British diaspora

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British diaspora
Total population
Estimated at 200 million [1]
Regions with significant populations
United States109,531,643
(up to 33% of population) [A] [4]
Australia19,301,379
(up to 76% of population) [B] [5]
Canada17,325,860
(up to 48% of population) [C] [7]
New Zealand3,372,708
(up to 70.2% of population) [D] [9]
South Africa1,600,000
(4% of population) [10]
France150,000-400,000 (2017) [11]
Spain297,229 (2014) [12]
Argentina270,000 (2015) [13] [14] [15]
Germany178,000 (2021) [16]
India300,000 (2023) [17]
Languages
Predominantly English
Also: Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Irish, Scots, Ulster Scots, Cornish, Manx, British Sign Language
Religion
Predominantly Christianity (Anglican, Presbyterian, Methodist, Catholic, etc.) [18]

The British diaspora consists of people of English, Scottish, Welsh, Northern Irish, Cornish, Manx and Channel Islands ancestral descent who live outside of the United Kingdom and its Crown Dependencies.

Contents

In 2008, the United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office estimated that at least 80% of New Zealanders had some British ancestry, however at the 2018 census only 70% of New Zealanders identified as having some European ancestry. [8] [9] Up to 76% of Australians, 48% of Canadians, 33% of Americans, and 3% of South Africans have ancestry from the British Isles. Additionally, at least 270,000 Argentines have some British ancestry. [13] [14] [15] More than 300,000 Anglo-Indians have some British ancestry, but comprise less than 0.1% of India's population. [19] [7] [10] [20]

The British diaspora includes about 200 million people worldwide. [1] Other countries with over 100,000 British expatriates include the Republic of Ireland, Spain, France, Germany, and the United Arab Emirates. [21] [22]

History of British diaspora

Up to the 19th century

The first documented exodus of Britons began during the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Great Britain. A large number of Brythonic-speaking Celts fled or migrated to what is now Brittany on the coast of France, becoming the Bretons. [23]

The second large-scale British migration came following the Norman Conquest of England, leading to a displacement of English people, mostly dispossessed nobility. They settled in neighboring regions including Ireland and Scandinavia, and as far east as Crimea and Anatolia in the Byzantine Empire. [24] Englishmen eventually replaced Scandinavians as the main source of recruitment for the Byzantine Emperor's personal Varangian Guard. [25]

After the Age of Discovery, the various peoples of the British Isles, and especially the English, were among the earliest and by far the largest communities to emigrate out of Europe. Indeed, the British Empire's expansion during the first half of the 19th century saw an extraordinary dispersion of the British people, with particular concentrations in Australasia and North America. [26]

The British Empire was "built on waves of migration overseas by British people", [27] who left Great Britain, later the United Kingdom, and reached across the globe and permanently affected population structures in three continents. [26] As a result of the British colonisation of the Americas, what became the United States was "easily the greatest single destination of emigrant British", but in what would become the Commonwealth of Australia the British experienced a birth rate higher than anything seen before, which together with continuing British immigration resulted in a huge outnumbering of indigenous Australians. [26]

In colonies such as Southern Rhodesia, British Hong Kong, Singapore, Jamaica, Barbados, Malaysia, and the Cape Colony, permanently resident British communities were established, and while never more than a numerical minority, these Britons exercised a dominant influence upon the culture and politics of those lands. [27] In Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, people of British origin came to constitute the majority of the population, contributing to these states becoming integral to the Anglosphere. [27]

The British not only emigrated to parts of the British Empire, but also settled in large numbers in parts of the Americas, particularly in the United States and in sizeable numbers in Argentina, Chile and Mexico.

