Western sports

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A depiction of the FIFA World Cup, the most popular sporting event in the world. FIFA World Cup 2010 Uruguay Ghana.jpg
A depiction of the FIFA World Cup, the most popular sporting event in the world.

Western sports are sports that are strongly associated with the West. [lower-alpha 1] Many modern sports were invented in or standardized by Western countries; [1] in particular, many major sports were invented in the United Kingdom after the Industrial Revolution, [2] [3] and later, America invented some major sports such as basketball and baseball. [4]

Contents

Western European colonialism and American influence were the initial causes of the spread of Western sports around the world. [5] Later, globalization and the prominent role of Western sports in the Olympic Games helped further grow Western sports. [1] [6] [7] The most-watched international sporting event is the FIFA World Cup, which showcases the Western sport of football (also known as soccer). [8]

History

A depiction of the king in chess, the central playing piece. Chess was transmitted to Europe from India, undergoing various modifications along the way, and today is one of the most well-known Western board games. Chess king.jpg
A depiction of the king in chess, the central playing piece. Chess was transmitted to Europe from India, undergoing various modifications along the way, and today is one of the most well-known Western board games.

Various minor games and board games were transmitted between the West and the rest of the world in antiquity. Chess originated in India as chaturanga. [9]

Antiquity

The Romans built immense structures such as the amphitheatres to house their festivals of sport. The Romans exhibited a passion for blood sports, such as the infamous Gladiatorial battles that pitted contestants against one another in a fight to the death. The Olympic Games revived many of the sports of classical antiquity—such as Greco-Roman wrestling, discus and javelin. [10] The sport of bullfighting is a traditional spectacle of Spain, Portugal, southern France, and some Latin American countries. It traces its roots to prehistoric bull worship and sacrifice and is often linked to Rome, where many human-versus-animal events were held. Bullfighting spread from Spain to its American colonies, and in the 19th century to France, where it developed into a distinctive form in its own right. [11]

Middle Ages

Jousting and hunting were popular sports in the European Middle Ages, and the aristocratic classes developed passions for leisure activities. A great number of popular global sports were first developed or codified in Europe. The modern game of golf originated in Scotland, where the first written record of golf is James II's banning of the game in 1457, as an unwelcome distraction to learning archery. [12]

Colonial era

A depiction of Americans playing polo, an Asian-origin game standardized and spread by the British. Aiken - Polo playing.jpg
A depiction of Americans playing polo, an Asian-origin game standardized and spread by the British.

Western European countries used sport as a method to increase cultural connections between themselves and their colonies. Colonizers also used sport as a way to keep their soldiers fit in tough environments and to create social changes among colonized peoples; the philosophy of Muscular Christianity was influential in this regard in British colonies, and was also put in practice in Asia by the YMCA. [13] This had an intended effect of causing the decline of traditional sports around the world. [14] [15] [16] [17] On the other hand, colonized peoples often used Western sports as an opportunity to prove themselves by defeating their colonizers in said sports; this contributed to many nascent independence movements. [18]

In South Asia, the influence of and resistance to Western sport also led to the standardization of some traditional Indian games such as kabaddi and introduced organized competitions at statewide and national levels for these games. [19] [20] [21] In China, the introduction of Western sports resulted in sports being valued more in terms of their competitive aspects, [22] [23] in contrast to a native emphasis on sports being used for harmony between people and nature. [24] [25] [26] In Japan, Western sports were adopted as part of the Meiji era modernization, and were given values in line with the samurai philosophy of Bushido. [27] In Africa, Western sports were imposed with an eye towards the physical threat posed to colonizers by some of the militaristic training activities that Africans had traditionally practiced, and as a way of arguing that Western civilization was more rational and thus superior to African society by emphasizing the fact that Western sports had more elements of standardization and structure, such as yellow cards, fields with chalked-out straight lines, and stopwatches to measure time periods, than traditional African games. [28] [29]

Some sports were imported to the West from its colonies; for example, the equestrian game of polo, which was discovered by the British in South Asia, was spread by the British worldwide in a British-standardized form. [30] [31] The British also modified some Indian board games to create the modern games of snakes and ladders and ludo. [32]

