Traditional games of South Asia

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A tackle occurring in kabaddi, South Asia's most professionally played traditional game. Game-asia-kabadi.jpg
A tackle occurring in kabaddi, South Asia's most professionally played traditional game.

South Asia has many traditional games and sports. [1] Two of them, kabaddi and kho-kho, are played at the South Asian Games, with kabaddi also featuring at the Asian Games. [2] Many of these games are played across the entire subcontinent under different names and with some rule variations, while some of these games may be played only in certain countries or regions.

Contents

History

Ancient era

Some traditional South Asian games, such as kabaddi, kho-kho, and atya-patya, are believed to be thousands of years old, finding mention in historical scriptures [3] and dating back to ancient India. [4] [5] [6] Kho-kho, for example, dates back to at least the fourth century BC. [7] Many South Asian games likely reflect characteristics of traditional life in the subcontinent; for example, the Bengali hopscotch game of ekka-dokka (related to Stapoo and Chindro) may reflect the concepts of land division and ownership of property in ancient times. [8]

Modern era

India vs Iran at the 2023 Asian Kho Kho Championship. Kho kho is South Asia's second-most popular tag game. Glipmse of India vs Iran Match during 4th Asian Kho Kho Championship.jpg
India vs Iran at the 2023 Asian Kho Kho Championship. Kho kho is South Asia's second-most popular tag game.

After the British colonisation of the subcontinent which peaked from the 19th century to 1947, Western sports such as cricket, football, and hockey began to be followed to a greater extent, to the detriment of the traditional games. [9] [10] The modern advent of urbanisation, [11] globalisation (which attracted people towards more globally popular games), [12] and technology (which gave people digital forms of entertainment such as the Internet, television, and video games) [13] have further diminished the traditional South Asian sports. [14] Additional reasons include religious extremism in some areas, which has restricted people from playing certain games, and lack of governmental support. [15]

However, the affordability of the traditional games saw them prioritised for physical education purposes by some thinkers of the early postcolonial period, [16] and some professional leagues are now being started for traditional sports, such as the Pro Kabaddi League, Ultimate Kho Kho, and Pro Panja League, which are beginning to revive interest in these sports and even globalise them. [17] [18] These leagues are now some of the most-watched competitions in India. [19]

Traditional games

Gillidanda

Gillidanda or gulli danda is a game where players attempt to hit a stick as far as possible to score points. It has similarities to the popular South Asian sport of cricket, as well as to traditional games around the world, such as tipcat. [20]

Chindro

The area in which Chindro is played. Chindro Playing Court.jpg
The area in which Chindro is played.
This section is an excerpt from Chindro.[ edit ]

Chindro (also known as Stapoo or Kidi Kada)

is a game popular in the Indian subcontinent. The game is played with a stone that is tossed or slid on a marked-off playing court. It is similar to hopscotch.

Gutte

Gutte (similar to Meergati and Bilghotti in Pakistan) involves players throwing up and then grabbing stones on the ground, while ensuring none of the stones falls from the air to the ground. [21] [22] [23]

Dark room

Dark room is the same as hide-and-seek, except that it is played in an entirely dark room. [24] [25]

Donkey Donkey

Donkey Donkey (similar to the Pakistani Beech ki Billi) [26] is a game in which two players attempt to throw a ball to each other, while a player in the middle tries to catch it. [27]

Ball games

Maram pitti

Maram Pitti (similar to Pakistan's Maran Kuttai) [26] is similar to dodgeball. [28]

Seven stones

In the game of seven stones (known by several other names in various regions), one team throws a ball at a pile of stones and then attempts to rebuild the pile, while the other team tries to eliminate the first team's players by throwing the ball at them. [29] [30]

Variations of tag

Deciding who the denner is

In many South Asian variations of tag, the player meant to tag the other players is known as the "denner". [31] [32] There are various ways of selecting the denner, such as Saa Boo Three (also known as pugam pugai), in which a group of three players face one of their hands up or down, and if one of the players faces their hand the opposite way of the other two, then they are chosen as the denner. [33] [34]

