Immigration to the Western world

Last updated
The Statue of Liberty, which has come to embody the American ideals surrounding immigration. Liberty Island and Downtown Jersey City, 20231001 1038 0866.jpg
The Statue of Liberty, which has come to embody the American ideals surrounding immigration.

Immigration has had a major influence on the demographics and culture of the Western world. Immigration to the West started happening in significant numbers during the 1960s and afterward, [1] as Europe made its post-war economic recovery and the United States passed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 allowing non-European immigration. [2] [3] [4] [5]

Contents

Immigration to the West has often been related to the West's colonial history; for example, immigration to Britain historically has come largely from former British colonies (generally as part of the broader Commonwealth migration.) [6] [7] Wars that Western countries have recently been involved in, and the fallout or flows of refugees associated with them, have also been tied to the inflow of immigration. [8]

Significant debate has taken place around the economic and other benefits associated with immigration (particularly for low-skilled workers), [9] [10] with Western governments often more in favor of immigration than their constituents. [11] Debate has also taken place around both the theory and current state of integration of the immigrants, with some favoring multiculturalism as a solution. [12]

History

In the United States, theories around immigration have historically revolved around the metaphor of a melting pot, wherein different kinds of immigrants would eventually become more homogeneous and Americanized over time, [13] with such effects seen even today. [14]

Colonial era

Post-war era

Internal migration

There is significant migration between the countries of the European Union, where there is freedom of movement. [15] Migration between OECD countries is also notable, though sometimes limited by cultural differences. [16]

Backlash

Backlash to immigration has impacted Western politics significantly; [17] [18] for example, Britain's decision to leave the European Union was informed partly by some of its voters' desire to reduce immigration. [19] This backlash has helped far-right politics become more prevalent. [20]

Illegal immigration

The USA-Mexico border wall at Tijuana. Mexico-US border at Tijuana.jpg
The USA-Mexico border wall at Tijuana.

There has been an increase in anti-immigration sentiment in the West in relation to illegal immigration. [21] [22] In the United States, right-wing politicians have called for a border wall with Mexico, [23] [19] and in European politics, accusations have been made of a "Fortress Europe" mentality. [24] [25]

Muslim immigration

American responses to Muslim immigration have been influenced by the September 11 attacks. [26] [27] Within Europe, there has been a concerted backlash to Muslim immigration. Some feel that Muslim Europeans do not fully embody Western values, [28] while others have focused on publicizing various violent incidents perpetrated by Muslims. [29]

Some members of the Muslim diaspora have become more religious over time, either in response to hostility, or as a result of newer generations seeking a connection with their ancestral homeland and practices. [30]

In Europe, certain countries have banned elements of Muslim-associated culture, as is the case with France's burqa ban. [31]

Terrorism

Attention has been called to the rise of "lone-wolf" Islamist terror in Europe, which is partially motivated by anger from some European-born Muslims against their former colonial masters, and how it differs from the relative success of North America in ameliorating native-born Islamic terrorism. [32] [33]

Societal cohesion and cultural preservation

Some oppose immigration on the basis that it increases cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity in a way that threatens native cultures and can impair social integration. [34] [1] [35]

This resistance has been noted in the context of the European Union after it expanded to include Eastern Europe, as many migrated towards Western Europe. [36]

Great Replacement

The Great Replacement (French: Grand Remplacement), also known as replacement theory or great replacement theory, [37] [38] [39] is a white nationalist [40] far-right conspiracy theory [39] [41] [42] [43] espoused by French author Renaud Camus. The original theory states that, with the complicity or cooperation of "replacist" elites, [lower-alpha 1] [41] [44] the ethnic French and white European populations at large are being demographically and culturally replaced by non-white peoples—especially from Muslim-majority countries—through mass migration, demographic growth and a drop in the birth rate of white Europeans. [41] [45] [46] Since then, similar claims have been advanced in other national contexts, notably in the United States. [47] Mainstream scholars have dismissed these claims of a conspiracy of "replacist" elites as rooted in a misunderstanding of demographic statistics and premised upon an unscientific, racist worldview. [48] [49] [50] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , the Great Replacement "has been widely ridiculed for its blatant absurdity." [39]

See also

Notes

  1. French: pouvoir/élite remplaciste

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurabia conspiracy theory</span> Far-right Islamophobic conspiracy theory

"Eurabia" is a far-right, anti-Muslim conspiracy theory that posits that globalist entities, led by French and Arab powers, aim to Islamize and Arabize Europe, thereby weakening its existing culture and undermining its previous alliances with the United States and Israel.

