South Asian diaspora

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Map of South Asia South Asia (orthographic projection) without national boundaries.svg
Map of South Asia

The South Asian diaspora, also known as the Desi diaspora, [1] is the group of people whose ancestral origins lie in South Asia, but who live outside the region. [2] There are over 44 million people in this diaspora. [3]

Contents

Endonyms

South Asians in the diaspora are often referred to as Desis , a term embraced by many South Asians, though controversial to some. [4] [5] [6]

History

Ancient era

Some South Asians lived in other parts of the world for trade purposes. During the Roman Empire, a few South Asians came to Europe. [7]

Medieval era

Romani people

This section is an excerpt from Romani people.[ edit ]
The Romani people ( or ), also known as the Roma (: Rom), are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle. Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Romani people originated in the Indian subcontinent, in particular the region of Rajasthan. Their first wave of westward migration is believed to have occurred sometime between the 5th and 11th centuries. They are thought to have first arrived in Europe sometime between the 9th and 14th centuries. Although they are widely dispersed, their most concentrated populations are believed to be in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Slovakia.

Colonial era

A statue commemorating Janey Tetary, an Indian indentured servant who died in an 1884 uprising in Suriname. Statue Janey Tetary 2.jpg
A statue commemorating Janey Tetary, an Indian indentured servant who died in an 1884 uprising in Suriname.

During the colonial era, over 1 million South Asians were taken to other parts of the world as indentured servants. [9] South Asians also were brought to parts of Southeast Asia as part of the British Empire. [10]

Diaspora members played a significant role in opposing the British Raj as part of the Ghadar Movement.

Some South Asians, mainly from Punjab, migrated to the West Coast in the United States, and mixed with the local Mexican community. [11]

Contemporary era

South Asians have emigrated in record numbers since the end of the colonial era in the middle of the 20th century. Many South Asians migrated to the United Kingdom and participated in its post-war economic recovery. [12] [13] Some South Asians went to the Middle East for labour opportunities, though some were mistreated in a racist manner and exploited. [14] [15] After the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 that allowed nonwhite immigration was passed, Indian-Americans became the richest ethnic group in the United States, and comprise over 10% of the labour force in computing-related fields. [16]

Because South Asians had already dispersed across the world during the colonial era, a noted aspect of the diaspora is that it has produced several secondary diasporas - some of its members' families transited through several countries over generations to reach a final destination (e.g. a person's ancestors may have come from India to Africa, and then a few generations later from Africa to New Zealand). [17]

Culture

Cinema

Some people in the diaspora watch South Asian cinema (mainly Bollywood), and some South Asian films feature diaspora characters. The Hindi-language Bollywood industry has played a significant role in uniting the diaspora around Hindi as a common language for exploring its South Asian heritage. [18] The diaspora's proficiency in English has also led to South Asian media catering to them using Hinglish, a hybrid of Hindi and English. [19]

Sport

A member of the diaspora playing cricket in Virginia, America. BoyBattingInCricket2013.jpg
A member of the diaspora playing cricket in Virginia, America.

South Asians introduced some of their traditional games, such as kabaddi and kho-kho, into countries like South Africa and Malaysia during the colonial era. [20] [21] [22] In post-colonial times, kabaddi and kho-kho have been brought by the diaspora to some of the Western countries, [23] [24] [25] with kabaddi used in some contexts to show masculinity in hostile environments. [26]

Cricket, a popular sport in South Asia, has been patronised by the diaspora in North America and the Middle East, [27] with the American Major League Cricket mainly targeting the diaspora audience. [28] [29] [30] The sport has grown in Europe since the 2015 refugee crisis. [31]

In general, South Asians have a complicated relationship to sport, as it can allow for cultural continuity but can also be used to disrupt negative social and physical perceptions of the diaspora. [32]

Music

Desi pubs

This section is an excerpt from Desi pub.[ edit ]
A Desi pub is a British pub owned or managed by a landlord of Indian origin. They generally serve Punjabi food while maintaining traditional British pub elements, such as ale and pub games. The term "Desi" comes from Hindustani, and is derived from the Sanskrit word for "land" or "country". Desi pubs originated during the 1960s following widespread migration from the Indian subcontinent to the UK. They have been cited as a successful example of cultural integration between Asian and British communities.

Community relations

Deepavali (Diwali) celebrated in Little India, Singapore. Deepavali, Little India, Singapore, Oct 06.JPG
Deepavali (Diwali) celebrated in Little India, Singapore.

