African diaspora in Finland

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African diaspora in Finland
Total population
At least 57,496 [lower-alpha 1]
(1.0% of the population of Finland in 2020) [lower-alpha 2]
Regions with significant populations
Mostly in Uusimaa (Helsinki (Kallahti), Espoo, Vantaa), Turku, Vaasa and Porvoo
Languages
Numerous;

The African diaspora in Finland (Finnish : afrikkalaisten diaspora Suomessa) refers to the residents of Finland of full or partial African ancestry, mostly from Sub-Saharan Africa. According to Statistics Finland, the total number of people in Finland with a close African background [lower-alpha 1] (Africans in Finland; Suomen afrikkalaiset) was 57,496 in 2020. [3]

Contents

The distinct adjacent term Afro-Finns (afrosuomalaiset), also referred to as Black Finns (mustat suomalaiset), [4] [5] [6] [7] can be used for Finns whose lineages are fully or partly in the populations of Sub-Saharan Africa ("Black Africa"). [8] [9] Afro-Finns have lived in Finland since the 19th century, and in 2009, according to Yle, there were an estimated 20,000 Afro-Finns in Finland. [10]

History

Corporal Holger Sonntag in 1944 Finnish Corporal of African descent H. Sonntag, chauffeur for the military staff of the Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment, Naataoja, 6 February 1944. (49026411977).jpg
Corporal Holger Sonntag in 1944

Finns reacted to the first Africans in Finland with curiosity and amazement. [11] During the 19th century, there were some Africans from the Americas who worked as servants for wealthy Russians in the Grand Duchy of Finland. [4] The first known African who received Finnish citizenship was Rosa Lemberg who came to Finland from Ovamboland in 1888 and received Finnish citizenship in 1899. [12] [13]

Between the 1900s and the 1970s, the few Africans in Finland were mostly either students (for example from Nigeria and Ethiopia), political exiles from South Africa or people married to Finns. [4] In World War II (1939–1945), there were some Afro-Finnish soldiers, and among them were Private 1st Class Rudolf Prüss  [ fi ], who served as a ski patrol leader in the Karelian Isthmus and was killed in the Winter War, and Corporal Holger Sonntag, who was of African-American and German descent and served as a driver in both the Winter War and Continuation War. [14]

In 1990, during the Somali Civil War, the first Somali refugees arrived in Finland. [15] [16] After that, due to their high total fertility rate and the high number of Somali family reunifications, quota refugees and asylum seekers, they rapidly became the largest African group in Finland. [17] [18] During the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship held in Finland, most of the Sierra Leone national under-17 football team's players defected to Finland due to their country's poor conditions after a civil war that had ended a year earlier. [19]

Nowadays most people of African ancestry come to Finland from Africa, but many have also come from the United States, Latin America and other European countries. Especially Americans and British people of African ancestry have moved to Finland, mostly through marriage. [20]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
19901,720    
19957,831+355.3%
200011,802+50.7%
200517,793+50.8%
201029,041+63.2%
201542,689+47.0%
201646,113+8.0%
201748,749+5.7%
201851,645+5.9%
201954,450+5.4%
202057,496+5.6%
Source: Statistics Finland [3]

As of 31 December 2020, according to Statistics Finland, the total number of people in Finland with a close African background [lower-alpha 1] is 57,496, which is 1.0% of the population of Finland. [lower-alpha 2] 47,041 (81.8%) of them are from Sub-Saharan Africa. [lower-alpha 3] 32,511 (56.5%) of them are men, while 24,985 (43.5%) are women. [3]

Countries of origin

Origins of people with a close African background [lower-alpha 1] [3]
CountryPopulation (1990)Population (2020)
Total1,72057,496
Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia 4922,534
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 894,150
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  DR Congo 63,965
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 3953,899
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia 1082,967
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 672,479
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan 112,013
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 711,845
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 1951,683
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon 41,641
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 2101,437
Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea 11,288
Flag of The Gambia.svg  The Gambia 231,207
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 1451,128
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 3678
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 56622
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 54516
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 7377
Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 2360
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 19295
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 10271
Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 27258
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 6187
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 20186
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Republic of the Congo 17172
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast 12169
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 66151
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 7143
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea 4141
Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi 3140
Flag of Togo (3-2).svg  Togo 3110
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 568
Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius 1250
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 033
Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania 032
Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 129
Flag of Niger.svg  Niger 129
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali 328
Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti 027
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi 226
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 021
Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana 018
Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon 017
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic 016
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea 016
Flag of South Sudan.svg  South Sudan N/A [lower-alpha 4] 16
Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde 214
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 014
Flag of the Comoros.svg  Comoros 18
Flag of Eswatini.svg  Eswatini 18
Flag of Chad.svg  Chad 27
Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles 07
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho 00
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe 00