British sports

The Industrial Revolution that began in Great Britain in the 18th century brought increased leisure time, leading to more opportunities for British citizens to participate in athletic activities and also follow spectator sports. These trends continued with the advent of mass media and global communication. The bat and ball sport of cricket was first played in England during the 16th century and was exported around the globe via the British Empire. A number of popular modern sports were devised or codified in the United Kingdom during the 19th century and obtained global prominence; these include ping pong, modern tennis, association football, netball and rugby. [33] Many sports which originated in Britain were spread throughout the British Empire during the early modern and Victorian eras, with the British sometimes using these sports to propagate British moral values among their colonial subjects, as well as to assert the superiority of British culture. [34] [35] [36]

American sports

A baseball game being played between American Marines and Japanese players. Baseball is a game invented by the English, modified by America, and became a popular sport in Japan and neighboring countries. Baseball builds bonds, Okinawa, Marine baseball teams compete 120811-M-IM838-001.jpg
A baseball game being played between American Marines and Japanese players. Baseball is a game invented by the English, modified by America, and became a popular sport in Japan and neighboring countries.

The United States also developed unique variations of English sports: English migrants took antecedents of baseball to America during the colonial period, and the history of American football can be traced to early versions of rugby football and association football. [37] Many games are known as "football" were being played at colleges and universities in the United States in the first half of the 19th century. American football resulted from several major divergences from rugby, most notably the rule changes instituted by Walter Camp, the "Father of American football". [38] Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith, a Canadian physical education instructor working in Springfield, Massachusetts, in the United States. [39] Volleyball was created in Holyoke, Massachusetts, a city directly north of Springfield, in 1895. [40] In the case of lacrosse, a Native American sport became a professional American sport. [41] [42]

The United States pioneered the professionalization of sports; leagues like Major League Baseball, National Football League, and the National Basketball Association are still among the wealthiest leagues in the world. [43] [44] Many sports which were professionalized were originally children's games; [45] baseball, for example, began to be taken more seriously when gamblers saw an opportunity to commercialize the sport and started pioneering rigorous statistical reporting for baseball games to create investment opportunities. [46]

America introduced some of its sports to various Asian countries (including American colonies in Asia); this resulted in baseball becoming established in Japan and basketball becoming popular in China. [47] Japanese colonization of East Asia helped to spread baseball and other Western sports in the region. [48] [49]

Contemporary era

A bowler about to deliver the ball to the batter in cricket. Cricket's T20 format and its associated leagues have rapidly globalised, with the Indian Premier League now among the richest sports leagues in the world. T20 final 2009.jpg
A bowler about to deliver the ball to the batter in cricket. Cricket's T20 format and its associated leagues have rapidly globalised, with the Indian Premier League now among the richest sports leagues in the world.

Even as European colonization of the world came to an end after World War 2, Western sports continued to play a prominent role. Western sports became an important part of nation-building and diplomacy for some newly independent countries; [51] [52] [53] for example, cricket played a significant role in helping India unite its diverse peoples and conduct diplomacy when it faced tensions with its neighbor Pakistan, [54] [55] and when Japan was undergoing its post-war occupation, baseball was promoted by Americans as a way of creating reconciliation. [56] Another example of diplomacy was the launching of the Asian Games, which were meant to promote Pan-Asianism. [57]

Western sports also play an important role in the promotion of health and good societal values (such as gender equality) in former colonies, [58] and are generally seen as an important part of the modernization process. [22] The worldwide dominance of Western sports has also resulted in competitions based in Western countries overtaking the popularity of local competitions in other parts of the world, [59] and the further decline of non-Western sports. [60] [61] [62] Western sports have also grown because of their economic dominance and brand identification among fans. [63] [64]

The Olympic Games, though they initially started off with an emphasis on including traditional games from around the world, [65] eventually became a major transmission vector for Western sports, with Western nations dominating in the event. [66] However, some non-Western sports such as judo have over time become part of the Olympics. [67] [68]

E-sports have emerged in the modern era; video game adaptations of Western sports have also become popular, such as the FIFA video game series. [69] Some traditional Western games have also been adapted into major professional competitions, as is the case with World Chase Tag for the game of tag. [70]

Major multi-sport events

The logo of the Olympic Games. Olympic flag.svg
The logo of the Olympic Games.