Within the diaspora

South Asian diasporas represent a wide variety of linguistic, cultural, ethnic, and religious groups from across the subcontinent. [33] There are sometimes tensions between these different groups within the diaspora. For example, the Hindu-Muslim tensions created by the 1947 Partition of India sometimes manifest themselves in divisions among Hindus and Muslims in the diaspora, particularly between those of Indian descent and those of Pakistani or Bangladeshi descent. [34] [35] These tensions have been noted more frequently among the diaspora in the United Kingdom since incidents such as the Babri Masjid demolition and the 2014 election of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in India. [36] [37] [38]

Discrimination based on the caste system occurs to some extent primarily within the Indian diaspora; in America, a non-scientific survey showed 67% of lower-caste Dalits had experienced caste discrimination in the workplace, [39] and in California, there was heated debate within the diaspora as to whether to pass legislation explicitly banning caste discrimination. [40]

The diaspora and South Asia

Diaspora communities have been noted for providing crucial economic support and remittances to countries within South Asia. [41] India has issued diaspora bonds in certain crisis situations, such as the 1991 Indian economic crisis, [42] and has given increasing priority to involving its diaspora. [43] Diaspora graduates from MIT played a significant role in establishing the Indian Institutes of Technology. [44]

Tensions have occurred between South Asian countries and their diasporas over support for separatist movements, as in the case of India and its Punjabi diaspora over the Khalistan movement. [41] These tensions have sometimes boiled over to harming relations between South Asian countries and the host countries of the diaspora, as with the 2023 Canada-India diplomatic row. [45]

The diaspora and its host countries

The Hindu diaspora has come under some scrutiny in its host countries for playing an increasingly significant role in promoting Hindu nationalism, with some diaspora members disapproving of the scrutiny and opposing Hindu nationalism. [46] [47] [48] [49]

Some Punjabis have joined gangs in recent decades in Canada. [50]

North America

Russell Peters, a famous Indo-Canadian comedian. Russel Peters at a CFC event In LA 2012 33 (6962380041) (cropped).jpg
Russell Peters, a famous Indo-Canadian comedian.

In the United States, representation of the South Asian diaspora has steadily increased; in previous decades, Apu of The Simpsons had been the most prominent South Asian representation, but now there is significantly more varied representation, with comedians like Hasan Minhaj achieving success. [51]

Video games

Venba is a video game that depicts themes of Tamil-Canadian immigration by exploring Tamil cuisine. [52]

Thirsty Suitors explores romantic relationships involving a South Asian-American protagonist. [53]