<i>The Camp of the Saints</i> 1973 French anti-immigration novel by Jean Raspail

The Camp of the Saints is a 1973 French dystopian fiction novel by author and explorer Jean Raspail. A speculative fictional account, it depicts the destruction of Western civilization through Third World mass immigration to France and the Western world. Almost forty years after its initial publication, the novel returned to the bestseller list in 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Europe</span>

Islam is the second-largest religion in Europe after Christianity. Although the majority of Muslim communities in Western Europe formed recently, there are centuries-old Muslim communities in the Balkans, Caucasus, Crimea, and Volga region. The term "Muslim Europe" is used to refer to the Muslim-majority countries in the Balkans and parts of countries in Eastern Europe with sizable Muslim minorities that constitute large populations of indigenous European Muslims, although the majority are secular.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immigration</span> Movement of people into another country or region to which they are not native

Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not usual residents or where they do not possess nationality in order to settle as permanent residents. Commuters, tourists, and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration; seasonal labour immigration is sometimes included, however.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sociology of immigration</span>

The sociology of immigration involves the sociological analysis of immigration, particularly with respect to race and ethnicity, social structure, and political policy. Important concepts include assimilation, enculturation, marginalization, multiculturalism, postcolonialism, transnationalism and social cohesion.

Opposition to immigration, also known as anti-immigration, is a political ideology that seeks to restrict the incoming of people from one area to another. In the modern sense, immigration refers to the entry of people from one state or territory into another state or territory in which they are not citizens in contrast, but closely correspond to emigration which refers people leaving one state or territory in which they are citizens. Illegal immigration occurs when people immigrate to a country without having official permission to do so. Opposition to immigration ranges from calls for various immigration reforms, to proposals to completely restrict immigration, to calls for repatriation of existing immigrants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Right-wing populism</span> Political ideology

Right-wing populism, also called national populism and right-wing nationalism, is a political ideology that combines right-wing politics and populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric employs anti-elitist sentiments, opposition to the Establishment, and speaking to or for the "common people". Recurring themes of right-wing populists include neo-nationalism, social conservatism, economic nationalism and fiscal conservatism. Frequently, they aim to defend a national culture, identity, and economy against perceived attacks by outsiders. Right-wing populism has remained the dominant political force in the Republican Party in the United States since the 2010s.

The concept of demographic threat is a term used in political conversation or demography to refer to population increases from within a minority ethnic or religious group in a given country that is perceived as threatening to the ethnic, racial or religious majority, stability of the country or to the identity of said countries in which it is present in.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas Murray (author)</span> British author and right wing political commentator

Douglas Murray is a British author and conservative political commentator. He founded the Centre for Social Cohesion in 2007, which became part of the Henry Jackson Society, where he was associate director from 2011 to 2018. He is currently an associate editor of the conservative British political and cultural magazine The Spectator.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Renaud Camus</span> French novelist and conspiracy theorist (born 1946)

Renaud Camus is a French novelist, conspiracy theorist, and white nationalist writer. He is the inventor of the "Great Replacement", a far-right conspiracy theory that claims that a "global elite" is colluding against the white population of Europe to replace them with non-European peoples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Identitarian movement</span> European far-right political movement

The Identitarian movement or Identitarianism is a pan-European, ethno-nationalist, far-right political ideology asserting the right of European ethnic groups and white peoples to Western culture and territories claimed to belong exclusively to them. Originating in France as Les Identitaires, with its youth wing Generation Identity (GI), the movement expanded to other European countries during the early 21st century. Its ideology was formulated from the 1960s onward by essayists such as Alain de Benoist, Dominique Venner, Guillaume Faye and Renaud Camus, who are considered the main ideological sources of the movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White genocide conspiracy theory</span> White supremacist conspiracy theory

The white genocide, white extinction, or white replacement conspiracy theory is a white supremacist conspiracy theory that claims there is a deliberate plot to cause the extinction of whites through forced assimilation, mass immigration, and/or violent genocide. It purports that this goal is advanced through the promotion of miscegenation, interracial marriage, mass non-white immigration, racial integration, low fertility rates, abortion, pornography, LGBT identities, governmental land-confiscation from whites, organised violence, and eliminationism in majority white countries. Under some theories, Black people, Hispanics, and Muslims are blamed for the secret plot, but usually as more fertile immigrants, invaders, or violent aggressors, rather than as the masterminds. A related, but distinct, conspiracy theory is the Great Replacement theory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eric Kaufmann</span> Canadian political and religious demographer

Eric Peter Kaufmann is a Canadian professor of politics from the University of Buckingham. He was appointed in October 2023, following his resignation from his post at Birkbeck, University of London, after two decades of service, citing political differences. He is a specialist on Orangeism in Northern Ireland, nationalism, and political and religious demography. He has authored, co-authored, and edited books and other publications on these subjects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Council of European Resistance</span> European far-right political organization

The National Council of European Resistance is a France-based pan-European far-right political organization co-founded by Renaud Camus and Karim Ouchikh on 9 November 2017 by analogy to the National Council of the Resistance. It has links to the identitarian movement.