Kabaddi

This section is an excerpt from Kabaddi.[ edit ]
Kabaddi being played at the 2018 Asian Games Iran men's national kabaddi team 13970602000432636707284535394012 98208.jpg
Kabaddi being played at the 2018 Asian Games
Kabaddi ( /kəˈbædi/ , [35] /ˈkʌbədi/ ) [36] is a contact team sport played between two teams of seven players. It is one of the traditional games of South Asia. [37] The goal of the game is for a single offensive player, called the "raider," to enter the opposing team's half of the court, tag as many players as possible, and return to their own side within 30 seconds, all while avoiding being tackled by the defenders. Points are scored for each player tagged by the raider, while the opposing team earns a point for stopping the raider. Players are taken out of the game if they are touched or tackled, but return to the game after each point scored by their team from a tag or tackle.

Kho-kho

This section is an excerpt from Kho kho.[ edit ]
A defender (orange) in the free zone, near a sitting chaser Kho kho games.png
A defender (orange) in the free zone, near a sitting chaser

Kho kho is a traditional South Asian sport that dates to ancient India. [38] [39] It is the second-most popular traditional tag game in the Indian subcontinent after kabaddi. [40] Kho kho is played on a rectangular court with a central lane connecting two poles which are at either end of the court. During the game, nine players from the chasing team (attacking team) are on the field, with eight of them sitting (crouched) in the central lane, while three runners from the defending team run around the court and try to avoid being touched. [39] Each sitting player on the chasing team faces the opposite half of the field that their adjacent teammates are facing.

In the game, one player from the chasing team (the "active chaser" or "attacker") may run around the court to tag (touch) members of the defending team. Each successful tag earns one point, and tagged defenders must leave the field. However, the active chaser is restricted from crossing the central lane to access the other half of the court and cannot change direction once they begin running toward either pole. These restrictions can be bypassed if the active chaser either switches roles with a sitting teammate — by touching them on the back while saying "Kho" — who is facing the other half of the court, or by running behind either pole to switch direction or halves. Each team alternates between scoring and defending, with two turns for each role. Each turn lasts nine minutes, and the team with the highest score at the end of the game wins. [41]

Freeze tag

Freeze tag (also known as Baraf Paani in North-India and Pakistan, and as Borof Paani in Bangladesh) involves players becoming "frozen" in place when tagged by an opponent, but becoming unfrozen when tagged by a teammate. [42] [43]

Atya-patya

This section is an excerpt from Atya patya.[ edit ]
1-BISHNUPUR.jpg
External videos
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Maharashtra – 27th Senior National Championship, August 2012,, Tamil Nadu semi-final match in YouTube video
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Senior National Atya Patya Championship, Hyderabad 2012, final: Puducherry v/s Maharashtra, YouTube video
Atya patya (Hindi: आट्यापाट्या) is a traditional South Asian tag sport played by two sides of nine players. It is more popular in rural areas of India. It is more commonly played in Maharashtra, a western Indian state. [44] Atya patya is described as a "game of feints". [45] The playing area comprises nine trenches, coming out of either side of a central trench; a point is awarded to the attacking team's players for each trench they cross without being tagged out by the defensive players within the trenches. [46] The game ends after 4 innings (scoring turns) of 7 minutes each, with each team having two innings to score. It has been described as a game of "militant chase". [47] The sport is played in a relatively small area and requires no equipment, similar to other games indigenous to India such as kabaddi, seven stones, kho kho, gillidanda and langdi. [45]

Langdi

This section is an excerpt from Langdi (sport).[ edit ]
School kids play langdi during a inter-school competition Langadi.jpg
School kids play langdi during a inter-school competition
Langdi [a] is a traditional South Asian field sport which combines elements of tag and hopscotch. [49] It was originally played during the Pandiyan Dynasty and called "Nondiyaattam" at that time. The teams alternate chasing (attacking) and defending roles in each of the 4 innings of the game, with the chasing team's players restricted to hopping around on one foot, and attempting to score points by tagging as many defenders as possible within the 9 minutes of each inning. It is described by Marathis as a sport with a Marathi ethos. [50]

Aankh micholi

Aankh micholi (similar to Bangladesh's Kanamachi) is a form of blindfolded tag. [21] [51]

Kokla chappaki

This game (similar to Rumal Chor and Bengal's Rumal Churi) is similar to duck, duck, goose. [52] [53] [54] [55]

Oonch Neech

This section is an excerpt from Oonch Neech.[ edit ]
Oonch Neech (or Oonch Neech ka Papada) is a rural and urban street children's game and variation of Tag game played in North India and Pakistan. Oonch Neech (Hindi) translates Up and Down in English.

