Afro-Spaniards

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Afro-Spaniards
Diego Velazquez - Juan de Pareja (Metropolitan Museum of Art de Nueva York, 1649-50), detalle.jpg
Portrait of Juan de Pareja (1650) by Diego Velázquez, the painting portrays Juan de Pareja, an Afro-Spanish painter.
Total population
1,322,625 (Of those ~300,000 are Black Sub-Saharan African)
Regions with significant populations
Andalusia, Catalonia, the Balearics, the Canaries, Madrid, Murcia, Valencia
Languages
Spanish; English, French, Portuguese, various languages of Africa
Religion
Predominantly Christian (mainly Roman Catholic), Sunni Islam, Traditional African religions, others, nonreligious
Related ethnic groups
African people, Spanish Equatoguinean, Cape Verdean Spanish, Afro-European

Afro-Spaniards are Spanish people of African descent namely Black or Black of mixed ancestry. The term may include Spaniards of any African background who are considered to be Black or of Black mixed ancestry mainly those of Afro-Caribbean, African American or Afro Latin American descent. The specific number of Afro-Spaniards is unknown[ dubious discuss ] due to the fact that the Spanish government does not collect data on ethnicity or racial self-identification.

Contents

In 2008, the largest numbers of African immigrants came from Morocco (71,141), Senegal (10,568), Algeria (5,592), Nigeria (4,855), Mali (3,502), Gambia (2,512), Equatorial Guinea (2,213), Ghana (1,922), Guinea (1,729), and Mauritania (1,577). [1]

Ceuta y Melilla are autonomous cities in Spain and not dependent of Andalusian Community. They have been Spaniards cities since centuries before the Moroccan Kingdom was founded.

Defining Afro-Spaniards

Even though no official census data include racial or ethnic self-identification in Spain, some attempts have been made to quantify the number of Afro-Spaniards. Crossing the data of two official studies, [2] [3] there are at least 1,029,944 Afro-Spaniards, of whom a 47% were born in Spain and a 71% are Spanish nationals. [4]

There are currently 1,301,296 Spanish residents who were born in countries in the African continent, excluding the 1,802,810 born in Ceuta, Melilla, and the Canary Islands, which are Spanish provinces, and, in the case of Ceuta and Melilla, autonomous cities geographically located in Africa.

Out of these, 294,343 are Spanish citizens and 1,006,953 are foreign residents. The large majority of these originate in Morocco. There are 934,046 Moroccan born residents in Spain of which 223,590 are Spaniards and 710,457 are foreign residents. However, Moroccans being North Africans, they are usually not considered as Afro-Spaniards unless they are Black Moroccans, or have visible physical features usually associated with Black peoples. Non-Moroccan African-born residents in Spain thus number 367,250 of which 70,753 are Spanish citizens and 296,497 are foreign residents. [5] [6]

According to the national statistics agency, in 2019 there were 361,000 residents in Spain whose mother was born in an African country excluding Morocco. Out of these 91,000 were Spanish citizens. [7]

History

African populations have known to exist continuously in what is now Spain since pre-Roman times, [8] with a major influx of Africans occurring during the Islamic period. African admixture primarily Berber and Arab admixture from North Africa  is dated to the Muslim period of the Middle Age, and averages from 10 to 12% in the south and west to ~3% in the northeast, dropping to close to 0% in a cluster found in the Basque region. [9] Canary Islander Spaniards have significantly higher levels of both North African and Sub-Saharan ancestry, ranging from averages of 14% to 35% and which originates both in the indigenous Guanche people and the subsequent slave trade. [10]

Notable people

Academics and scientists

Artists and writers

Explorers and conquistadores

In entertainment and media

Philanthropists

Politicians

In sports

See also

Sources

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceuta</span> Spanish autonomous city on the north-west coast of Africa

Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast. Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Ceuta is one of the special member state territories of the European Union, and it is one of several Spanish territories in Africa, which include Melilla and the Canary Islands. It was a regular municipality belonging to the province of Cádiz prior to the passing of its Statute of Autonomy in March 1995, as provided by the Spanish Constitution, henceforth becoming an autonomous city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melilla</span> Spanish autonomous city on the north-west coast of Africa

Melilla is an autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast. It lies on the eastern side of the Cape Three Forks, bordering Morocco and facing the Mediterranean Sea. It has an area of 12.3 km2 (4.7 sq mi). It was part of the Province of Málaga until 14 March 1995, when the Statute of Autonomy of Melilla was passed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perejil Island</span> Uninhabited islet near Morocco

Perejil Island, also known as Parsley Island, is a small, uninhabited rocky islet located 200 metres (660 ft) off the coast of Morocco. It is administered by Spain as one of the plazas de soberanía, and its sovereignty is disputed by Morocco. It was the subject of an armed incident between the two countries in 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish protectorate in Morocco</span> 1912–1956 protectorate in northwest Africa

The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rif</span> Geographic and cultural region of Morocco

The Rif or Riff, also called Rif Mountains, is a geographic region in northern Morocco. It is bordered on the north by the Mediterranean Sea and Spain and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and is the homeland of the Rifians and the Jebala people. This mountainous and fertile area is bordered by Cape Spartel and Tangier to the west, by Berkane and the Moulouya River to the east, by the Mediterranean to the north, and by the Ouergha River to the south. The Rif mountains are separated into the eastern Rif mountains and western Rif mountains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AD Ceuta</span> Football club

Asociación Deportiva Ceuta was a Spanish football team based in the autonomous city of Ceuta. Founded in 1996, its last season was 2011–12 in Segunda División B, holding home matches at Estadio Alfonso Murube, with a capacity of 6,500.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regulares</span> Spanish Army unit

The Fuerzas Regulares Indígenas, known simply as the Regulares (Regulars), are infantry units of the Spanish Army, largely recruited in the cities of Ceuta and Melilla. Historically, the force, which has also included mounted divisions, has consisted of Berbers officered by Spaniards. The troops served as the indigenous component of the Army of Africa and played a significant role in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).