The Great Replacement, also known as replacement theory or great replacement theory, is a white nationalist far-right conspiracy theory espoused by French author Renaud Camus. The original theory states that, with the complicity or cooperation of "replacist" elites, the ethnic French and white European populations at large are being demographically and culturally replaced by non-white peoples—especially from Muslim-majority countries—through mass migration, demographic growth and a drop in the birth rate of white Europeans. Since then, similar claims have been advanced in other national contexts, notably in the United States. Mainstream scholars have dismissed these claims of a conspiracy of "replacist" elites as rooted in a misunderstanding of demographic statistics and premised upon an unscientific, racist worldview. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the Great Replacement "has been widely ridiculed for its blatant absurdity."

Islamophobia in France holds a particularly political significance since France has the largest proportion of Muslims in the Western world, primarily due to the migration from Maghrebi, West African, and Middle Eastern countries. The existence of discrimination against Muslims is reported by the media in the Muslim world and by the perceived segregation and alienation of Muslims within the French community. The belief that there is an anti-Muslim climate in France is heavily criticised by some members of the French Muslim community who terms it an 'exaggeration'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Remigration</span> Forced or promoted return of non-European immigrants

Remigration, or re-immigration, sometimes euphemized as "repatriation", is a political concept referring to the forced or promoted return of non-ethnically European immigrants, often including their European-born descendants, back to their place of racial origin, regardless of citizenship status. This idea is especially popular within the Identitarian movement in Europe. Most proponents of remigration suggest leaving some residents with non-European background aside from the forced return, based on a vaguely defined degree of assimilation into European culture.

White demographic decline is a decrease in the White populace numerically and or as a percentage of the total population in a city, state, subregion, or nation. It has been recorded in a number of countries and smaller jurisdictions. For example, according to national censuses, White Americans, White Canadians, White Latin Americans, and White people in the United Kingdom are in demographic decline in the United States, Canada, Latin America, and the United Kingdom, respectively. White demographic decline can also be observed in other countries including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Germany, Spain, Italy, and Zimbabwe.

In the United States, the populist Great Replacement conspiracy theory holds the view that "political elites" are purposefully seeking to increase the number of racial minorities in an attempt to displace the white American population. Believers in the conspiracy theory have used it as a racist trope in an attempt to advocate anti-immigration policies and dogwhistle to xenophobic ideology. The theory has received strong support in many sectors of the Republican Party. According to David Smith, "Two in three Republicans agree with the 'great replacement' theory." As a result, it has become a major issue of political debate. It has also stimulated violent reactionary responses, including mass murders. The name is derived from the "Great Replacement" theory, invented in 2011 by the French author Renaud Camus; it is promoted in Europe, and it also has some similarities to the white genocide conspiracy theory, popularized by the American terrorist David Lane in his 1995 White Genocide Manifesto.

Demographic jihad is a purported phenomenon in which Muslims migrate to or have children in a particular region in order to demographically and otherwise dominate it.

