South Asian diaspora

Last updated
A map of South Asia. South Asia (orthographic projection) without national boundaries.svg
A map of South Asia.

The South Asian diaspora, also known as the Desi diaspora, [1] is the group of people whose ancestral origins lie in South Asia (the Indian subcontinent), but who live outside the region. [2] There are over 40 million people in this diaspora. [3]

Contents

Names

South Asians in the diaspora are often referred to as Desis , a term embraced by many South Asians, though controversial to some. [4] [5] [6]

History

Ancient era

Some South Asians lived in other parts of the world for trade purposes. During the Roman Empire, a few South Asians came to Europe. [7]

Medieval era

Romani people

This section is an excerpt from Romani people.[ edit ]

The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani ( or ) and colloquially known as the Roma (: Rom), are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle. Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Romani originated in the Indian subcontinent, in particular the region of present-day Rajasthan. Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed by historians to have occurred around 1000 CE. Their original name is from the Sanskrit word and means a member of the Dom caste of travelling musicians and dancers. The Roma population moved west into the Ghaznavid Empire and later into the Byzantine Empire. The Roma are thought to have arrived in Europe around the 13th to 14th century. Although they are widely dispersed, their most concentrated populations are located in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Spain, and Turkey.

In the English language, Romani people have long been known by the exonym Gypsies or Gipsies, which some Roma consider a racial slur. However, this is not always the case; for example, the term is actually preferred by most English and Welsh Romanies, and is used to refer to them in government documentation. The attendees of the first World Romani Congress in 1971 unanimously voted to reject the use of all exonyms for the Romani, including "Gypsy".

Colonial era

A statue commemorating Janey Tetary, an Indian indentured servant who died in an 1884 uprising in Suriname. Statue Janey Tetary 2.jpg
A statue commemorating Janey Tetary, an Indian indentured servant who died in an 1884 uprising in Suriname.

During the colonial era, over 1 million South Asians were taken to other parts of the world as indentured servants. [9] South Asians also were brought to parts of Southeast Asia as part of the British Empire. [10]

Diaspora members played a significant role in opposing the British Raj as part of the Ghadar Movement.

Some South Asians, mainly from Punjab, migrated to the West Coast in the United States, and mixed with the local Mexican community. [11]

Post-colonial era

South Asians have emigrated in record numbers since the end of the colonial era in the middle of the 20th century. Many South Asians migrated to the United Kingdom and participated in its post-war economic recovery. [12] [13] Some South Asians went to the Middle East for labour opportunities, though some were mistreated in a racist manner and exploited. [14] [15] After the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 that allowed nonwhite immigration was passed, Indian-Americans became the richest ethnic group in the United States, and comprise over 10% of the labour force in computing-related fields. [16]

Because South Asians had already dispersed across the world during the colonial era, a noted aspect of the diaspora is that some of its members' families transited through several countries over generations to reach a final destination (e.g. a person's ancestors may have come from India to Africa, and then a few generations later from Africa to New Zealand). [17]

Culture

Cinema

Some people in the diaspora watch South Asian cinema (mainly Bollywood), and some South Asian films feature diaspora characters. The Hindi-language Bollywood industry has played a significant role in uniting the diaspora around Hindi as a common language for exploring its South Asian heritage. [18] The diaspora's proficiency in English has also led to South Asian media catering to them using Hinglish, a hybrid of Hindi and English. [19]

Sport

A member of the diaspora playing cricket in Virginia, America. BoyBattingInCricket2013.jpg
A member of the diaspora playing cricket in Virginia, America.

South Asians introduced some of their traditional games, such as kabaddi and kho-kho, into countries like South Africa and Malaysia during the colonial era. [20] [21] [22] In post-colonial times, kabaddi and kho-kho have been brought by the diaspora to some of the Western countries, [23] [24] [25] with kabaddi used in some contexts to show masculinity in hostile environments. [26]

Cricket has been patronised by the diaspora in North America and the Middle East, [27] with the American Major League Cricket mainly targeting the diaspora audience. [28] [29] [30]

Music

Desi pubs

This section is an excerpt from Desi pub.[ edit ]
Desi pub is a colloquial term used in the United Kingdom to describe a public house which is owned or managed by a landlord of Indian origin. These establishments generally serve Punjabi food while maintaining elements of the traditional British pub, such as ale and pub games. The concept of the Desi pub originated during the 1960s following widespread migration from the Indian subcontinent to the UK. Desi pubs have been cited as a successful example of cultural integration between Asian and British communities.

