tea
Furthermore, though tea is originally native to East Asia, tea is also often drunk in Japan as black tea or milk tea using tea leaves grown in South Asia (such as Darjeeling, Assam or Ceylon).[49] Black tea is increasingly becoming more popular than green tea in Japan.[50]
Religion
India is strongly associated with religion in Japan since the introduction of Buddhism in the 6th century,[51] both directly through visitors from India, and indirectly through the Sinosphere and South East Asia.[52] Buddhism has been heavily integrated into the native Shinto culture, and a large number of the festivals in Japan derive from Buddhism, with identical festivals being celebrated in Buddhist countries such as Sri Lanka, and similar festivals being found in Hinduism.[53] There are numerous shrines and temples native to Japan that cater for Hindu deities.
Buddhism remains widespread in Japan and Japanese culture. There are also numerous temples in Japan that were built by Sri Lankans but often affiliated with various Japanese Buddhist organizations, acting as a place of worship for Japanese, East Asian and South East Asians as well.[54] There is also a Nepali peace pagoda in Osaka, built by a German architect as part of the wider peace pagoda movement started by Japanese monks in response to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Indians in Japan speak a number of different languages and follow various religions; there is little correlation between religion or language and profession, except in the case of the Jains, many of whom work in the jewellery industry.[55] The Jains are generally concentrated around Okachi-machi in Taitō, Tokyo.[56] On the whole, Tokyo has fewer religious facilities for Indians than Kobe.[11]
Sikhism
There are Sikh gurudwaras in both Kobe and Tokyo; the latter is of more recent provenance, having been founded in 1999 in the basement of an office building.[57] Some Sikhs employed as unskilled labourers in small and medium enterprises had to cut their hair short and remove their turbans in violation of the principle of kesh, because their employers are unfamiliar with their customs and do not give them any latitude in their style of dress. They consider this as just a temporary adaptation to Japanese society. However, this practise is not common among Sikhs in skilled professions such as IT.[58]
Indians who send their children to school in Japan generally select English-medium schools. The first Indian-specific school, India International School in Japan, was established in 2004 in Tokyo's Koto ward at the initiative of some of the old trading families based in Tokyo and Yokohama.[59] The Global Indian International School, a Singapore-based school, has operated a branch in Tokyo since 2006, and plans to open another in Yokohama in 2008.[11] They follow the Indian Central Board of Secondary Education curriculum. The schools are popular not just among Indian expatriates, but among some Japanese as well, due to a reputation for rigour in mathematics education.[60] Other migrants leave their children behind in their native states, either with grandparents or at the boarding schools, in order to avoid interrupting their education.[59]
Jeevarani "Rani Sanku" Angelina,[61] established the Little Angels International School (now Musashi International School Tokyo), which caters to Japanese students.[62]
Sport
There are a handful of Indians that are professional sportspersons in Japan. A number of major sports in Japan also ultimately derive from Indian sports as well.
Racket sports
Though it has been theorisesed that the game has been played in various forms for over 2000 years, the current version of Badminton was brought back from India to the UK by the Duke of Beaufort in 1873 after having seen the game being played in Pune, India.[63] Badminton was brought to Japan in the early 1900s.[64] Japan and India are two of the highest ranking nations in Badminton.
Yoga
Chess
Tourism
India is the largest source of tourism to Japan after East Asian countries.[12] The leading motivations for Indian tourists to Japan are eating Japanese cuisine, sightseeing, shopping, walking around and experiencing Japanese culture and history.[65] Unlike westerners, Indians rarely view the culture of Japan "as exotic". In the 2010s Indian tourism to Japan was prediticed to reach 1 million in the 2030s.[66]
Community organizations
One of the earliest Indian community organisations, the Oriental Club, was established in 1904 in Kobe; it changed its name to The India Club in 1913, and continued operating up to the present day. More were founded in the 1930s, including the Indian-dominated Silk Merchants' Association, the Indian Social Society, and the Indian Chamber of Commerce.[23] In 2000, Indian expatriates living in Edogawa, Tokyo, an area with a high concentration of Indian IT engineers founded the Indian Community of Edogawa.[56] Others include the Indian Community Activities Tokyo, whose Diwali celebration draws 2,500 participants, as well as the Indian Merchants Association of Yokohama.[32]
Social issues
An article in the Japan Times complained that patriarchy perpetuates among Indian immigrants to Japan, whereas Indian women may feel more empowered in societies such as Berlin, Germany.[67] As in the native Japanese culture, many Indian women to Japan rarely stay for career advancement, but rather prefer staying to become a housewife.[68]
A number of people born in Japan to asylum seekers or illegal immigrants have complaiend about told to return to India.[69]
There have been complaints about facing Islamophobia and racial profilling.[68] Islam is considered to be a foreign culture within the framework of Japanese multicultralism and is treated as a foreign culture by Japanese people. Large scale opposition to Muslim migration began in the 1990s, albeit targeting those from the Middle East, and Iranians and Pakistanis in particular.[70]
↑ Wadhwa, Megha (2021). Indian Migrants in Tokyo - A Study of Socio-Cultural, Religious, and Working Worlds (1sted.). London, New York: Routledge. p.2. ISBN978-1-032-73418-7.