Olympic Games

This section is an excerpt from Olympic Games.[ edit ]

The modern Olympic Games (OG; or Olympics; French: Jeux olympiques, JO) [lower-alpha 2] [71] are the world's leading international sporting events. They feature summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered the world's foremost sports competition, with more than 200 teams, representing sovereign states and territories, participating. By default, the Games generally substitute for any world championships during the year in which they take place (however, each class usually maintains its own records). [72] The Olympics are staged every four years. Since 1994, they have alternated between the Summer and Winter Olympics every two years during the four-year Olympiad. [73] [74]

Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, held in Olympia, Greece from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, which encompasses all entities and individuals involved in the Olympic Games. The Olympic Charter defines their structure and authority.

Commonwealth Games

A map of the various countries which have hosted the Commonwealth Games, which are mainly contested by former British colonies. Commonwealth Games years participants.PNG
A map of the various countries which have hosted the Commonwealth Games, which are mainly contested by former British colonies.
This section is an excerpt from Commonwealth Games.[ edit ]
The Commonwealth Games [lower-alpha 3] is a quadrennial international multi-sport event among athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations, which consists mostly, but not exclusively, of territories of the former British Empire. The event was first held in 1930 as the British Empire Games and, with the exception of 1942 and 1946 (which were cancelled due to World War II), has successively run every four years since. [79] The event was called the British Empire Games from 1930 to 1950 (four editions), the British Empire and Commonwealth Games from 1954 to 1966 (four editions), and the British Commonwealth Games from 1970 to 1974 (two editions). The event removed the word British from its title for the 1978 Games and has maintained its current name ever since (twelve editions as of 2024).

List of sports

Athletics

This section is an excerpt from Sport of athletics.[ edit ]


Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running, jumping. [80] The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field, road running, cross-country running, and racewalking.

Bat-and ball games

This section is an excerpt from Bat-and-ball games.[ edit ]
Young men playing a bat-and-ball game in a 13th-century manuscript of the Galician Cantigas de Santa Maria. Cantigas de Santa Maria - Xogo da pelota.jpg
Young men playing a bat-and-ball game in a 13th-century manuscript of the Galician Cantigas de Santa Maria.
Bat-and-ball games, or safe haven games, [81] are field games played by two opposing teams. Action starts when the defending team throws a ball at a dedicated player of the attacking team, who tries to hit it with a bat and then run between various safe areas in the field to score runs (points). The defending team can use the ball in various ways against the attacking team's players to force them off the field ("get them out") when they are not in safe zones, and thus prevent them from further scoring. [82] [83] The best known modern bat-and-ball games are cricket and baseball, with common roots in the 18th-century games played in England.

Baseball

This section is an excerpt from Baseball.[ edit ]
Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each, taking turns batting and fielding. The game occurs over the course of several plays, with each play generally beginning when a player on the fielding team, called the pitcher, throws a ball that a player on the batting team, called the batter, tries to hit with a bat. The objective of the offensive team (batting team) is to hit the ball into the field of play, away from the other team's players, allowing its players to run the bases, having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called "runs". The objective of the defensive team (referred to as the fielding team) is to prevent batters from becoming runners, and to prevent runners' advance around the bases. A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate (the place where the player started as a batter).

Cricket

This section is an excerpt from Cricket.[ edit ]
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field, at the centre of which is a pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails (small sticks) balanced on three stumps. Two players from the batting team, the striker and nonstriker, stand in front of either wicket holding bats, while one player from the fielding team, the bowler, bowls the ball toward the striker's wicket from the opposite end of the pitch. The striker's goal is to hit the bowled ball with the bat and then switch places with the nonstriker, with the batting team scoring one run for each of these exchanges. Runs are also scored when the ball reaches the boundary of the field or when the ball is bowled illegally.

Goal sports

This section is an excerpt from Goal (sports).[ edit ]
Peter Bondra scoring a goal in ice hockey Peter Bondra scoring.jpg
Peter Bondra scoring a goal in ice hockey
In sport, a goal may refer to either an instance of scoring, or to the physical structure or area where an attacking team must send the ball or puck in order to score points. The structure of a goal varies from sport to sport, and one is placed at or near each end of the playing field for each team to defend. Sports which feature goal scoring are also commonly known as invasion games. [84] [85]

Basketball

This section is an excerpt from Basketball.[ edit ]
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular court, compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball (approximately 9.4 inches (24 cm) in diameter) through the defender's hoop (a basket 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter mounted 10 feet (3.048 m) high to a backboard at each end of the court), while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop. A field goal is worth two points, unless made from behind the three-point line, when it is worth three. After a foul, timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one, two or three one-point free throws. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but if regulation play expires with the score tied, an additional period of play (overtime) is mandated.