See also

Diaspora by host country

Secondary diasporas

Diaspora by origin country

Other topics

References

  1. ↑ Prashad, Vijay (2012). "The Desi Diaspora: Politics, Protest, and Nationalism". India and the British Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 313–333. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259885.003.0013. ISBN   978-0-19-925988-5.
  2. ↑ Rai, Rajesh; Reeves, Peter (2008-07-25). The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-134-10595-3.
  3. ↑ Shah, Muhammad Hamza; Roy, Sakshi; Ahluwalia, Arjun (2023). "Time to address the mental health challenges of the South Asian diaspora". The Lancet Psychiatry. 10 (6): 381–382. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00144-x. ISSN   2215-0366. PMID   37208111.
  4. ↑ Khanduri, Ritu Gairola (2 October 2014). Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. ISBN   978-1-107-04332-9.
  5. ↑ "What term best describes those from the Indian subcontinent? It depends on who you ask". NBC News. 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  6. ↑ Sircar, Anisha (2020-12-08). "Is the term 'Desi' offensive? Some South Asian Americans think so". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  7. ↑ Kaur, Raminder (2011). "'Ancient cosmopolitanism' and the South Asian diaspora". South Asian Diaspora. 3 (2): 197–213. doi:10.1080/19438192.2011.579458. ISSN   1943-8192.
  8. ↑ "Suriname verwijdert buste koloniale tijd". www.nd.nl (in Dutch). 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  9. ↑ Bose, Neilesh (2020-12-10). South Asian Migrations in Global History: Labor, Law, and Wayward Lives. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   978-1-350-12468-4.
  10. ↑ Clarke, Colin; Peach, Ceri; Vertovec, Steven (1990-10-26). South Asians Overseas: Migration and Ethnicity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-37543-6.
  11. ↑ Seller, Maxine S.; Weis, Lois (1997-03-13). Beyond Black and White: New Faces and Voices in U.S. Schools. State University of New York Press. ISBN   978-1-4384-1942-8.
  12. ↑ Ballard, Roger (2003), "The South Asian presence in Britain and its transnational connections", Culture and Economy in the Indian Diaspora, Routledge, pp. 209–234, doi:10.4324/9780203398296-15, ISBN   978-0-203-39829-6 , retrieved 2023-11-03
  13. ↑ "India's diaspora is bigger and more influential than any in history". The Economist. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  14. ↑ Rana, Junaid (2011). Terrifying Muslims: Race and Labor in the South Asian Diaspora. Duke University Press. ISBN   978-0-8223-4911-2.
  15. ↑ "A Tale of Two Nomads: Racism and Migrant Labor in the Middle East". Harvard International Review. 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  16. ↑ Gabbay, Liat Klain (2019-09-11). Indigenous, Aboriginal, Fugitive and Ethnic Groups Around the Globe. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN   978-1-78985-431-2.
  17. ↑ Barkan, Elliott Robert (1999-05-30). A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN   978-0-313-06497-5.
  18. ↑ Chatterji, Joya; Washbrook, David (2014-01-03). Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-136-01824-4.
  19. ↑ Kothari, Rita; Snell, Rupert (2011). Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish. Penguin Books India. ISBN   978-0-14-341639-5.
  20. ↑ Mahabir, Dr Kumar. "Disappearing Ancient Games In The Caribbean". Academia.
  21. ↑ Department of Sport and Recreation - Annual Report 2007-2008 https://www.kzndsr.gov.za/
  22. ↑ "Asian Games: Indian connect in Malaysia's men's kabaddi team". News On Radar. 2023-10-04. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  23. ↑ "Take my breath away — A kabaddi story". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  24. ↑ DHNS. "Kabaddi is now cool sport, thanks to Bollywood, corporates". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  25. ↑ "British Indians fall in love with 'Kho Kho', reconnect with roots". The Indian Express. 2017-01-30. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  26. ↑ Kukreja, Reena (2023-03-16). "Using indigenous sport as resistance against migrant exclusion: Kabaddi and South Asian male migrants in Greece". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 49 (5): 1173–1190. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2022.2036954. ISSN   1369-183X.
  27. ↑ KANCHANA, RADHIKA (2020-06-29). "Cricket, an oddity in the Arab-Gulf lands or a mirror of an enduring South Asian diaspora?". Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos (28): 121–135. doi: 10.15366/reim2020.28.007 . ISSN   1887-4460.
  28. ↑ Khan, Yusuf. "Major League Cricket Is Here—in a Minor-League Baseball Stadium". WSJ. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  29. ↑ Kasi, Brashna (2023-08-01). "MLC: Cricket breaks new ground as America's South Asian diaspora gets a taste of T20 extravaganza". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  30. ↑ Nerkar, Santul (24 October 2023). "Media Companies Eye Cricket-Loving Diaspora in the U.S." The New York Times.
  31. ↑ "A sticky wicket: How cricket is making inroads in Europe". POLITICO. 2021-08-15. Retrieved 2024-10-22.
  32. ↑ Thangaraj, Stanley; Burdsey, Daniel; Dudrah, Rajinder (2015-10-14). Sport and South Asian Diasporas: Playing through Time and Space. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-317-68429-9.
  33. ↑ Jacobsen, Knut A.; Kumar, Pratap (2018-08-14). South Asians in the Diaspora: Histories and Religious Traditions. BRILL. ISBN   978-90-474-0140-7.
  34. ↑ Mohammad-Arif, Aminah; Moliner, Christine (2007-10-16). "Introduction. Migration and Constructions of the Other: Inter-Communal Relationships amongst South Asian Diasporas". South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal (1). doi: 10.4000/samaj.136 . ISSN   1960-6060.
  35. ↑ Mohammad-Arif, Aminah (2007-10-16). "The Paradox of Religion: The (re)Construction of Hindu and Muslim Identities amongst South Asian Diasporas in the United States". South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal (1). doi: 10.4000/samaj.55 . ISSN   1960-6060.
  36. ↑ Burlet, Stacey; Reid, Helen (1995). "Cooperation and conflict: The South Asian diaspora after Ayodhya". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 21 (4): 587–597. doi:10.1080/1369183X.1995.9976514. ISSN   1369-183X.
  37. ↑ "Leicester: Why the violent unrest was surprising to many". BBC News. 2022-09-24. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  38. ↑ Murray, Jessica; Khan, Aina J.; Syal, Rajeev (2022-09-23). "'It feels like people want to fight': how communal unrest flared in Leicester". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  39. ↑ "Even in the US, South Asians say caste has proved hard to escape". CNN. 2020-09-04. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  40. ↑ Clayton, Abené (2023-10-08). "Ban on caste discrimination deemed 'unnecessary' by California governor". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  41. 1 2 Talbot, Ian (2016-01-01). A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas. Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-300-19694-8.
  42. ↑ "Finance and Development". Finance and Development | F&D. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
  43. ↑ Kahali, Aloke (2017-11-05). "Diaspora engagement: need for paradigm shift – Indian perspective". Diaspora Studies. 10 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1080/09739572.2016.1239432. ISSN   0973-9572.
  44. ↑ "Uncovering the rich connections between South Asia and MIT". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  45. ↑ Sen, Somdeep. "India wants to take on Trudeau. It's taking down its own diaspora". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  46. ↑ "Hindu nationalist surge in India creating fissures in diaspora". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  47. ↑ "India must stop spreading Hindu nationalism to its global diaspora". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  48. ↑ "20. The Diaspora and Hindu Nationalism", Hindu Nationalism, Princeton University Press, 2009-01-10, pp. 361–369, doi:10.1515/9781400828036.361, ISBN   978-1-4008-2803-6 , retrieved 2023-11-07
  49. ↑ Deuskar, Nachiket (2023-05-16). "Hindutva is increasingly influencing the Hindu diaspora – and extending Indian politics overseas". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  50. ↑ "After Moosewala's murder, spotlight back on (Punjabi) gangs of Canada". The Indian Express. 2022-06-26. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  51. ↑ Mahdawi, Arwa (2017-05-09). "From Apu to Master of None: how US pop culture tuned into the south Asian experience". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  52. ↑ "Venba: A video game about a South Indian immigrant's story one recipe at a time". The Indian Express. 2022-12-04. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  53. ↑ "Video Games Are Lagging Behind In South Asian Representation". GameSpot. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
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