Countries with a significant African diaspora

The following countries outside Africa have a majority population of Afro-descendants (90% or more of the country's total population) [21] and, as of 31 December 2020, a total of 127 expatriates or close descendants [lower-alpha 5] in Finland: [3]

African languages

Speakers of languages of African origin [22]
LanguageSpeakers (2020)
Total36,150
Somali 22,794
Swahili 2,560
Amharic 1,662
Tigrinya 1,662
Kinyarwanda 1,226
Yoruba 1,044
Igbo 938
Lingala 929
Twi 670
Akan 487
Wolof 336
Kikuyu 282
Hausa 223
Fula 174
Oromo 174
Kongo 156
Luganda 137
Afrikaans 119
Ewe 118
Shona 71
Chewa 69
Kirundi 67
Afar 52
Luba-Katanga 52
Ndonga 49
Bambara 17
Zulu 16
Malagasy 11
Tswana 10
Sango 9
Northern Ndebele 8
Kwanyama 5
Kanuri 4
Southern Sotho 4
Swazi 4
Herero 3
Southern Ndebele 3
Xhosa 3
Venda 2

Distribution

Ten largest populations of people with a close African background [lower-alpha 1] by municipality [3]
No.MunicipalityPopulation (2020)%
1. Helsinki 22,1383.4%
2. Espoo 7,7372.6%
3. Vantaa 7,5203.2%
4. Turku 3,3701.7%
5. Tampere 2,3191.0%
6. Oulu 1,6890.8%
7. Vaasa 1,4742.2%
8. Jyväskylä 1,0230.7%
9. Lahti 7480.6%
10. Kuopio 5520.5%

In Kallahti, a neighborhood of Helsinki, 9.8% of the population consists of Africans. [23] [ full citation needed ]

On 31 December 2020, the region with the most people with a close African background [lower-alpha 1] was Uusimaa with 39,987 people (2.4% of the region's total population), which is 69.6% of their total population in Finland. [24]

Citizenships

On 31 December 2020, there were 19,544 people who had dual citizenship of Finland and an African country. [25]

Citizens of African countries who received Finnish citizenship by year: [26]

  • 1990 – 70
  • 1991 – 101
  • 1992 – 104
  • 1993 – 67
  • 1994 – 56
  • 1995 – 81
  • 1996 – 120
  • 1997 – 180
  • 1998 – 788
  • 1999 – 1,365
  • 2000 – 522
  • 2001 – 406
  • 2002 – 419
  • 2003 – 403
  • 2004 – 426
  • 2005 – 605
  • 2006 – 658
  • 2007 – 671
  • 2008 – 891
  • 2009 – 466
  • 2010 – 368
  • 2011 – 400
  • 2012 – 1,559
  • 2013 – 1,923
  • 2014 – 1,750
  • 2015 – 1,946
  • 2016 – 2,137
  • 2017 – 2,448
  • 2018 – 1,904
  • 2019 – 1,499
  • 2020 – 1,250

People born in Africa who received Finnish citizenship by year: [27]

  • 1990 – 37
  • 1991 – 87
  • 1992 – 86
  • 1993 – 42
  • 1994 – 58
  • 1995 – 78
  • 1996 – 117
  • 1997 – 175
  • 1998 – 559
  • 1999 – 829
  • 2000 – 332
  • 2001 – 275
  • 2002 – 306
  • 2003 – 290
  • 2004 – 329
  • 2005 – 387
  • 2006 – 397
  • 2007 – 426
  • 2008 – 627
  • 2009 – 329
  • 2010 – 279
  • 2011 – 297
  • 2012 – 1,043
  • 2013 – 1,344
  • 2014 – 1,350
  • 2015 – 1,447
  • 2016 – 1,590
  • 2017 – 1,844
  • 2018 – 1,480
  • 2019 – 1,231
  • 2020 – 972