↑ Fackler, Martin (2 January 2008). "Losing an Edge, Japanese Envy India's Schools"(PDF). The New York Times. Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015. Unlike other Indian schools, Ms. Angelina said, Little Angels was intended primarily for Japanese children, to meet the need she had found when she sent her sons to Japanese kindergarten.
Waterhouse, David (1991), "Where did Toragaku come from?", in Marett, Allan (ed.), Musica Asiatica, vol.6, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.73–94, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511896071.006, ISBN978-0-521-39050-7
Singhvi, L. M. (2000), "Asia-Pacific Region"(PDF), Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora, New Delhi: Ministry of External Affairs, pp.273–288, archived from the original(PDF) on 6 February 2012
Minamino, Takeshi; Sawa, Munenori (2005), 在日インド人社会の変遷--定住地神戸を事例として[Changes in Indian society in Japan—focused on the case of Kobe residents](PDF), 兵庫地理 (in Japanese), vol.50, pp.4–15, archived from the original(PDF) on 8 December 2015, retrieved 25 September 2009
Azuma, Masako (2008), "Indians in Tokyo and its vicinity", in Kesavapany, K.; Mani, A.; Ramasamy, Palanisamy (eds.), Rising India and Indian communities in East Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp.255–269, ISBN978-981-230-799-6
Green, Nile (2013). "Shared infrastructures, informational asymmetries: Persians and Indians in Japan, c.1890–1930". Journal of Global History. 8 (3): 414–435. doi:10.1017/S1740022813000351. ISSN1740-0228. S2CID162765204.
Sawa, Munenori (April 2008), "Indian society in Japan" 日本のインド人社会, in Yamashita, Kiyomi (ed.), エスニック・ワールド：世界と日本のエスニック社会[Ethnic World: Global and Japanese ethnic societies], Akashi Shoten, ISBN978-4-7503-2758-7, OCLC226814973
Sawa, Munenori (October 2008), グローバリゼーション下のディアスポラ ―在日インド人のネットワークとコミュニティ[Diaspora under globalisation: Networks and community of Indians in Japan](PDF), 院人間発達環境学研究科報告書, vol.13680081, Kobe University, archived from the original(PDF) on 3 June 2022, retrieved 28 September 2009
The demographics of Japan include Japanese population, birth and death rates, age distribution, population density, ethnicity, education level, healthcare system of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects regarding the population. According to the United Nations, the population of Japan was roughly 124.9 million people, which peaked at 128.1 million people in 2010. It the 6th-most populous country in Asia, and the 11th-most populous country in the world.
The first recorded landing of Russians in Japan was in 1739 in Kamogawa, Chiba during the times of Japanese seclusion of the Edo period, not counting landings in Hokkaidō, which was not under Japanese administration at these times.
Hinduism is a minority religion in Japan mainly followed by the Indian, Sri Lankan and Nepali expatriate residents of Japan, who number about 166,550 people as of 2022. It's also widely integrated into the native Shinto-Buddhist religion which has had a significant impact of Japanese culture; Buddhism is largely derived from Hinduism, and most of its cultural practices are similar to those found in Buddhism.
Chinese people in Japan (在日中国人/華人) include any people self-identifying as ethnic Chinese or people possessing Chinese citizenship living in Japan. People aged 22 or older cannot possess dual-citizenship in Japan, so Chinese possessing Japanese citizenship typically no longer possess Chinese citizenship. The term "Chinese people" typically refers to the Han Chinese, the main ethnic group living in China (PRC), Taiwan (ROC) and Singapore. Officially, China (PRC) is home to 55 additional ethnic minorities, including people such as Tibetans, though these people might not self-identify as Chinese. Han Chinese people have had a long history in Japan as a minority.
Turks in Japan are Turks living in Japan. Historically, the term has included Turkic émigrés and immigrants from former Russian Empire, most of whom later acquired Turkish citizenship.