The Hispano-Moroccan War, also known as the Spanish–Moroccan War, the First Moroccan War, the Tetuán War, or, in Spain, as the War of Africa, was fought from Spain's declaration of war on Morocco on 22 October 1859 until the Treaty of Wad-Ras on 26 April 1860. It began with a conflict over the borders of the Spanish city of Ceuta and was fought in northern Morocco. Morocco sued for peace after the Spanish victory at the Battle of Tetuán.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish diaspora in Equatorial Guinea</span> Ethnic group

The Spanish diaspora in Equatorial Guinea is made of people of Spanish descent who are residents born or living in Equatorial Guinea. The population from Spain living in Equatorial Guinea numbers an estimated 17,000. This group is closely linked with the Fernandino people, a creole people who developed Spanish Guinea and Equatorial Guinea, mostly in Bioko island.

The African diaspora in the Americas refers to the people born in the Americas with partial, predominant, or complete sub-Saharan African ancestry. Many are descendants of persons enslaved in Africa and transferred to the Americas by Europeans, then forced to work mostly in European-owned mines and plantations, between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Significant groups have been established in the United States, in Canada, in the Caribbean (Afro-Caribbean), and in Latin America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afro-Chileans</span> Ethnic group in Chile

Afro-Chileans are Chilean people of African descent. They may be descendants of slaves who were brought to Chile via the trans-Atlantic slave trade, or recent migrants from other parts of Latin America, the Caribbean or Africa.

Mamadou is a common given name in West Africa among predominantly Muslim ethnic groups such as the Mandé and Wolof people. It is a variant of the Arabic name Muhammad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Larache (1689)</span>

The siege of Larache, in 1689, was undertaken by an army of Morocco under 'Alawid Sultan Ismail Ibn Sharif against the Spanish forces of Charles II, which had ruled the city for almost 80 years since its cession in 1610. After three months of siege, the defenders were forced to capitulate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Morocco–Spain relations</span> Bilateral relations

Morocco and Spain maintain extensive diplomatic, commercial, and military ties. The Morocco–Spain border separates the plazas de soberanía on the Mediterranean coast from the Moroccan mainland. Morocco's foreign policy has focused on Western partners, including neighboring Spain. Relations have, however, been historically tense and conflictive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2007 Morocco–Spain diplomatic conflict</span>

The 2007 Morocco–Spain diplomatic conflict was a short-lived disturbance of international relations between Morocco and Spain that arose after the announcement of the impending visit of the King of Spain to the Spanish-ruled autonomous cities Ceuta and Melilla, which are claimed by Morocco.

There have been narrow-gauge railways which used 1,000 mm, 750 mm and 600 mm gauges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Munir Mohamedi</span> Footballer (born 1989)

Munir Mohand Mohamedi El Kajoui, known simply as Munir, is a professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Botola club RS Berkane and the Morocco national team.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alhucemas landing</span> 1925 Franco-Spanish operation that ended the Rif War

The Alhucemas landing was a landing operation which took place on 8 September 1925 at Alhucemas by the Spanish Army and Navy and, in lesser numbers, an allied French naval and aerial contingent, that would put an end to the Rif War. It is considered the first amphibious landing in history involving the use of tanks and massive seaborne air support. Alhucemas is seen as a precursor of the Allied amphibious landings in World War II, and the first successful combined operation of the 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sofian Chakla</span> Moroccan professional footballer

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Africans in Poland</span> Racial minority group in Poland

Africans in Poland, also known as Afro-Poles or Afro-Polish, are citizens or residents of Poland who are of African descent. As of 2024, among European countries, the proportion of people from Africa is one of the lowest.

References

  1. Faszer-Mcmahon, Debra; Ketz, Victoria L. (9 March 2016). African Immigrants in Contemporary Spanish Texts: Crossing the Strait. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-317-18427-0.
  2. http://www.igualdad.gob.es/.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. "OBERAXE. Estudio para el conocimiento y caracterización de la comunidad africana y afrodescendiente".
  4. "El 47% de los afrodescendientes que residen en España nació en el país pero sólo un 12% se siente español, según estudio". 21 March 2021.
  5. "Población residente según nacionalidad y país de nacimiento del padre y la madre". Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  6. "Población (Españoles/Extranjeros) por país de nacimiento y sexo". Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  7. "Inmigración en España". Archived from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  8. Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years". Science. 363 (6432): 1230–1234. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040. PMC   6436108 . PMID   30872528.
  9. Bycroft, Clare; et al. (2019). "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 551. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w. PMC   6358624 . PMID   30710075.
  10. Guillen Guio, Beatriz; et al. (2019). "Genomic Analyses of Human European Diversity at the Southwestern Edge: Isolation, African Influence and Disease Associations in the Canary Islands". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 10 (1): 551. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w. PMC   6358624 . PMID   30710075.