Hinduism in South Asia

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Hindus of South Asia
Om symbol.svg
Shore temple, mahabalipuram.jpg
The Hindu Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram was built by Narasimhavarman II.
Total population
c.  1.20 billion
(61.1% of the total South Asian population) [lower-alpha 1]
Regions with significant populations
Flag of India.svg India 1,148,930,682 (2022) [1] [lower-alpha 2] [8] [9] [10] [11]
Flag of Nepal.svg Nepal 24,931,944 (2022) [2] [lower-alpha 3] [12]
Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh 13,130,109 (2022) [13] [3] [14] [15]
Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 5,198,570 (2022) [4] [lower-alpha 4] [17] [18]
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka 2,921,627 (2022) [5] [lower-alpha 5] [19] [20]
Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan 191,778 (2022) [6] [lower-alpha 6]
Flag of Afghanistan (2004-2021).svg Afghanistan 50 (2021) [21]
Religions
Hinduism
Tribal religions (including Sarnaism, Nanakpanthi, Kalasha and others) (minority)
Scriptures
Bhagavad Gita and Vedas
also see other Hindu texts
Languages
Predominant spoken language
Hindi
Recognized regional languages

Sacred language
Sanskrit (Sacred) [22]

Hinduism is the largest religion in South Asia with about 1.2 billion Hindus, forming just under two-thirds of South Asia's population. [lower-alpha 1] [lower-alpha 2] [lower-alpha 3] [lower-alpha 4] [lower-alpha 5] [lower-alpha 6] [23] South Asia has the largest population of Hindus in the world, with about 99% of all global Hindus being from South Asia. [24] Hinduism is the dominant religion in India and Nepal and is the second-largest religion in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan. [25]

Contents

Indo-Aryan migrations brought the Indo-Aryans to South Asia, [26] where they compiled and composed the Vedic corpus during the Vedic period (ca. 1500-500 BCE) across present-day Northern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. [27] The subsequent period, between 800 BCE and 250 BCE, was "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions", and a formative period for Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. The Epic and Early Puranic period, from c. 250 BCE and 500 CE, saw the onset of the Hindu synthesis, followed by the classical "Golden Age" of India (c. 350 - 650 CE), which coincides with the Gupta Empire. [28]

Following the conquest of Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent and spread of Islam in South Asia, an era featuring persecution of Hindus began and continued until the end of Mughal Empire. [upper-alpha 1] The Vijayanagara and Maratha Empire significantly protected and revived Hinduism in the Indian subcontinent, while the Jaffna Kingdom and Gorkha dynasty have significantly protected Hinduism in Sri Lanka and Nepal respectively. [28]

History

Origins

The Vedic period, named after the Vedic religion of the Indo-Aryans, lasted from c. 1900 BCE-500 BCE. The Indo-Aryans were pastoralists who migrated into north-western India after the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization. Linguistic and archaeological data show a cultural change in the subcontinent after 1500 BCE, with the linguistic and religious data clearly showing links with Indo-European languages and religion. By about 1500 BCE, the Vedic culture and agrarian lifestyle were established in the northwest and northern Gangetic plain of South Asia. Rudimentary state-forms appeared, of which the Kuru-Pañcāla union was the most influential. The first recorded state-level society in South Asia existed around 1000 BCE. In this period, states Samuel emerged the Brahmana and Aranyaka layers of Vedic texts, which merged into the earliest Upanishads. These texts began to ask the meaning of a ritual, adding increasing levels of philosophical and metaphysical speculation, or "Hindu synthesis".