References

  1. 1 2 Meer, Tom van der; Tolsma, Jochem (2014-07-30). "Ethnic Diversity and Its Effects on Social Cohesion". Annual Review of Sociology. 40 (1): 459–478. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043309 . hdl: 2066/133583 . ISSN   0360-0572.
  2. Delanty, Gerard, ed. (2006-10-03). Europe and Asia beyond East and West. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-134-18141-4.
  3. Therborn, Göran (1987). "Migration and Western Europe: the Old World Turning New". Science. 237 (4819): 1183–1188. ISSN   0036-8075.
  4. "How the Immigration Act of 1965 Changed the Face of America". HISTORY. 2019-08-12. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  5. Chow, Emily; Keating, Dan (2013-05-20). "The state of U.S. immigration". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  6. Tarumoto, Hideki (2023-03-27), "Considering Super-diversity in Immigration: Post-Western Sociology and the Japanese Case", Handbook of Post-Western Sociology: From East Asia to Europe, Brill, pp. 664–676, ISBN   978-90-04-52932-8 , retrieved 2023-11-19
  7. Caldwell, Christopher (2009-07-28). Reflections on the Revolution In Europe: Immigration, Islam, and the West. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN   978-0-385-52924-2.
  8. Meyers, Eytan (2002). "The causes of convergence in Western immigration control". Review of International Studies. 28 (1): 123–141. doi:10.1017/S0260210502001237. ISSN   1469-9044.
  9. Azarnert, Leonid V. (2010-12-01). "Immigration, fertility, and human capital: A model of economic decline of the West". European Journal of Political Economy. 26 (4): 431–440. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2010.03.006. hdl: 10419/38999 . ISSN   0176-2680.
  10. Venturi, Richard. "Immigration in the West and Its Discontents". www.strategie.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  11. Hochschild, Jennifer; Mollenkopf, John (2009). Delivering Citizenship. Berlin, Germany: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung.
  12. Joppke, Christian (1998-02-12). Challenge to the Nation-State: Immigration in Western Europe and the United States. OUP Oxford. ISBN   978-0-19-152193-5.
  13. Gerstle, Gary (2001). American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century (REV - Revised ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN   978-0-691-17327-6.
  14. "Migration and Cultural Change". www.cato.org. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  15. NW, 1615 L. St; Suite 800Washington; Inquiries, DC 20036USA202-419-4300 | Main202-857-8562 | Fax202-419-4372 | Media. "Origins and destinations of European Union migrants within the EU". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved 2023-11-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. Belot, Michèle; Ederveen, Sjef (2012). "Cultural barriers in migration between OECD countries". Journal of Population Economics. 25 (3): 1077–1105. ISSN   0933-1433.
  17. "Record migration sparks backlash in wealthy nations". Axios.
  18. Baldwin‐Edwards, Martin; Schain, Martin A. (1994). "The politics of immigration: Introduction". West European Politics. 17 (2): 1–16. doi:10.1080/01402389408425011. ISSN   0140-2382.
  19. 1 2 Porter, Eduardo; Russell, Karl (2018-06-20). "Migrants Are on the Rise Around the World, and Myths About Them Are Shaping Attitudes". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  20. Haltinner, Jackie Hogan, Kristin (2017), "Floods, Invaders, and Parasites: Immigration Threat Narratives and Right-Wing Populism in the USA, UK and Australia", National Identity in an Age of Migration, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781315543048-7/floods-invaders-parasites-immigration-threat-narratives-right-wing-populism-usa-uk-australia-jackie-hogan-kristin-haltinner, ISBN   978-1-315-54304-8 , retrieved 2023-11-23{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. Fairless, Tom (2023-07-08). "Immigration Backlashes Spread Around the World". Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  22. Connor, Phillip; Passel, Jeffrey S.; Krogstad, Jens Manuel. "How European and U.S. unauthorized immigrant populations compare". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  23. Gramlich, John. "How Americans see illegal immigration, the border wall and political compromise". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  24. "Migration policy: three things to know about 'Fortress Europe'". ODI: Think change. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  25. Vives, Luna (2016-03-01). "The European Union–West African sea border: Anti-immigration strategies and territoriality". European Urban and Regional Studies. 24 (2): 209–224. doi:10.1177/0969776416631790. ISSN   0969-7764.
  26. "Islam in the West: From Immigration to Global Islam" (PDF). Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review.
  27. Gould, Eric D.; Klor, Esteban F. (2016). "The Long-run Effect of 9/11: Terrorism, Backlash, and the Assimilation of Muslim Immigrants in the West". The Economic Journal. 126 (597): 2064–2114. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12219.
  28. "The role of Islam in European populism: How refugee flows and fear of Muslims drive right-wing support". Brookings. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  29. Morgan, George (2016-04-22). Global Islamophobia: Muslims and Moral Panic in the West. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-317-12772-7.
  30. Voas, David; Fleischmann, Fenella (2012-08-11). "Islam Moves West: Religious Change in the First and Second Generations". Annual Review of Sociology. 38 (1): 525–545. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145455. ISSN   0360-0572.