The United Kingdom census, 1861 estimated the number of overseas British to be around 2.5 million. However, it concluded that most of these were "not conventional settlers" but rather "travellers, merchants, professionals, and military personnel". [26] By 1890, there were over 1.5 million further British-born people living in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa. [26]

British diaspora today

According to The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, there were 13.1 million British nationals living abroad in 2004–05. These figures are taken from the consular annual returns from overseas posts. There is no requirement for UK citizens to register with British missions overseas, so these figures are therefore based on the most reliable information that can be obtained, e.g. from host government official statistics. [28]

A 2006 publication from the Institute for Public Policy Research estimated that 5.5 million British-born people lived outside the United Kingdom. [22]

In terms of outbound expatriation, in 2009, the United Kingdom had the most expatriates among developed OECD countries, with more than three million British living abroad, a figure followed by Germany and Italy. [29] On an annual basis, emigration from Britain stood at about 400,000 per year during the ten years until 2010 at least. [30]

Living abroad as an expatriate can affect certain rights. In particular:

Distribution

Map of the British diaspora in the world by population (includes people with British ancestry or citizenship). .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} United Kingdom + 10,000,000 + 1,000,000 + 100,000 + 10,000 Map of the British Diaspora in the World.svg
Map of the British diaspora in the world by population (includes people with British ancestry or citizenship).
  United Kingdom
  + 10,000,000
  + 1,000,000
  + 100,000
  + 10,000

The earliest migrations of Britons date from the 5th and 6th centuries AD, when Brittonic Celts fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions migrated what is today northern France and north western Spain and forged the colonies of Brittany and Britonia. Brittany remained independent of France until the early 16th century and still retains a distinct Brittonic culture and language, whilst Britonia in modern Galicia was absorbed into Spanish states by the end of the 9th century AD.

Britons – people with British citizenship or of British descent – have a significant presence in a number of countries other than the United Kingdom, and in particular in those with historic connections to the British Empire. After the Age of Discovery, the British were one of the earliest and largest communities to emigrate out of Europe, and the British Empire's expansion during the first half of the 19th century triggered an "extraordinary dispersion of the British people", resulting in particular concentrations "in Australasia and North America". [26]

The United Kingdom Census 1861 estimated the size of the overseas British to be around 2.5 million, but concluded that most of these were "not conventional settlers" but rather "travellers, merchants, professionals, and military personnel". [26] By 1890, there were over 1.5 million further UK-born people living in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. [26] A 2006 publication from the Institute for Public Policy Research estimated 5.6 million Britons lived outside of the United Kingdom. [37] [38]

Outside of the United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories, up to 76% of Australians, 70% of New Zealanders, 48% of Canadians, 33% of Americans and 3% of South Africans have ancestry from the British Isles. [6] [9] [7] [4] [10] Hong Kong has the highest proportion of British nationals outside of the United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories, with 47% of Hong Kong residents holding a British National (Overseas) status or a British citizenship. [39] The next highest concentrations of British citizens outside of the United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories are located in Barbados (10%), the Republic of Ireland (7%), Australia (6%) and New Zealand (5%). [37]

Country British ancestry / % British citizens [37] Comments
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 109,531,643
(2020) [4] 		33% [E] 678,000
(2006)		See British Americans, English Americans, Scottish Americans, Welsh Americans and Scotch-Irish Americans; country with the most people of British descent.
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 19,301,379
(2021) [19] 		76% [F] 1,300,000
(2006)		See Anglo-Celtic Australians, English Australians, Scottish Australians and Welsh Australians; most British citizens in the world outside of the United Kingdom.
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 17,325,860
(2021) [7] 		48% [G] 603,000
(2006)		See British Canadians, English Canadians, Scottish Canadians and Welsh Canadians.
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 3,372,708
(2018) [9] 		70% [H] 215,000
(2006)		See British New Zealanders, English New Zealanders, Scottish New Zealanders and Welsh New Zealanders.
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 1,600,000
(2011) [10] 		3%212,000
(2006)		See British Africans.
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 291,000
(2006)		7%291,000
(2006)		See Anglo-Irish people.
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 270,000
(2015) [13] [14] [15] 		0.6%8,300
(2006)		See English Argentines, Scottish Argentines, Welsh Argentines.
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan N/AN/A47,000
(2006)		See Britons in Pakistan.
Flag of India.svg  India N/AN/A32,000
(2006)		See Britons in India.
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh N/AN/A9,200
(2006)		See Britons in Bangladesh.
Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas 38,000
(2019) [40] 		10%4,100
(2006)		See White Bahamians.
Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados 20,000
(2021) [41] 		7%27,000
(2006)		See White Barbadians.
Flag of Bermuda.svg  Bermuda 15,700
(2006) [42] 		7%600
(2006)		See White Bermudians.
Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg  Cayman Islands 9,600
(2021) [43] 		30%110
(2006)
Flag of Gibraltar.svg  Gibraltar 9,100
(2006) [42] 		27%3,600
(2006)
Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg  Falkland Islands 2,474
(2016) [44] 		80%930
(2006)
Flag of Norfolk Island.svg  Norfolk Island 857
(2016) [45] 		49%<100
(2006)
Flag of the Pitcairn Islands.svg  Pitcairn Islands 35
(2023) [46] 		100%

