South Asian diaspora

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Map of South Asia South Asia (orthographic projection) without national boundaries.svg
Map of South Asia

The South Asian diaspora, also known as the Desi diaspora, [1] is the group of people whose ancestral origins lie in South Asia, but who live outside the region. [2] There are over 44 million people in this diaspora. [3]

Contents

Endonyms

South Asians in the diaspora are often referred to as Desis , a term embraced by many South Asians, though controversial to some. [4] [5] [6]

History

Ancient era

Some South Asians lived in other parts of the world for trade purposes. During the Roman Empire, a few South Asians came to Europe. [7]

Medieval era

Romani people

This section is an excerpt from Romani people.[ edit ]
The Romani people ( or ), also known as the Roma (: Rom), are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle. Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Romani people originated in the Indian subcontinent, in particular the region of Rajasthan. Their first wave of westward migration is believed to have occurred sometime between the 5th and 11th centuries. They are thought to have first arrived in Europe sometime between the 9th and 14th centuries. Although they are widely dispersed, their most concentrated populations are believed to be in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Slovakia.

Colonial era

A statue commemorating Janey Tetary, an Indian indentured servant who died in an 1884 uprising in Suriname. Statue Janey Tetary 2.jpg
A statue commemorating Janey Tetary, an Indian indentured servant who died in an 1884 uprising in Suriname.

During the colonial era, over 1 million South Asians were taken to other parts of the world as indentured servants. [9] South Asians also were brought to parts of Southeast Asia as part of the British Empire. [10]

Diaspora members played a significant role in opposing the British Raj as part of the Ghadar Movement.

Some South Asians, mainly from Punjab, migrated to the West Coast in the United States, and mixed with the local Mexican community. [11]

Contemporary era

South Asians have emigrated in record numbers since the end of the colonial era in the middle of the 20th century. Many South Asians migrated to the United Kingdom and participated in its post-war economic recovery. [12] [13] Some South Asians went to the Middle East for labour opportunities, though some were mistreated in a racist manner and exploited. [14] [15] After the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 that allowed nonwhite immigration was passed, Indian-Americans became the richest ethnic group in the United States, and comprise over 10% of the labour force in computing-related fields. [16]

Because South Asians had already dispersed across the world during the colonial era, a noted aspect of the diaspora is that it has produced several secondary diasporas - some of its members' families transited through several countries over generations to reach a final destination (e.g. a person's ancestors may have come from India to Africa, and then a few generations later from Africa to New Zealand). [17]

Culture

Cinema

Some people in the diaspora watch South Asian cinema (mainly Bollywood), and some South Asian films feature diaspora characters. The Hindi-language Bollywood industry has played a significant role in uniting the diaspora around Hindi as a common language for exploring its South Asian heritage. [18] The diaspora's proficiency in English has also led to South Asian media catering to them using Hinglish, a hybrid of Hindi and English. [19]

Sport

A member of the diaspora playing cricket in Virginia, America. BoyBattingInCricket2013.jpg
A member of the diaspora playing cricket in Virginia, America.

South Asians introduced some of their traditional games, such as kabaddi and kho-kho, into countries like South Africa and Malaysia during the colonial era. [20] [21] [22] In post-colonial times, kabaddi and kho-kho have been brought by the diaspora to some of the Western countries, [23] [24] [25] with kabaddi used in some contexts to show masculinity in hostile environments. [26]

Cricket, a popular sport in South Asia, has been patronised by the diaspora in North America and the Middle East, [27] with the American Major League Cricket mainly targeting the diaspora audience. [28] [29] [30] The sport has grown in Europe since the 2015 refugee crisis. [31]

Music

Desi pubs

This section is an excerpt from Desi pub.[ edit ]
Desi pub is a colloquial term used in the United Kingdom to describe a public house which is owned or managed by a landlord of Indian origin. These establishments generally serve Punjabi food while maintaining elements of the traditional British pub, such as ale and pub games. The concept of the Desi pub originated during the 1960s following widespread migration from the Indian subcontinent to the UK. Desi pubs have been cited as a successful example of cultural integration between Asian and British communities.