  31. Algan, Yann; Bisin, Alberto; Manning, Alan; Verdier, Thierry, eds. (2012). Cultural Integration of Immigrants in Europe. Oxford University Press.
  32. "Assimilation, Security, and Borders in the Member States". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
  33. Leiken, Robert S. (2005). "Europe's Angry Muslims". Foreign Affairs. 84 (4): 120–135. doi:10.2307/20034425. ISSN   0015-7120.
  34. Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth (2005). "Threatened by diversity: Why restrictive asylum and immigration policies appeal to western Europeans". Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties. 15 (1): 21–45. doi:10.1080/13689880500064577. ISSN   1745-7289.
  35. Ata, Abe W. (2020-09-22). Muslim Minorities and Social Cohesion: Cultural Fragmentation in the West. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-000-09647-7.
  36. Johns, Michael (2014-02-27). The New Minorities of Europe: Social Cohesion in the European Union. Lexington Books. ISBN   978-0-7391-4950-8.
  37. Bracke, Sarah; Aguilar, Luis Manuel Hernández (2020). "'They love death as we love life': The 'Muslim Question' and the biopolitics of replacement". The British Journal of Sociology. 71 (4): 680–701. doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12742 . ISSN   1468-4446. PMC   7540673 . PMID   32100887.
  38. Bowles, Nellie (18 March 2019). "'Replacement Theory,' a Racist, Sexist Doctrine, Spreads in Far-Right Circles". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019. Behind the idea is a racist conspiracy theory known as 'the replacement theory,' which was popularized by a right-wing French philosopher.
  39. 1 2 3 "Replacement theory". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2022-06-14.
  40. Feola, Michael (2020). "'You Will Not Replace Us': The Melancholic Nationalism of Whiteness". Political Theory. 49 (4): 528–553. doi: 10.1177/0090591720972745 . ISSN   0090-5917. This article addresses recent strains of white nationalism rooted within anxieties over demographic replacement (e.g., 'the Great Replacement').
  41. 1 2 3 Taguieff (2015), PT71.
  42. Baldauf, Johannes (2017). Toxische Narrative : Monitoring rechts-alternativer Akteure (PDF) (in Dutch). Berlin: Amadeu Antonio Stiftung. p. 11. ISBN   978-3-940878-29-8. OCLC   1042949000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ...this narrative is highly compatible with concrete conspiracy narratives about how this replacement is desired and planned, either by 'the politicians' or 'the elite,' which-ever connotes Jewishness more effectively.
  43. Korte, Barbara; Wendt, Simon; Falkenhayner, Nicole (2019). Heroism as a Global Phenomenon in Contemporary Culture. Routledge. PT176. ISBN   978-0429557842. This conspiracy theory, which was first articulated by the French philosopher Renaud Camus, has gained a lot of traction in Europe since 2015.
  44. Fourquet (2016), PT29.
  45. Froio, Caterina (21 August 2018). "Race, Religion, or Culture? Framing Islam between Racism and Neo-Racism in the Online Network of the French Far Right". Perspectives on Politics . 16 (3): 696–709. doi:10.1017/S1537592718001573. S2CID   149865406. ...the conspiracy theory of the Grand remplacement (Great replacement) positing the 'Islamo-substitution' of biologically autochthonous populations in the French metropolitan territory, by Muslim minorities mostly coming from sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb
  46. Bergmann (2021), pp. 37–38: "The term 'The Great Replacement' rose to new prominence when a deeply controversial French philosopher, Renaud Camus, used it for the title of his book published in 2011. Camus mainly focused on France, but he argued that European civilisation and identity was at risk of being subsumed by mass migration, especially from Muslim countries, and because of low birth rates among the native French people. (...) It found support widely in Europe and was, for instance, entangled in the more general White Genocide conspiracy theory, which nationalist far-right activists have upheld on both sides of the Atlantic.
  47. Richard Alba, The Great Demographic Illusion: Majority, Minority, and the Expanding American Mainstream (Princeton UP, 2020) https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691202112
  48. Jenkins, Cecil (2017). A Brief History of France. Little, Brown Book Group. PT342. ISBN   978-1-4721-4027-2. As for the grand replacement, this has been widely seen as a paranoid fantasy, which plays fast and loose with the statistics, is racist in that it classes as immigrants people actually born in France, glosses over the fact that around half of immigrants are from other European countries, and suggests that declining indigenous France will be outbred by Muslim newcomers when in fact it has the highest fertility rate in Western Europe, and not because of immigration.
  49. Buncombe, Andrew (17 May 2022). "Inside the data that debunks the 'Great Replacement' theory". The Independent.
  50. Rogers, Kaleigh (26 May 2022). "The Twisted Logic Behind The Right's 'Great Replacement' Arguments". FiveThirtyEight.

Works cited

  • Bergmann, Eirikur (2021). "The Eurabia Conspiracy Theory". Europe: Continent of Conspiracies: Conspiracy Theories in and about Europe. Routledge. pp. 36–53. ISBN   978-1-000-37339-4.
  • Fourquet, Jérôme (2016). Accueil ou submersion ?: Regards européens sur la crise des migrants (in French). Éditions de l'Aube. ISBN   978-2-8159-2026-1.
  • Taguieff, Pierre-André (2015). La revanche du nationalisme: Néopopulistes et xénophobes à l'assaut de l'Europe (in French). Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN   978-2-13-072950-1.

Further reading