Asylum seekers

1990–2013

From 1990 to 2013, a total of 14,481 African citizens sought asylum in Finland, which was 22.4% out of the total of 64,536 asylum seekers. African asylum seekers by country of citizenship:

There were not asylum seekers from Cape Verde, the Comoros, São Tomé and Príncipe or Seychelles. [28]

2015–2020

From January 2015 to August 2020, there were a total of 7,935 African citizens who sought asylum in Finland; 14.6% out of the total of 54,520 asylum seekers. African asylum seekers by country of citizenship:

There were not asylum seekers from Botswana, Djibouti, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, São Tomé and Príncipe or Seychelles. [29]

Adoptions

From 1987 to 2019, a total of 911 people were adopted from Africa to Finland. 843 (92.5%) of them were from the countries of South Africa (508, 55.8%), Ethiopia (287, 31.5%) and Kenya (48, 5.3%). [30]

Adoptees from Africa by year: [30]

  • 1987 – 11
  • 1988 – 19
  • 1989 – 5
  • 1990 – 9
  • 1991 – 12
  • 1992 – 12
  • 1993 – 16
  • 1994 – 19
  • 1995 – 14
  • 1996 – 11
  • 1997 – 13
  • 1998 – 15
  • 1999 – 14
  • 2000 – 22
  • 2001 – 11
  • 2002 – 28
  • 2003 – 28
  • 2004 – 30
  • 2005 – 35
  • 2006 – 34
  • 2007 – 44
  • 2008 – 48
  • 2009 – 66
  • 2010 – 53
  • 2011 – 71
  • 2012 – 48
  • 2013 – 43
  • 2014 – 47
  • 2015 – 41
  • 2016 – 16
  • 2017 – 30
  • 2018 – 20
  • 2019 – 26

Marriages and cohabitation

On 31 December 2020, there were 4,589 Finnish citizens who were either married to or registered as cohabiting with citizens of African countries. 2,809 (61.2%) of the Finnish citizens were women and 1,780 (38.8%) were men; for both sexes the largest groups of partners were Somalian, Moroccan and Nigerian citizens. The next largest groups for Finnish women were Gambian and Ghanaian citizens, and for Finnish men Ethiopian and Kenyan citizens. [31] [32] On the same date, there were 4,725 African-born people who were either married to or registered as cohabiting with people born in Finland; 3,718 (78.7%) of the people born in Finland were women, while 1,007 (21.3%) were men. [33] [34]

Afro-Finnish identity, culture and media

According to an estimate in 2009 by Yle, there are 20,000 Afro-Finns in Finland, and thus, they compose a much larger ethnic minority than many other prominent large minorities in Finland, such as the Sami or Romani. The identity of Afro-Finns varies; some consider themselves Finns, while others have their own separate identity. [10] Some actively cherish their connections to Africa through their African relatives and cultures, while for others their connections to Africa are more distant but still relevant to them. [20]

In 2013, the dance performance Noir? by Sonya Lindfors  [ fi ] became the first fully Afro-Finnish dance performance when it premiered at Zodiak – Center for New Dance  [ fi ] in Helsinki. [35] Held annually since 2018, the Afrofinns Achievement Awards—presented by Afrofinns ry, an organization for "Finns and everyone else with African heritage living in Finland"—acknowledges, honors and celebrates the contribution of the Afro-community in Finland. [36] [37] [38] [39] In 2020, Kelly Kalonji  [ fi ], Miss Helsinki  [ fi ] 2013 and celebrity, and Obi-West Utchaychukwu, the editor-in-chief of Diaspora Glitz Magazine, founded the beauty pageant The Face of African Queen for young women of African ancestry living in Finland. [40] [41]

Established in 1993, the magazine SCANDI-B was targeted to Black people in the Nordic countries. Printed in Raisio, Finland, it had a circulation of 7,000 in 1993 with Lammin Sullay  [ fi ] as the editor-in-chief. [42] In 2010, Yle broadcast the three-episode documentary television series Afro-Suomen historia ("The history of Afro-Finland") about early Afro-Finns. [6] [10] The multimedia Ruskeat Tytöt  [ fi ] ("Brown Girls") focuses on Afro-Finns and other people of colour in Finland. [43] [44] [45] Its six-episode Afrosuomen historiaa etsimässä ("In search of history of Afro-Finland") podcast's first episode was broadcast on Radio Helsinki  [ fi ] in 2017. [5] The Afro-Finnish Diaspora Glitz Magazine won the category of Best Media at the 2019 Afrofinns Achievement Awards. [46]