Americans in Japan are citizens of the United States residing in Japan. As of December 2023, there were 63,408 American citizens registered as foreign residents of Japan, forming 2.0% of the total population of registered aliens, according to statistics from Japan's Ministry of Justice. This made Americans the ninth-largest group of foreign residents in Japan, having been surpassed in number by Vietnamese residents, Nepalese residents, Indonesian residents, and Burmese residents since 2011.
Bangladeshis in Japan form one of the smaller populations of foreigners in Japan. As of in December 2023, Japan's Ministry of Justice recorded 27,962 Bangladeshi nationals among the total population of registered foreigners in Japan.
Pakistanis in Japan form the country's third-largest community of immigrants from a Muslim-majority country, trailing only the Indonesian community and Bangladeshi community. As of December 2023, official statistics showed 25,334 registered foreigners of Pakistani origin living in the country. There were a further estimated 3,414 illegal immigrants from Pakistan in Japan as of 2000. The average increase in the Pakistani population is about 2-3 persons per day.
Japan and Pakistan established bilateral relations on 28 April 1952. The Dominion of Pakistan had made significant efforts to lift the Allied occupation of Japan. During the Cold War, both countries were part of the Western Bloc. Pakistan played a major role in rebuilding the Japanese economy via mass exports and waiving war reparations owed to the country by Japan. Relations between Japan and Pakistan have generally remained stable, with the exception of the time period in which India and Pakistan were subject to Japanese sanctions due to their nuclear weapons tests in 1998. Relations have once again improved since then, with Pakistan receiving over ¥260 billion in grants and aid from Japan as well as around ¥3 billion in investments. As of 2022, there are 993 Japanese nationals residing in Pakistan whereas 22,118 Pakistani nationals are residing in Japan. About 20,000 Japanese tourists visited Pakistan between 2007-2008 and continue to express an interest in doing so, focusing on Pakistan's Buddhist sites. Pakistan is primarily represented through its embassy in Tokyo and Japan is represented through its embassy in Islamabad. As of 2015, bilateral trade between Japan and Pakistan stood at US$1.9 billion.
There are in December 2023 49,114 Peruvians in Japan. The majority of them are descendants of earlier Japanese immigrants to Peru who have repatriated to Japan.
There is a population of Burmese people in Japan. In December 2023, there were 86,546 Burmese living in Japan.
Nepalis in Japan comprise migrants from Nepal to Japan, including temporary expatriates and permanent residents, as well as their locally born descendants. As of December 2023, there are about 176,336 Nepalis living in Japan, which makes them the largest South Asian community in the country.
There is a small community of French people in Japan, consisting largely of expatriate professionals from France and their families.
Among the several native ethnic groups of Japan, the predominant group are the Yamato Japanese, who trace their origins back to the Yayoi period and have held political dominance since the Asuka period. Other historical ethnic groups have included the Ainu, the Ryukyuan people, the Emishi, and the Hayato; some of whom were dispersed or absorbed by other groups. Ethnic groups that inhabited the Japanese islands during prehistory include the Jomon people and lesser-known Paleolithic groups. In more recent history, a number of immigrants from other countries have made their home in Japan. According to census statistics in 2018, 97.8% of the population of Japan are Japanese, with the remainder being foreign nationals residing in Japan. The number of foreign workers has been increasing dramatically in recent years, due to the aging population and the lack of labor force. A news article in 2018 states that approximately 1 out of 10 young people residing in Tokyo are foreign nationals.
Nigerians in Japan form a significant immigrant community. There are around 3,700 Nigerians living in the country. They mostly belong to the Nigerian Union in Japan, which is divided into sub-unions based on states of origin. The vast majority of Nigerians arrived in Japan from the mid-1980s onwards.
The Malaysian diaspora are Malaysian emigrants from Malaysia and their descendants that reside in a foreign country. Population estimates vary from seven hundred thousand to one million, both descendants of early emigrants from Malaysia, as well as more recent emigrants from Malaysia. The largest of these foreign communities are in Singapore, Australia, Brunei and the United Kingdom.
Ghanaians in Japan are Japanese people of full or partial Ghanaian ancestry or Ghanaians who became naturalized citizens of Japan.
Sikhism in Japan is a small, minority religion. There are gurdwaras located in Tokyo, Ibaraki and Kobe.
Arabs in Japan consist of Arab migrants that come to Japan, as well as their descendants. In December 2016, there were 6,037 Arabs living in Japan.
Sri Lankans in Japan consist of Sri Lankan migrants that come to Japan, as well as their descendants. In December 2023, there were 46,949 Sri Lankans living in Japan. They are the fourth largest nationality group from South Asia after Nepalis, Burmese and Indians.
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