Football

This section is an excerpt from Football.[ edit ]
Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word football generally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly called football include association football (known as soccer in Australia, Canada, South Africa, the United States, and sometimes in Ireland and New Zealand); Australian rules football; Gaelic football; gridiron football (specifically American football, arena football, or Canadian football); International rules football; rugby league football; and rugby union football. These various forms of football share, to varying degrees, common origins and are known as "football codes".

Hockey

This section is an excerpt from Hockey.[ edit ]
Hockey is a term used to denote a family of various types of both summer and winter team sports which originated on either an outdoor field, sheet of ice, or dry floor such as in a gymnasium. While these sports vary in specific rules, numbers of players, apparel, and playing surface, they share broad characteristics of two opposing teams using sticks to propel a ball or disk into a goal.

Golf

This section is an excerpt from Golf.[ edit ]
A golfer in the finishing position after hitting a tee shot Golfer swing.jpg
A golfer in the finishing position after hitting a tee shot
Golf is a club-and-ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit a ball into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible.

Racket sports

This section is an excerpt from List of racket sports.[ edit ]
Racket sports (or racquet sports) are games in which players use a racket or paddle to hit a ball or other object. Rackets consist of a handled frame with an open hoop that supports a network of tightly stretched strings. Paddles have a solid face rather than a network of strings, but may be perforated with a pattern of holes, or be covered with a textured surface.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baseball</span> Bat-and-ball game

Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each, taking turns batting and fielding. The game occurs over the course of several plays, with each play generally beginning when a player on the fielding team, called the pitcher, throws a ball that a player on the batting team, called the batter, tries to hit with a bat. The objective of the offensive team is to hit the ball into the field of play, away from the other team's players, allowing its players to run the bases, having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called "runs". The objective of the defensive team is to prevent batters from becoming runners, and to prevent runners' advance around the bases. A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate.

Today, baseball is a popular sport around the world with numerous countries practicing it at amateur and professional levels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of sport</span> Study of the development of sport over time

The history of sports extends back to the Ancient world in 7000 BC. The physical activity that developed into sports had early links with warfare and entertainment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of baseball</span>

The history of baseball can be broken down into various aspects: by era, by locale, by organizational-type, game evolution, as well as by political and cultural influence. The game evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century. This game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States, and had begun to spread throughout the Pacific Rim and the Americas. Today, baseball is popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and East Asia, particularly in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coach (sport)</span> Person involved in directing, instructing and training sportspeople

An athletic coach is a person coaching in sport, involved in the direction, instruction, and training of a sports team or athlete.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of cricket</span> History of the sport of Cricket

The sport of cricket has a known history beginning in the late 16th century England. It became an established sport in the country in the 18th century and developed globally in the 19th and 20th centuries. International matches have been played since the 19th-century and formal Test cricket matches are considered to date from 1877. Cricket is the world's second most popular spectator sport, after association football (soccer).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Team sport</span> Sport with players in opposing teams

A team sport is a type of sport where the fundamental nature of the game or sport requires the participation of multiple individuals working together as a team, and it is inherently impossible or highly impractical to execute the sport as a single-player endeavour. In team sports, the cooperative effort of team members is essential for the sport to function and achieve its objectives. The objective often involves teammates facilitating the movement of a ball or similar object in accordance with a set of rules in order to score points. Examples are basketball, volleyball, rugby, water polo, handball, lacrosse, cricket, baseball, and the various forms of football and hockey. These sports emphasize teamwork, strategy, and coordination among team members while competing against opposing teams to achieve a common goal. Team sports do not include individual or individual-to-team events within a sport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stoolball</span> Paddle sport from Sussex, England

Stoolball is a sport that dates back to at least the 15th century, originating in Sussex, southern England. It is considered a "traditional striking and fielding sport" and may be an ancestor of cricket, baseball, softball, and rounders. The sport has been called "cricket in the air". There is evidence to suggest that it was played as a tradition by milkmaids who used their milking stools as a "wicket" and the bittle, or milk bowl as a bat, hence its archaic name of bittle-battle.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bat-and-ball games</span> Field games played by two opposing teams