Rise of Hindu Nationalism

In recent years, there has been a rising movement of Hindu nationalism and feeling of Hindutva or Hindu identity among the Hindus of India. [30] This has been observed especially after the formation of the BJP government in India in 2014. [31] In India, several Hindu nationalist political parties exist, out of which the BJP is the biggest among them. [32] Alongside the BJP, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) has also been accused of being a chief organisation in the Hindu nationalist cause. [33] [34]

The rise of Hindu nationalism and Hindutva is seen as a threat to the secular laws of India. [35] It was also seen that the with rise of the Hindu nationalism, there has been an increase in persecutions of religious minorities, mainly Muslims and Christians. [36] [37] The government of Narendra Modi has also been blamed for the increase in violence. [38] Other hardline Hindutva groups, such as the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) [39] and the Bajrang Dal [40] (which are designated as paramilitary groups by many nations such as Australia, [41] Canada and United States [42] ) have also contributed a major role to the enhancement of Hindu nationalism and are also blamed for increasing Islamophobia in India and attacks on Christians. [43] [44]

Similarly, Nepal has also experienced the same rise in Hindu nationalism, mainly after 2015 after demonstrators protested for the re-declaration of Hinduism as the state religion of Nepal along with the restoration of the monarchy in the country. Nepal has seen an increase in violence against Christians. [45]

Temples

Organisations

Most Hindu organisations in South Asia are based in India and Nepal, although there are other organizations based elsewhere in South Asia.

Political

Social

Demographics

Percentage of Hindus by country
CountryPercentage
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal
 
81.34%
Flag of India.svg  India
 
80%
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka
 
13.40%
Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan
 
12.50%
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh
 
7.95%
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan
 
2.20%
Flag of the Taliban.svg  Afghanistan
 
0.001%
Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives
 
0%

Hinduism is the majority religion in South Asia, and most of the world's Hindus are home to the region. [46] 5 of the 10 nations with the biggest Hindu populations are in South Asia, namely India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. India is home to more than 1.2 billion Hindus, 94% of the world's global Hindu population. [47] [48]

Hinduism is the majority religion in Nepal and India, with 81.34% and 79.8% of the countries' respective populations practicing Hinduism. [upper-alpha 2] Hinduism is the second largest religious group in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bhutan and there is a very minute Hindu minority in Afghanistan. [21] There are also no Hindus in the Maldives, as per its constitution. [upper-alpha 3]

In recent years, Hindu populations have decreased in non-Hindu majority countries in South Asia, especially Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan. This is due to a number of reasons, such as persecution, forced conversion and low-fertility rates. [50] [51] Civil war in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka have also caused Hindus to flee these countries. [52] [53]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "The Mohammedan conquest of India is probably the bloodiest story in history. It is a discouraging tale, for its evident moral is that civilization is a precarious thing, whose delicate complex of order and liberty, culture and peace may at any time be overthrown by barbarians invading from without or multiplying within. The Hindus had allowed their strength to be wasted in internal division and war; they had adopted religions like Buddhism and Jainism, which unnerved them for the tasks of life; they had failed to organize their forces for the protection of their frontiers and their capitals." [29]
  2. ↑ Nepal and India are the only sovereign nations in the world that have Hindus as a majority population, where in Nepal Hindus accounts for nearly 81% and India with nearly 79.8%.
  3. ↑ Sunni Islam is the state religion of the Maldives and as per the 2008 Constitution, only Sunni Muslims are capable of holding Maldivian citizenship and the government mandates that all citizens practice Sunni Islam, effectively making its population 100% Muslim. [49]
  1. 1 2 2022 national population estimates by the World Factbook result in a South Asian population of 1,891,670,539. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
  2. 1 2 Hindus comprise 79.8% (1,148,930,682) of India's total population of 1,389,637,446 per 2022 estimate by the World Factbook. [1]
  3. 1 2 Hindus comprise 81.3% (24,931,944) of Nepal's total population of 30,666,598 per 2022 estimate by the World Factbook. [2]
  4. 1 2 Hindus comprise 2.14% (5,198,570) of Pakistan's total population of 242,923,845. Hindu percentage is derived from the 2017 Pakistan Census while the total population is a 2022 estimate by the World Factbook. [4] [16]
  5. 1 2 Hindus comprise 12.6% (2,921,627) of Sri Lanka's total population of 23,187,516 per 2022 estimate by the World Factbook. [5]
  6. 1 2 Hindus comprise 22.1% (191,778) of Bhutan's total population of 867,775 per 2022 estimate by the World Factbook. [6]

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    References

    Citations

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    4. 1 2 3 "Pakistan People and Society". The World Factbook. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
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    Sources

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