^ Note: A different estimate puts China (incl. Hong Kong) ahead with a population of 3,750,000 British citizens, [47] [48] most of which are those in Hong Kong who have continued to possess British nationality, particularly the British nationals (overseas) status, which numbered 3.4 million, through their connection with the former crown colony (see British nationality and Hong Kong for further details). [49]

Culture

Sports

The British diaspora played a significant role in bringing British sports to the world. British sailors and soldiers contributed to association football becoming the most popular sport in the world. [50]

In a few places, Britons helped establish cricket, only for it to be replaced by baseball, an American sport with English antecedents. This happened in the United States and then later Japan in the late 19th century. [51]

See also

Related Research Articles

Anglo is a prefix indicating a relation to, or descent from England, English culture, the English people or the English language, such as in the term Anglosphere. It is often used alone, somewhat loosely, to refer to people of British descent in Anglo-America, the Anglophone Caribbean, South Africa, Namibia, Australia, and New Zealand. It is used in Canada to differentiate between French-speaking Canadians (Francophones), located mainly in Quebec but found across Canada, and English-speaking Canadians (Anglophones), also located across Canada, including in Quebec. It is also used in the United States to distinguish the Latino population from the non-Latino white majority.

Anglo-Celtic Australians is an ancestral grouping of Australians whose ancestors originate wholly or partially in the British Isles - predominantly in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, as well as the Isle of Man and Channel Islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Americans</span> Americans of British birth or descent

British Americans usually refers to Americans whose ancestral origin originates wholly or partly in the United Kingdom. It is primarily a demographic or historical research category for people who have at least partial descent from peoples of Great Britain and the modern United Kingdom, i.e. English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Scotch-Irish, Orcadian, Manx, Cornish Americans and those from the Channel Islands and Gibraltar.

Britons never made up more than a small portion of the population in Hong Kong, despite Hong Kong having been under British rule for more than 150 years. However, they did leave their mark on Hong Kong's institutions, culture and architecture. The British population in Hong Kong today consists mainly of career expatriates working in banking, education, real estate, law and consultancy, as well as many British-born ethnic Chinese, former Chinese émigrés to the UK and Hong Kongers who successfully applied for full British citizenship before the transfer of sovereignty in 1997.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian diaspora</span> Australian emigrants and their descendants

The Australian diaspora are those Australians living outside of Australia. It includes approximately 598,765 Australian-born people living outside of Australia, people who are Australian citizens and live outside Australia, and people with Australian ancestry who live outside of Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australians</span> Nationals of Australia

Australians, colloquially known as Aussies, are the citizens, nationals and individuals associated with the country of Australia. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or ethno-cultural. For most Australians, these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Australian. Australian law does not provide for a racial or ethnic component of nationality, instead relying on citizenship as a legal status, though the Constitutional framers considered the Commonwealth to be "a home for Australians and the British race alone", as well as a "Christian Commonwealth". Since the postwar period, Australia has pursued an official policy of multiculturalism and has the world's eighth-largest immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30 percent of the population in 2019.

East Asians in the United Kingdom are East Asians living in the United Kingdom. They have been present in the country since the 17th century and primarily originate from countries such as China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. They are called "East Asian" or "Oriental", although – dependent upon the context – the use of the term "Oriental" might be considered by some to be derogatory or offensive. In the 2001 British census, the term Chinese or Other is used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Other White</span> Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom

The term Other White, or White Other, is a classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom, used in documents such as the 2021 United Kingdom Census, to describe people who identify as white persons who are not of the English, Welsh, Scottish, Roma, Irish or Irish Traveller ethnic groupings. In Scotland, the term Other White is also used to refer collectively to those not of Scottish or Other British ethnicity, in which case it also includes those of a Gypsy, Roma, Irish or Irish Traveller background.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zimbabwean diaspora</span> Emigrants from Zimbabwe and their descendants

