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The term Afro-Austrian or Black Austrian refers to Austrians of African (more precisely: sub-Saharan) descent. In a broader sense, people of sub-Saharan origin who live in Austria but do not have Austrian citizenship are also called Afro-Austrians. [1]
The term Afro-Austrian was developed in parallel with terms such as Afro-American or Afro-German and is intended, among other things to curb discrimination regarding origin and replace terms such as Negro or Moor . The term “New Austrian” refers not only to people of sub-Saharan descent but also to Austrians who come from other parts of the world.
The first documented African immigrant was baptized in St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna in 1629; it is assumed that they were an escaped slave of the Ottoman Sultan. The immigration of African people during the dual monarchy Austria-Hungary is strongly linked to economic exploitation. Africans and people of African descent became servants and slaves; They only rarely had the opportunity for social advancement.
Some of the African-American soldiers stationed in Austria during the Second World War entered into a relationship with Austrian women, whose resulting children were colloquially called War children. After the Second World War, the number of students of African descent in Austria grew from 19 in the winter semester of 1953/54 to almost 640 in 1961/62.
In the last few decades, the number of Africans migrating to Austria has risen sharply (1970: < 100 refugees, 1991: 1,639 refugees). Some reasons for this include the end of the Cold War, the opening of borders, and recent global economic developments. [2]
According to estimates, around 40,000 people with dark skin lived in Austria in 2010, [3] most of them in the Federal Capital.
Recently the number of racist attacks in Austria has increased significantly. According to Erwin Ebermann from the Institute for Cultural and Social Anthropology, reasons for migration are the cause, which have changed over time. This leads to even integrated Austrians of sub-Saharan descent being excluded. A survey from 2012, in which 717 people from Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck took part, showed that around 50% of people of African descent feel discriminated against and are racially abused or harassed in public. [2]
The 2022 European Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) conducted surveys in 13 EU countries in 2016 and 2022 among people born in sub-Saharan Africa or with at least one parent born there. Across Europe, an average of 47% of respondents in 2022 said they had been discriminated against because of their skin color, origin or religion in the past five years (2016: 36%). These shares were highest in Germany (2022: 77%, 2016: 65%) and in Austria (2022: 76%, 2016: 67%). [4]
Black is a racialized classification of people, usually a political and skin color-based category for specific populations with a mid- to dark brown complexion. Not all people considered "black" have dark skin; in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification in the Western world, the term "black" is used to describe persons who are perceived as dark-skinned compared to other populations. It is most commonly used for people of sub-Saharan African ancestry, Indigenous Australians and Melanesians, though it has been applied in many contexts to other groups, and is no indicator of any close ancestral relationship whatsoever. Indigenous African societies do not use the term black as a racial identity outside of influences brought by Western cultures.
A diaspora is a population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic place of origin. The word is used in reference to people who identify with a specific geographic location, but currently reside elsewhere.
The globalAfrican diaspora is the worldwide collection of communities descended from people from Africa, predominantly in the Americas. The African populations in the Americas are descended from haplogroup L genetic groups of native Africans. The term most commonly refers to the descendants of the native West and Central Africans who were enslaved and shipped to the Americas via the Atlantic slave trade between the 16th and 19th centuries, with their largest populations in Brazil, the United States, and Haiti. However, the term can also be used to refer to African descendants who immigrated to other parts of the world consensually. Some scholars identify "four circulatory phases" of this migration out of Africa. The phrase African diaspora gradually entered common usage at the turn of the 21st century. The term diaspora originates from the Greek διασπορά which gained popularity in English in reference to the Jewish diaspora before being more broadly applied to other populations.
Creole peoples may refer to various ethnic groups around the world. The term's meaning exhibits regional variations, often sparking debate.
Zambo or Sambu is a racial term historically used in the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed Amerindian and African ancestry. Occasionally in the 21st century, the term is used in the Americas to refer to persons who are of mixed African and Native American ancestry.