Board games

Snakes and ladders

This section is an excerpt from Snakes and ladders.[ edit ]
Snakes and ladders is a board game for two or more players regarded today as a worldwide classic. The game originated in ancient India invented by saint Dnyaneshwar as Moksha Patam, and was brought to the United Kingdom in the 1890s. It is played on a game board with numbered, gridded squares. A number of "ladders" and "snakes" are pictured on the board, each connecting two specific board squares. The object of the game is to navigate one's game piece, according to die rolls, from the start (bottom square) to the finish (top square), helped by climbing ladders but hindered by falling down snakes.

Another traditional game called Ludo, is mostly played at the same board on the other side. Four participants can play this game with the help of dice.

Carrom

This section is an excerpt from Carrom.[ edit ]
Tibetans playing carrom in Delhi Tiibetans playing carrom in Delhi.jpg
Tibetans playing carrom in Delhi
Carrom is a tabletop game of Indian origin in which players flick discs, attempting to knock them to the corners of the board. In South Asia, many clubs and cafés hold regular tournaments. Carrom is commonly played by families, including children, and at social functions. Different standards and rules exist in different areas.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ (Hindi: लंगड़ी) Also sometimes spelled Langadi. [48]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kabaddi</span> Contact team rural sport popular in South Asia

Kabaddi is a contact team sport played between two teams of seven players. It is one of the traditional games of South Asia. The goal of the game is for a single offensive player, called the "raider," to enter the opposing team's half of the court, tag as many players as possible, and return to their own side within 30 seconds, all while avoiding being tackled by the defenders. Points are scored for each player tagged by the raider, while the opposing team earns a point for stopping the raider. Players are taken out of the game if they are touched or tackled, but return to the game after each point scored by their team from a tag or tackle.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kho kho</span> Traditional Indian tag game played in teams

Kho kho is a traditional South Asian sport that dates to ancient India. It is the second-most popular traditional tag game in the Indian subcontinent after kabaddi. Kho kho is played on a rectangular court with a central lane connecting two poles which are at either end of the court. During the game, nine players from the chasing team are on the field, with eight of them sitting (crouched) in the central lane, while three runners from the defending team run around the court and try to avoid being touched. Each sitting player on the chasing team faces the opposite half of the field that their adjacent teammates are facing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sports in Asia</span> Overview of sport in Asia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport in India</span>

.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seven stones</span> South Asian dodgeball variant

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atya patya</span> Traditional Indian tag sport

Atya patya is a traditional South Asian tag sport played by two sides of nine players. It is more popular in rural areas of India. It is more commonly played in Maharashtra, a western Indian state. Atya patya is described as a "game of feints". The playing area comprises nine trenches, coming out of either side of a central trench; a point is awarded to the attacking team's players for each trench they cross without being tagged out by the defensive players within the trenches. The game ends after 4 innings of 7 minutes each, with each team having two innings to score. It has been described as a game of "militant chase". The sport is played in a relatively small area and requires no equipment, similar to other games indigenous to India such as kabaddi, seven stones, kho kho, gillidanda and langdi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Langdi (sport)</span> Traditional Indian tag sport

Langdi is a traditional South Asian field sport which combines elements of tag and hopscotch. It was originally played during the Pandiyan Dynasty and called "Nondiyaattam" at that time. The teams alternate chasing (attacking) and defending roles in each of the 4 innings of the game, with the chasing team's players restricted to hopping around on one foot, and attempting to score points by tagging as many defenders as possible within the 9 minutes of each inning. It is described by Marathis as a sport with a Marathi ethos.

Playing period is a division of time in a sports or games, in which play occurs. Many games are divided into a fixed number of periods, which may be named for the number of divisions. Other games use terminology independent of the total number of divisions. A playing period may have a fixed length of game time or be bound by other rules of the game.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Traditional games of Pakistan</span> Pakistani pre-colonial sports heritage

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Traditional games of South Africa</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galah panjang</span> Traditional Malaysian tag game

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References

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