The Zimbabwean diaspora refers to the diaspora of immigrants from the nation of Zimbabwe and their descendants who now reside in other countries. The number of Zimbabweans living outside Zimbabwe varies significantly from 4 to 7 million people, though it is generally accepted at over 5 million people, some 30 per cent of all Zimbabweans. Varying degrees of assimilation and a high degree of interethnic marriages in the Zimbabwean diaspora communities makes determining exact figures difficult. The diaspora population is extremely diverse and consists of Shona people, Ndebele, white Zimbabweans, mixed-race people, Asians, Jewish people and other minority groups. The diaspora traces their origin to several waves of emigration, starting with the exodus that followed the 1965, unilateral declaration of independence in Rhodesia, but significantly since the sociopolitical crisis that began in 2000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealanders in the United Kingdom</span> Citizens or residents of the UK who originate from New Zealand

New Zealanders in the United Kingdom are citizens or residents of the United Kingdom who originate from New Zealand.

The English diaspora consists of English people and their descendants who emigrated from England. The diaspora is concentrated in the English-speaking world in countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, South Africa, and to a lesser extent, Zimbabwe, India, Zambia and continental Europe.

Hong Kongers in the United Kingdom are people from Hong Kong who are residing in the United Kingdom or British nationals of Hong Kong origin or descent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">English people</span> Ethnic group native to England

The English people are an ethnic group and nation native to England, who speak the English language, a West Germanic language, and share a common ancestry, history, and culture. The English identity began with the Anglo-Saxons, when they were known as the Angelcynn, meaning race or tribe of the Angles. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who invaded Britain around the 5th century AD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British people</span> People from the UK and its territories

British people or Britons, also known colloquially as Brits, are the citizens of the United Kingdom, the British Overseas Territories, and the Crown dependencies. British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which can be acquired, for instance, by descent from British nationals. When used in a historical context, "British" or "Britons" can refer to the Ancient Britons, the Celtic-speaking inhabitants of Great Britain during the Iron Age, whose descendants formed the major part of the modern Welsh people, Cornish people, Bretons and considerable proportions of English people. It also refers to citizens of the former British Empire, who settled in the country prior to 1973, and hold neither UK citizenship nor nationality.

Hongkongers, Hong Kongers, Hong Kongese, Hongkongese, Hong Kong citizens and Hong Kong people are demonyms that refer to a resident of Hong Kong, although they may also refer to others who were born and/or raised in the territory.

Swedes in the United Kingdom or British Swedes are immigrants from Sweden living in the United Kingdom as well as their British-born descendants. Although only around 38,000 Swedish-born people live in the UK, millions of Britons have some degree of Scandinavian ancestry that dates back over 1,000 years to the Viking invasion of Great Britain. The Swedish community in the UK is amongst the largest in the Swedish diaspora; in 2001 only the United States, Norway and Finland within the OECD had larger Swedish-born populations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scottish people</span> Ethnic group native to Scotland

The Scottish people or Scots are an ethnic group and nation native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged in the early Middle Ages from an amalgamation of two Celtic peoples, the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century. In the following two centuries, Celtic-speaking Cumbrians of Strathclyde and Germanic-speaking Angles of Northumbria became part of Scotland. In the High Middle Ages, during the 12th-century Davidian Revolution, small numbers of Norman nobles migrated to the Lowlands. In the 13th century, the Norse-Gaels of the Western Isles became part of Scotland, followed by the Norse of the Northern Isles in the 15th century.

The Malaysian diaspora are Malaysian emigrants from Malaysia and their descendants that reside in a foreign country. Population estimates vary from seven hundred thousand to one million, both descendants of early emigrants from Malaysia, as well as more recent emigrants from Malaysia. The largest of these foreign communities are in Singapore, Australia, Brunei and the United Kingdom.

As of 2006, an estimated 36,000 British people live in China, including those living in Hong Kong, a special administrative region of China. A different estimate puts the number of Britons in China at 3,752,031, the majority of which are those in Hong Kong who have continued to possess British nationality, particularly the British nationals (overseas) status, which numbered 3.4 million as of 2007.