Community relations

Deepavali (Diwali) celebrated in Little India, Singapore. Deepavali, Little India, Singapore, Oct 06.JPG
Deepavali (Diwali) celebrated in Little India, Singapore.

Within the diaspora

South Asian diasporas represent a wide variety of linguistic, cultural, ethnic, and religious groups from across the subcontinent. [31] There are sometimes tensions between these different groups within the diaspora. For example, the Hindu-Muslim tensions created by the 1947 Partition of India sometimes manifest themselves in divisions among Hindus and Muslims in the diaspora, particularly between those of Indian descent and those of Pakistani or Bangladeshi descent. [32] [33] These tensions have been noted more frequently among the diaspora in the United Kingdom since incidents such as the Babri Masjid demolition and the 2014 election of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in India. [34] [35] [36]

Discrimination based on the caste system occurs to some extent primarily within the Hindu diaspora; in America, a non-scientific survey showed 67% of lower-caste Dalits had experienced caste discrimination in the workplace, [37] and in California, there was heated debate within the diaspora as to whether to pass legislation explicitly banning caste discrimination. [38]

The diaspora and South Asia

Diaspora communities have been noted for providing crucial economic support and remittances to countries within South Asia. [39] India has issued diaspora bonds in certain crisis situations, such as the 1991 Indian economic crisis, [40] and has given increasing priority to involving its diaspora. [41] Diaspora graduates from MIT played a significant role in establishing the Indian Institutes of Technology. [42]

Tensions have occurred between South Asian countries and their diasporas over support for separatist movements, as in the case of India and its Punjabi diaspora over the Khalistan movement. [39] These tensions have sometimes boiled over to harming relations between South Asian countries and the host countries of the diaspora, as with the 2023 Canada-India diplomatic row. [43]

The diaspora and its host countries

The Hindu diaspora has come under some scrutiny in its host countries for playing an increasingly significant role in promoting Hindu nationalism, with some diaspora members disapproving of the scrutiny and opposing Hindu nationalism. [44] [45] [46] [47]

Some Punjabis have joined gangs in recent decades in Canada. [48]

North America

Russell Peters, a famous Indo-Canadian comedian. Russel Peters at a CFC event In LA 2012 33 (6962380041) (cropped).jpg
Russell Peters, a famous Indo-Canadian comedian.

In the United States, representation of the South Asian diaspora has steadily increased; in previous decades, Apu of The Simpsons had been the most prominent South Asian representation, but now there is significantly more varied representation, with comedians like Hasan Minhaj achieving success. [49]

Video games

Venba is a video game that depicts themes of Tamil-Canadian immigration by exploring Tamil cuisine. [50]

Thirsty Suitors explores romantic relationships involving a South Asian-American protagonist. [51]

See also

South Asian sub-diasporas

Other topics

Related Research Articles

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Sikhs are an ethnoreligious group who adhere to Sikhism, a religion that originated in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, based on the revelation of Guru Nanak. The term Sikh has its origin in the Sanskrit word śiṣya, meaning 'seeker', 'disciple' or 'student'. According to Article I of Chapter 1 of the Sikh Rehat Maryada, the definition of Sikh is: Any human being who faithfully believes in

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desi</span> People, cultures, and products of South Asia and their diaspora

Desi is a loose term used to describe the people, cultures, and products of the Indian subcontinent and their diaspora, derived from Sanskrit देश (deśá), meaning "land, country". Desi traces its origin to the people from the South Asian republics of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, and may also sometimes include people from Afghanistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and the Maldives.