Community relations

Deepavali (Diwali) celebrated in Little India, Singapore. Deepavali, Little India, Singapore, Oct 06.JPG
Deepavali (Diwali) celebrated in Little India, Singapore.

Within the diaspora

South Asian diasporas represent a wide variety of linguistic, cultural, ethnic, and religious groups from across the subcontinent. [32] There are sometimes tensions between these different groups within the diaspora. For example, the Hindu-Muslim tensions created by the 1947 Partition of India sometimes manifest themselves in divisions among Hindus and Muslims in the diaspora, particularly between those of Indian descent and those of Pakistani or Bangladeshi descent. [33] [34] These tensions have been noted more frequently among the diaspora in the United Kingdom since incidents such as the Babri Masjid demolition and the 2014 election of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in India. [35] [36] [37]

Discrimination based on the caste system occurs to some extent primarily within the Indian diaspora; in America, a non-scientific survey showed 67% of lower-caste Dalits had experienced caste discrimination in the workplace, [38] and in California, there was heated debate within the diaspora as to whether to pass legislation explicitly banning caste discrimination. [39]

The diaspora and South Asia

Diaspora communities have been noted for providing crucial economic support and remittances to countries within South Asia. [40] India has issued diaspora bonds in certain crisis situations, such as the 1991 Indian economic crisis, [41] and has given increasing priority to involving its diaspora. [42] Diaspora graduates from MIT played a significant role in establishing the Indian Institutes of Technology. [43]

Tensions have occurred between South Asian countries and their diasporas over support for separatist movements, as in the case of India and its Punjabi diaspora over the Khalistan movement. [40] These tensions have sometimes boiled over to harming relations between South Asian countries and the host countries of the diaspora, as with the 2023 Canada-India diplomatic row. [44]

The diaspora and its host countries

The Hindu diaspora has come under some scrutiny in its host countries for playing an increasingly significant role in promoting Hindu nationalism, with some diaspora members disapproving of the scrutiny and opposing Hindu nationalism. [45] [46] [47] [48]

Some Punjabis have joined gangs in recent decades in Canada. [49]

North America

Russell Peters, a famous Indo-Canadian comedian. Russel Peters at a CFC event In LA 2012 33 (6962380041) (cropped).jpg
Russell Peters, a famous Indo-Canadian comedian.

In the United States, representation of the South Asian diaspora has steadily increased; in previous decades, Apu of The Simpsons had been the most prominent South Asian representation, but now there is significantly more varied representation, with comedians like Hasan Minhaj achieving success. [50]

Video games

Venba is a video game that depicts themes of Tamil-Canadian immigration by exploring Tamil cuisine. [51]

Thirsty Suitors explores romantic relationships involving a South Asian-American protagonist. [52]

See also

Diaspora by host country

Secondary diasporas

Diaspora by origin country

Other topics

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kabaddi</span> Contact team rural sport popular in South Asia

Kabaddi is a contact team sport played between two teams of seven players, originating in ancient India. The goal of the game is for a single offensive player, called the "raider," to enter the opposing team's half of the court, tag as many players as possible, and return to their own side within 30 seconds, all while avoiding being tackled by the defenders. Points are scored for each player tagged by the raider, while the opposing team earns a point for stopping the raider. Players are taken out of the game if they are touched or tackled, but return to the game after each point scored by their team from a tag or tackle.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desi</span> Peoples, cultures, and products of the Indian subcontinent and their diaspora

Desi also Deshi, is a loose term used to describe the peoples, cultures, and products of the Indian subcontinent and their diaspora, derived from Sanskrit देश, meaning 'land' or 'country'. Desi traces its origin to the people from the South Asian republics of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, and may also sometimes include people from Afghanistan, Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kho kho</span> Traditional Indian tag game played in teams