References

  1. ↑ The 2020 United States census results for those Americans who identify with full or partial "English", "Scottish", "Welsh", "Manx", "Channel Islander", "Scotch Irish", "Irish" or "American" ancestry. Demographers regard current figures as a "serious under-count", as a large proportion of Americans of British descent have a tendency to simply identify as 'American' since 1980 where over 13.3 million or 5.9% of the total U.S. population self-identified as "American" or "United States", this was counted under "not specified". [2] [3]
  2. ↑ Estimated number of Australians of Anglo-Celtic descent. Includes Australians who identified their ancestry as part of the "North-Western European" ancestry group or as "Australian" at the 2021 census. Over 88% of Australians within the North-Western European ancestry group identified with at least one Anglo-Celtic ancestry. [5] The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most people nominating "Australian" ancestry have at least partial Anglo-Celtic European ancestry. [6]
  3. ↑ Canadians of British Isles, English-speaking "Canadian", "American", "Australian", "New Zealander", "Albertan", "British Columbian", "Cape Bretoner", "Manitoban", "New Brunswicker", "Nova Scotian", "Prince Edward Islander", "Saskatchewanian" and "United Empire Loyalist" descent.
  4. ↑ New Zealanders of European descent, the vast majority of whom are estimated to have some British ancestry. [8]
  5. ↑ The 2020 United States census results for those Americans who identify with full or partial "English", "Scottish", "Welsh", "Manx", "Channel Islander", "Scotch Irish", "Irish" and "American" ancestry. A large proportion of Americans of British descent have a tendency to simply identify as 'American' since 1980 where over 13.3 million or 5.9% of the total U.S. population self-identified as "American" or "United States", this was counted under "not specified". [2] [3]
  6. ↑ Estimated number of Australians of Anglo-Celtic descent. Includes Australians who identified their ancestry as part of the "North-Western European" ancestry group or as "Australian" at the 2021 census. Over 88% of Australians within the North-Western European ancestry group identified with at least one Anglo-Celtic ancestry. [5]
  7. ↑ Canadians of British Isles, English-speaking "Canadian", "American", "Australian", "New Zealander", "Albertan", "British Columbian", "Cape Bretoner", "Manitoban", "New Brunswicker", "Nova Scotian", "Prince Edward Islander", "Saskatchewanian" and "United Empire Loyalist" descent.
  8. ↑ New Zealanders of European descent, the vast majority of whom are estimated to have some British ancestry. [8]