Racism

During the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland, some warned Finnish women against taking an interest in "exotic" athletes and pressured Finnish women to "act appropriately" within the vicinity of black people, "neekerit". [11] The Finnish word neekeri (cognate with negro) was long considered a neutral equivalent for "negro". In 2002, the usage notes of neekeri shifted from "perceived as derogatory by some" to "generally derogatory" in the dictionary Kielitoimiston sanakirja , edited by the Institute for the Languages of Finland. [47]

Nationwide racism started to grow after the first Somali refugees arrived in Finland in the 1990s during the Somali Civil War. Finnish skinheads perpetrated attacks against Africans, and especially the city of Joensuu in eastern Finland grew to be an infamous center of racism  [ fi ]. In the municipality of Nastola in southern Finland, the police had to protect the local refugee center from the violence of the locals, as they committed a shooting. Other incidents included a bomb that detonated in a refugee center in Valkeala, a municipality in southeast Finland, and an attack by skinheads against Somalis in Hakunila, Vantaa, in southern Finland. [6]

In the late 20th century and the 21st century, some ethnic Finnish women married to or cohabiting with younger black men have faced discrimination as they are sometimes stereotyped as sex tourists in Finnish society. [48] [49] [50] [51] [52]

According to the study "Being Black in the EU" by the Fundamental Rights Agency published in 2018, 63% of Afro-Finns in Finland had experienced racist harassment, which had appeared as offensive gestures, comments, threats or violence. This was the highest percentage of the twelve European Union member states [lower-alpha 8] that were included in the study, much higher than for example in Malta which was 20%. 14% stated they had experienced violence in Finland due to their skin colour, which also was the highest of the participating countries, much higher than in, for example, Portugal where 2% had experienced similar violence. [53] [54]

A report published in 2020 by the Non-Discrimination Ombudsman  [ fi ] found that four out of five people with an African background had experienced racial discrimination in Finland due to their skin colour. [55]

Notable people

Citizens and residents of Finland of full or partial African ancestry

See also categories: Finnish people of African ancestry, Expatriates in Finland (African country subcategories) and Immigrants to Finland (African country subcategories)

Actors

Artists

Beauty pageant contestants

Dancers

Entrepreneurs

Film people

Journalists

Musicians

Politicians

Scientists

Sportspeople

Basketball players
Footballers

Writers

Others

People of the Finnish diaspora with African ancestry

This list is for notable people of African ancestry who also belong to the Finnish diaspora (i.e. Finnish emigrants and their descendants) but do not hold Finnish citizenship. Many of them maintain their ties to Finland.

Germany

Sweden

United Kingdom

United States

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 I.e., according to Statistics Finland, people in Finland:
      whose both parents are African-born,
      or whose only known parent was born in Africa,
      or who were born in Africa and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown. [1]
    Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one African parent or people with more distant African ancestry are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure.
    Also, African-born adoptees' backgrounds are determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents. [1]
  2. 1 2 The population of Finland was 5,533,793 on 31 December 2020. [2]
  3. I.e., all other African countries but Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia.
  4. South Sudan was not independent in 1990; see the number of Sudan.
  5. I.e., according to Statistics Finland, people in Finland:
      whose both parents are born in those countries,
      or whose only known parent was born in those countries,
      or who were born in those countries and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown. [1]
    Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one parent from those countries or people with more distant ancestry from those countries are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure.
    Also, adoptees born in those countries have their backgrounds determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents. [1]
  6. It is not specified in the source to what "Congo" ( Kongo ) refers to, but it could possibly refer to any of the following four countries: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, People's Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo or Zaire.
  7. Literally "People's Democratic Republic of the Congo" in the source, but such country has never existed. It could possibly refer to the People's Republic of the Congo.
  8. Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Ancestry; born in Finland.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 On their father's side; ethnic Finnish descent on the mother's side.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 On their mother's side; ethnic Finnish descent on the father's side.

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