Kho kho is a traditional South Asian sport that dates to ancient India. It is the second-most popular traditional tag game in the Indian subcontinent after kabaddi. Kho kho is played on a rectangular court with a central lane connecting two poles which are at either end of the court. During the game, nine players from the chasing team are on the field, with eight of them sitting (crouched) in the central lane, while three runners from the defending team run around the court and try to avoid being touched. Each sitting player on the chasing team faces the opposite half of the field that their adjacent teammates are facing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindu American Foundation</span> American Hindu advocacy organization

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sports in Asia</span> Overview of sport in Asia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Asia</span> Subregion of Asia

South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethnic-cultural terms. As commonly conceptualised, the modern states of South Asia include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. However, while Pakistan and Afghanistan are typically categorized as South Asian countries, their cultural, historical, and geopolitical identities are more complex, blending influences from South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East. As a result, their classification within South Asia remains a subject of debate.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian diaspora</span> Ethnic group

Overseas Indians, officially Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and People of Indian Origin (PIOs) are Indians who reside or originate outside of India. According to the Government of India, Non-Resident Indians are citizens of India who currently are not living in India, while the term People of Indian Origin refers to people of Indian birth or ancestry who are citizens of countries other than India. Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) is given to People of Indian Origin and to persons who are not People of Indian Origin but married to Indian citizen or People of Indian Origin. Persons with OCI status are known as Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs). The OCI status is a permanent visa for visiting India with a foreign passport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Punjabiyat</span> Punjabi language revitalisation movement

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture of South Asia</span>

The culture of South Asia, also known as Desi culture, is a mixture of several cultures in and around the Indian subcontinent. Ancient South Asian culture was primarily based in Hinduism, which itself formed as a mixture of Vedic religion and indigenous traditions, and later Buddhist influences. From the medieval era onwards, influences from the Muslim world and then Europe also became prevalent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Traditional games of India</span> Pre-colonial sports heritage of India

India has several traditional games and sports, some of which have been played for thousands of years. Their popularity has greatly declined in the modern era, with Western sports having overtaken them during the British Raj, and the Indian government now making some efforts to revive them. Many of these games do not require much equipment or playing space. Some of them are only played in certain regions of India, or may be known by different names and played under different rules and regulations in different regions of the country. Many Indian games are also similar to other traditional South Asian games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Traditional games of Pakistan</span> Pakistani pre-colonial sports heritage

Pakistan has many traditional games played in the rural and urban areas of the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Traditional games of South Asia</span>

South Asia has many traditional games and sports. Two of them, kabaddi and kho-kho, are played at the South Asian Games, with kabaddi also featuring at the Asian Games. Many of these games are played across the entire subcontinent under different names and with some rule variations, while some of these games may be played only in certain countries or regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport in South Asia</span>

Many sports are played in South Asia, with cricket being the most popular of them; 90% of the sport's worldwide fans live in South Asia. Football is followed passionately in some parts of South Asia, such as Kerala and Bengal. Field hockey was popular for several decades, with some of South Asia's greatest sporting accomplishments having taken place in this sport. Some native South Asian games are played professionally in the region, such as kabaddi and kho-kho, and also feature in regional competitions such as the South Asian Games and Asian Games.

References

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  2. ↑ Rai, Rajesh; Reeves, Peter (2008-07-25). The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-134-10595-3.
  3. ↑ Shah, Muhammad Hamza; Roy, Sakshi; Ahluwalia, Arjun (2023). "Time to address the mental health challenges of the South Asian diaspora". The Lancet Psychiatry. 10 (6): 381–382. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00144-x. ISSN   2215-0366. PMID   37208111.
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  27. ↑ KANCHANA, RADHIKA (2020-06-29). "Cricket, an oddity in the Arab-Gulf lands or a mirror of an enduring South Asian diaspora?". Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos (28): 121–135. doi: 10.15366/reim2020.28.007 . ISSN   1887-4460.
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