Serbian diaspora refers to Serbian emigrant communities in the diaspora. The existence of a numerous diaspora of Serbian nationals is mainly a consequence of either economic or political reasons.
African studies is the study of Africa, especially the continent's cultures and societies. The field includes the study of Africa's history, demography, culture, politics, economy, languages, and religion. A specialist in African studies is often referred to as an "Africanist".
African immigrants in Europe are individuals residing in Europe who were born in Africa. This includes both individuals born in North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Afro-Argentines, also known as Black Argentines, are Argentines who have predominantly or total Sub-Saharan African ancestry, these stand out for having dark skin. The Afro-Argentine population is the result of people being brought over during the transatlantic slave trade during the centuries of Spanish domination in the region and immigration.
Filipino Austrians are Austrians of full or partial Filipino descent and are part of the so-called Overseas Filipinos. When excluding Afghan, Iraqi and Syrian refugees, Filipinos make up the fourth largest group of Asians within Austria, behind Iranian, Chinese and Indian people and form the largest Southeast-Asian community in the country. The majority of them live in Vienna, the capital of Austria.
Abkhazians of African descent or Afro-Abkhazians, also known as African Caucasians, were a small group of people of African descent in Abkhazia, who used to live mainly in the settlement Adzyubzha at the mouth of the Kodori River and the surrounding villages on the eastern coast of the Black Sea.
Jamaicans are the citizens of Jamaica and their descendants in the Jamaican diaspora. The vast majority of Jamaicans are of Sub-Saharan African descent, with minorities of Europeans, Indians, Chinese, Middle Eastern, and others of mixed ancestry. The bulk of the Jamaican diaspora resides in other Anglophone countries, namely Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. Jamaican populations are also prominent in other Caribbean countries, territories and Commonwealth realms, where in the Cayman Islands, born Jamaicans, as well as Caymanians of Jamaican origin, make up 26.8% of the population. Outside of Anglophone countries, the largest Jamaican diaspora community lives in Central America, where Jamaicans make up a significant percentage of the population.
During the period of 1965 – 2021, an estimated 440,000 people per year emigrated from Africa; a total number of 17 million migrants within Africa was estimated for 2005. The figure of 0.44 million African emigrants per year pales in comparison to the annual population growth of about 2.6%, indicating that only about 2% of Africa's population growth is compensated for by emigration.
Ghanaian Arabs are Ghanaians and citizens of Arab origin or descent. Ghanaian Arabs are mainly from Lebanon, Syria and Arab Maghreb. Ghana has the largest Arab population in western Africa.
Afro-Haitians or Black Haitians are Haitians who trace their full or partial ancestry to Sub-Saharan Africa. They form the largest racial group in Haiti and together with other Afro-Caribbean groups, the largest racial group in the region.
Black Europeans of African ancestry, or Afro-Europeans, refers to people in Europe who trace full or partial ancestry to Sub-Saharan Africa.
Norbert Cyffer is a German-Austrian linguist and Professor Emeritus of African Studies at the University of Vienna. Cyffer is primarily interested in African languages and linguistics, particularly the Saharan languages of the Sahelian region. His research areas include morphology, syntax, language contact, sociolinguistics, typology, and applied linguistics.
Afro-Saudis, also known as African Saudis and Black Saudis, are Saudi citizens of partial or full black African heritage. They are spread all around the country, but they are mostly found in the major cities of Saudi Arabia. Afro-Saudis speak Arabic and adhere to Islam. While some black Saudis descend from slaves brought through the Arab slave trade, the majority descend from Muslim pilgrims, primarily from West Africa, who settled in the cities of Mecca and Jeddah.
The genetic history of the African diaspora is composed of the overall genetic history of the African diaspora, within regions outside of Africa, such as North America, Central America, the Caribbean, South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia; this includes the genetic histories of African Americans, Afro-Canadians, Afro-Caribbeans, Afro-Latinos, Afro-Europeans, Afro-Asians, and African Australians.
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