The Punjabis, are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group associated with the Punjab region, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India. They generally speak Standard Punjabi or various Punjabi dialects on both sides.

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In 2010, South Asia had the world's largest population of Hindus, about 510 million Muslims, over 27 million Sikhs, 35 million Christians and over 25 million Buddhists. Hindus make up about 68 percent or about 900 million and Muslims at 31 percent or 510 million of the overall South Asia population, while Buddhists, Jains, Zoroastrians, Sikhs, and Christians constitute most of the rest. The Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, Zoroastrians, and Christians are concentrated in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan, while the Muslims are concentrated in Afghanistan (99%), Bangladesh (91%), Pakistan (96%) and Maldives (100%).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Asia</span> Subregion in Asia

South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethnic-cultural terms. As commonly conceptualized, the modern states of South Asia include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. South Asia borders East Asia to the northeast, Central Asia to the northwest, West Asia to the west and Southeast Asia to the east. Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian subcontinent and is bounded by the Indian Ocean in the south, and the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Pamir Mountains in the north.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bengali Hindus</span> Ethno-linguistic and religious population from India and Bangladesh

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Asian culture</span>

South Asian culture, also known as Desi culture, is a mixture of several cultures in and around the Indian subcontinent. Ancient South Asian culture was primarily based in Hinduism, which itself formed as a mixture of Vedic religion and indigenous traditions, and later Buddhist influences. From the medieval era onwards, influences from the Muslim world and then Europe also became prevalent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Traditional games of India</span> Pre-colonial sports heritage of India

India has several traditional games and sports, some of which have been played for thousands of years. Their popularity has greatly declined in the modern era, with Western sports having overtaken them during the British Raj, and the Indian government now making some efforts to revive them. Many of these games do not require much equipment or playing space. Some of them are only played in certain regions of India, or may be known by different names and played under different rules and regulations in different regions of the country. Many Indian games are also similar to other traditional South Asian games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Traditional games of Pakistan</span>

Pakistan has many traditional games played in the rural and urban areas of the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Traditional games of South Asia</span>

South Asia has many traditional games and sports. Two of them, kabaddi and kho-kho, are played at the South Asian Games, with kabaddi also featuring at the Asian Games. Many of these games are played across the entire subcontinent under different names and with some rule variations, while some of these games may be played only in certain countries or regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport in South Asia</span>

Many sports are played in South Asia, with cricket being the most popular of them; 90% of the sport's worldwide fans live in South Asia. Football is followed passionately in some parts of South Asia, such as Kerala and Bengal. Field hockey was popular for several decades, with some of South Asia's greatest sporting accomplishments having taken place in this sport. Some native South Asian games are played professionally in the region, such as kabaddi and kho-kho, and also feature in regional competitions such as the South Asian Games and Asian Games.