Notes

  1. 1 2 Richards, Eric (14 May 2004). Britannia's Children: Emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland Since 1600. London: A&C Black (published 2004). pp. 3–4. ISBN   9781852854416 . Retrieved 2 November 2020. [...] even the basic outline of the diaspora remains vague. It was never a controlled movement and it was mostly poorly documented. Migrants are always difficult to categorise and to count. [...] The scale of the modern British dispersion has been estimated at about 200 million, [...] or, counting those who can claim descent from British and Irish emigrants, more than three times the current population of the British Isles.
  2. 1 2 Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 (Supplementary Report PC80-S1-10) Issued: April 1983
  3. 1 2 Dominic Pulera (2004). Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America. A&C Black. pp. 57–60. ISBN   978-0-8264-1643-8.
  4. 1 2 3 "Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census". United States census. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  5. 1 2 3 "Census of Population and Housing: Cultural diversity data summary, 2021" (XLSX). Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  6. 1 2 "Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)". 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1995. Commonwealth of Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]". www12.statcan.gc.ca.
  8. 1 2 3 "Country Profile: New Zealand". 14 May 2008. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights". Stats NZ. 23 September 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. p. 26. ISBN   9780621413885. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015. The number of people who described themselves as white in terms of population group and specified their first language as English in South Africa's 2011 Census was 1,603,575. The total white population with a first language specified was 4,461,409, and the total population was 51,770,560.
  11. ↑ "From Le Monde: 254 percent surge in Britons seeking French citizenship as Brexit looms". France 24. 20 June 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  12. ↑ "End to Mediterranean dream for 90,000 Britons who left Spain last year". The Telegraph. 22 April 2014.
  13. 1 2 3 "150th anniversary of Welsh voyage to Patagonia". ITV. 30 May 2015. The community still exists in Argentina today, with a population of more than 70,000.
  14. 1 2 3 Gilchrist, Jim (14 December 2008). "Stories of Homecoming - We're on the march with Argentina's Scots". The Scotsman . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  15. 1 2 3 Chavez, Lydia (23 June 1985). "Fare of the country: A bit of Britain in Argentina". The New York Times.
  16. ↑ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach Geburtsstaat in Staatengruppen".
  17. ↑ "The young Anglo-Indians retracing their European roots". 20 February 2023 – via www.bbc.com.
  18. ↑ 2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales, Accessed 13 June 2014
  19. 1 2 "Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG), 2019 | Australian Bureau of Statistics". 18 December 2019.
  20. ↑ "The young Anglo-Indians retracing their European roots". 20 February 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  21. ↑ "The other special relationship: the UAE and the UK – The National".
  22. 1 2 Sriskandarajah, Dhananjayan; Drew, Catherine (2006). Brits Abroad: Mapping the scale and nature of British emigration. London: Institute for Public Policy Research. ISBN   1-86030-307-2.
  23. ↑ "Brittany | History, Geography, & Points of Interest | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 23 January 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  24. ↑ "Another New England — in Crimea". Big Think. 24 May 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  25. ↑ Alvarez, Sandra. "English Refugees in the Byzantine Armed Forces: The Varangian Guard and Anglo-Saxon Ethnic Consciousness » De Re Militari" . Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ember et al. 2004 , p. 47.
  27. 1 2 3 Marshall 2001 , p. 254.
  28. ↑ Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster. "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 22 Mar 2006 (pt 15)". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  29. ↑ "Expatriates worldwide". JustLanded.com. 2009.
  30. ↑ "Working Abroad". whichoffshore.com. 2010. Archived from the original on 22 March 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  31. ↑ "British Expatriates". BritishExpatriates.com. 2021.
  32. ↑ "British citizens living abroad – About my vote, produced by The Electoral Commission". Aboutmyvote.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 January 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  33. ↑ "UK Parliament". commonslibrary.parliament.uk. 2021.
  34. ↑ "The UK just extended the right to vote to 3.5M people living abroad". POLITICO. 16 January 2024. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  35. ↑ "Register As An Overseas Voter (UK citizen living abroad)". Basildon. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  36. ↑ "Sections 26-30 - Your nearest relative under the Mental Health Act 1983". Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  37. 1 2 3 "Brits Abroad", BBC News , 11 December 2006, archived from the original on 30 November 2020, retrieved 13 April 2009
  38. ↑ Sriskandarajah, Dhananjayan; Drew, Catherine (11 December 2006), Brits Abroad: Mapping the scale and nature of British emigration, ippr.org.uk, archived from the original on 24 May 2008, retrieved 13 April 2009
  39. ↑ The Committee Office, House of Commons. "House of Commons – Foreign Affairs – Fifth Report". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  40. ↑ "Bahamas Population 2019". World Population Review.
  41. ↑ "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. 20 October 2021.
  42. 1 2 Edward G. Archer (2006). "Ethnic factors". Gibraltar, identity and empire. Routledge. p. 36. ISBN   978-0-415-34796-9.
  43. ↑ "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. 19 October 2021.
  44. ↑ Falkland Islands Government. "2016 Census Report" (PDF). stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  45. ↑ "2016 Census QuickStats – Norfolk Island". Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  46. ↑ "Life on Pitcairn". Pitcairn Island Immigration. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  47. ↑ "The Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Commons put the size of the British expatriate community in Hong Kong at over 3 million". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  48. ↑ "The FCO had the figure for Hong Kong and China combined at 3,752,031 : Both figures cover all British nationals, including those who are not British citizens". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  49. ↑ "Lords Hansard, 22 March 2007". UK Parliament.
  50. ↑ Hill, John S.; Vincent, J.; Curtner-Smith, M. (2014). "The Worldwide Diffusion of Football: Temporal and Spatial Perspectives". Global Sport Business Journal. 2 (2). S2CID   131376640.
  51. ↑ Guthrie-Shimizu, Sayuri (4 April 2012). Transpacific Field of Dreams: How Baseball Linked the United States and Japan in Peace and War. Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN   978-0-8078-8266-5.

Bibliography

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