Bat-and-ball games, or safe haven games, are field games played by two opposing teams. Action starts when the defending team throws a ball at a dedicated player of the attacking team, who tries to hit it with a bat and then run between various safe areas in the field to score runs (points). The defending team can use the ball in various ways against the attacking team's players to force them off the field when they are not in safe zones, and thus prevent them from further scoring. The best known modern bat-and-ball games are cricket and baseball, with common roots in the 18th-century games played in England.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sports in Asia</span> Overview of sport in Asia

Association football and basketball are the most popular sports in Asia. Cricket is the third most popular sport in Asia, and is most popular in South Asia. Other popular sports in Asia include baseball, badminton and table tennis among others. There are also some traditional sports that are popular in certain regions of Asia, such as the South Asian sports kabaddi and kho-kho, and sepak takraw in Southeast Asia. Top sporting nations/regions in Asia include China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, India, Iran, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport in India</span>

India has a history of sports dating back to the Vedic period, with Western sports having been imported during British rule. Cricket is the most popular spectator sport; it generates the highest television viewership, with the Indian Premier League (IPL) being the most-followed league in the country. Football has also gained popularity, with the Indian Super League (ISL) being the highest level of domestic football, and the national team winning multiple gold medals at the Asian and South Asian Games. Additional football accomplishments include India having reached the Groupstage of the 1960 Olympics, qualified for the 1950 FIFA World Cup, and won the SAFF Championship. Other sports include kabaddi, badminton, tennis, and athletics, with kho-kho becoming the fourth-most viewed sport. India has also had success in field hockey, winning the World Cup and multiple medals in the Olympic Games. Sports such as golf, rugby, boxing, kickboxing, mixed martial arts, motorsport, wrestling, and basketball are featured throughout the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cricket</span> Team sport played with a bat and ball

Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field, at the centre of which is a 22-yard pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. Two players from the batting team, the striker and nonstriker, stand in front of either wicket holding bats, while one player from the fielding team, the bowler, bowls the ball toward the striker's wicket from the opposite end of the pitch. The striker's goal is to hit the bowled ball with the bat and then switch places with the nonstriker, with the batting team scoring one run for each of these exchanges. Runs are also scored when the ball reaches the boundary of the field or when the ball is bowled illegally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of sports in the United States</span>

The history of sports in the United States reveals that American football, baseball, softball, and indoor soccer evolved from older British sports—rugby football, British baseball, rounders, and association football, respectively. Over time, these sports diverged significantly from their European origins, developing into distinctly American versions. For example, over time, American football developed its own rules and style, becoming distinctly different from its British predecessor and uniquely American. While baseball's origins can be traced to British bat-and-ball games such as British baseball, its development in the United States also incorporated elements from various other bat-and-ball games. Today, baseball enjoys widespread international popularity, especially in East Asia and Latin America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baseball5</span> WBSC-governed variation of baseball

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Traditional games of India</span> Pre-colonial sports heritage of India

India has several traditional games and sports, some of which have been played for thousands of years. Their popularity has greatly declined in the modern era, with Western sports having overtaken them during the British Raj, and the Indian government now making some efforts to revive them. Many of these games do not require much equipment or playing space. Some of them are only played in certain regions of India, or may be known by different names and played under different rules and regulations in different regions of the country. Many Indian games are also similar to other traditional South Asian games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport in South Asia</span>

Many sports are played in South Asia, with cricket being the most popular of them; 90% of the sport's worldwide fans live in South Asia. Football is followed passionately in some parts of South Asia, such as Kerala and Bengal. Field hockey was popular for several decades, with some of South Asia's greatest sporting accomplishments having taken place in this sport. Some native South Asian games are played professionally in the region, such as kabaddi and kho-kho, and also feature in regional competitions such as the South Asian Games and Asian Games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Traditional sports and games</span> Pre-modern/non-Western heritage sports

Traditional sports and games are physical activities which were played for centuries by people around the world before the advent of modern Western sports. Many TSGs lost popularity or died off during the colonial era due to the imposition and spread of Western sports. Further decline has occurred in the post-colonial era.

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Notes

  1. ↑ Either because they were invented in a Western country, were played in the West for centuries, or were primarily spread around the world by the West.
  2. ↑ English and French are the official languages of the Olympic Movement.
  3. ↑ which also refers itself as the Friendly Games [75] [76] or simply the Comm Games. [77] [78]
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