References

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  2. ↑ Rai, Rajesh; Reeves, Peter (2008-07-25). The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-134-10595-3.
  3. ↑ Shah, Muhammad Hamza; Roy, Sakshi; Ahluwalia, Arjun (2023). "Time to address the mental health challenges of the South Asian diaspora". The Lancet Psychiatry. 10 (6): 381–382. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00144-x. ISSN   2215-0366.
  4. ↑ Khanduri, Ritu Gairola (2 October 2014). Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. ISBN   978-1-107-04332-9.
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  6. ↑ Sircar, Anisha (2020-12-08). "Is the term 'Desi' offensive? Some South Asian Americans think so". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
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  10. ↑ Clarke, Colin; Peach, Ceri; Vertovec, Steven (1990-10-26). South Asians Overseas: Migration and Ethnicity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-37543-6.
  11. ↑ Seller, Maxine S.; Weis, Lois (1997-03-13). Beyond Black and White: New Faces and Voices in U.S. Schools. State University of New York Press. ISBN   978-1-4384-1942-8.
  12. ↑ Ballard, Roger (2003), "The South Asian presence in Britain and its transnational connections", Culture and Economy in the Indian Diaspora, Routledge, pp. 209–234, doi:10.4324/9780203398296-15, ISBN   978-0-203-39829-6 , retrieved 2023-11-03
  13. ↑ "India's diaspora is bigger and more influential than any in history". The Economist. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  14. ↑ Rana, Junaid (2011). Terrifying Muslims: Race and Labor in the South Asian Diaspora. Duke University Press. ISBN   978-0-8223-4911-2.
  15. ↑ "A Tale of Two Nomads: Racism and Migrant Labor in the Middle East". Harvard International Review. 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  16. ↑ Gabbay, Liat Klain (2019-09-11). Indigenous, Aboriginal, Fugitive and Ethnic Groups Around the Globe. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN   978-1-78985-431-2.
  17. ↑ Barkan, Elliott Robert (1999-05-30). A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN   978-0-313-06497-5.
  18. ↑ Chatterji, Joya; Washbrook, David (2014-01-03). Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-136-01824-4.
  19. ↑ Kothari, Rita; Snell, Rupert (2011). Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish. Penguin Books India. ISBN   978-0-14-341639-5.
  20. ↑ Mahabir, Dr Kumar. "Disappearing Ancient Games In The Caribbean". Academia.
  21. ↑ Department of Sport and Recreation - Annual Report 2007-2008 https://www.kzndsr.gov.za/
  22. ↑ Desk, NewsonRadar (2023-10-04). "Asian Games: Indian connect in Malaysia's men's kabaddi team". News On Radar. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  23. ↑ "Take my breath away — A kabaddi story". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  24. ↑ DHNS. "Kabaddi is now cool sport, thanks to Bollywood, corporates". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  25. ↑ "British Indians fall in love with 'Kho Kho', reconnect with roots". The Indian Express. 2017-01-30. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  26. ↑ Kukreja, Reena (2023-03-16). "Using indigenous sport as resistance against migrant exclusion: Kabaddi and South Asian male migrants in Greece". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 49 (5): 1173–1190. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2022.2036954. ISSN   1369-183X.
  27. ↑ KANCHANA, RADHIKA (2020-06-29). "Cricket, an oddity in the Arab-Gulf lands or a mirror of an enduring South Asian diaspora?". Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos (28): 121–135. doi: 10.15366/reim2020.28.007 . ISSN   1887-4460.
  28. ↑ Khan, Yusuf. "Major League Cricket Is Here—in a Minor-League Baseball Stadium". WSJ. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  29. ↑ Kasi, Brashna (2023-08-01). "MLC: Cricket breaks new ground as America's South Asian diaspora gets a taste of T20 extravaganza". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  30. ↑ "Media Companies Eye Cricket-Loving Diaspora in the U.S." The New York Times.
  31. ↑ Jacobsen, Knut A.; Kumar, Pratap (2018-08-14). South Asians in the Diaspora: Histories and Religious Traditions. BRILL. ISBN   978-90-474-0140-7.
  32. ↑ Mohammad-Arif, Aminah; Moliner, Christine (2007-10-16). "Introduction. Migration and Constructions of the Other: Inter-Communal Relationships amongst South Asian Diasporas". South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal (1). doi: 10.4000/samaj.136 . ISSN   1960-6060.
  33. ↑ Mohammad-Arif, Aminah (2007-10-16). "The Paradox of Religion: The (re)Construction of Hindu and Muslim Identities amongst South Asian Diasporas in the United States". South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal (1). doi: 10.4000/samaj.55 . ISSN   1960-6060.
  34. ↑ Burlet, Stacey; Reid, Helen (1995). "Cooperation and conflict: The South Asian diaspora after Ayodhya". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 21 (4): 587–597. doi:10.1080/1369183X.1995.9976514. ISSN   1369-183X.
  35. ↑ "Leicester: Why the violent unrest was surprising to many". BBC News. 2022-09-24. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
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  38. ↑ Clayton, Abené (2023-10-08). "Ban on caste discrimination deemed 'unnecessary' by California governor". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  39. 1 2 Talbot, Ian (2016-01-01). A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas. Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-300-19694-8.
  40. ↑ "Finance and Development". Finance and Development | F&D. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
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