People of Northern Ireland

Last updated

Northern Irish
Total population
1,810,863
89% of the population of Northern Ireland are native-born
29.44% of Northern Ireland’s population identified as Northern Irish [1]
Regions with significant populations
Throughout Northern Ireland; and to a lesser degree the Republic of Ireland and Great Britain (highest proportions in Liverpool, Manchester and Newcastle upon Tyne)
Languages
Religion
Predominantly Christianity (45.7% Roman Catholic, 43.7% Protestant, especially Presbyterianism, Anglicanism and Methodism)
Related ethnic groups

The people of Northern Ireland are all people born in Northern Ireland and having, at the time of their birth, at least one parent who is a British citizen, an Irish citizen or is otherwise entitled to reside in Northern Ireland without any restriction on their period of residence, under the Belfast Agreement. Under the agreement, people of Northern Ireland have the right to identify either as Irish or British, or both, and their entitlement to Irish citizenship and British citizenship is recognised by the Government of Ireland and the Government of the United Kingdom. [2]

Contents

Most Northern Irish people either identify as Northern Irish, Irish or British, or a combination thereof. [3]

National identity

Map of predominant national identity in the 2011 census in Northern Ireland. Stronger blue is more British. Stronger green is more Irish. Map of predominant national identity in the 2011 census in Northern Ireland.png
Map of predominant national identity in the 2011 census in Northern Ireland. Stronger blue is more British. Stronger green is more Irish.

In Northern Ireland, national identity is complex and diverse. The question of national identity [4] was asked in the 2021 census with the three most common identities given being British, Irish and Northern Irish. Most people of Protestant background consider themselves British, while a majority of people of Catholic background are Irish. This has origins in the 17th-century Plantation of Ulster.

In the early 20th century, most Ulster Protestants and Catholics saw themselves as Irish, although Protestants tended to have a strong sense of Britishness also. [5] Following the Home Rule Crisis and Irish War of Independence, Protestants gradually began to abandon Irish identity, [5] as Irishness and Britishness came to be seen moreso as mutually exclusive. In 1968 – just before the onset of the Troubles – 39% of Protestants described themselves as British and 20% of Protestants described themselves as Irish, while 32% chose an Ulster identity. [6] By 1978, following the worst years of the conflict, there had been a large shift in identity amongst Protestants, with the majority (67%) now calling themselves British and only 8% calling themselves Irish. [6] [7] This shift has not been reversed. [7] Meanwhile, the majority of Catholics have continued to see themselves as Irish. [6]

From 1989, 'Northern Irish' began to be included as an identity choice in surveys, and its popularity has grown since then. [7] Some organizations have promoted 'Northern Irish' identity as a way of overcoming sectarian division. In a 1998 survey of students, this was one of the main reasons they gave for choosing that identity, along with a desire to appear 'neutral'. [8] However, surveys show that 'Northern Irish' identity tends to have different meanings for Catholics and Protestants. [8] Surveys also show that those choosing 'Northern Irish' alone regard their national identity as less important than those choosing British and Irish. [8]

In recent Northern Ireland censuses, respondents could choose more than one national identity. In 2021: [9]

The main national identities given in recent censuses were:

National identity of Northern Ireland residents [10] [9]
Identity20112021
British only39.9%31.9%
Irish only25.3%29.1%
Northern Irish only20.9%19.8%
British & Northern Irish6.2%8.0%
Irish & Northern Irish1.1%1.8%
British, Irish & Northern Irish1.0%1.5%
British & Irish0.7%0.6%

The numbers for each identity were as follows:

2021 Census [9]
National identityRespondents
British only
606,300
Irish only
554,400
Northern Irish only
376,400
English, Scottish or Welsh
29,000
Other
113,400

1,073,200 respondents total.

2011 census [11]
National IdentityRespondents
British only
876,577
Northern Irish only
533,085
Irish only
513,390
English, Scottish or Welsh
29,187
Other
61,884

1,137,546 respondents total.

National Identity by Religion (2011) [12]

Those people in Northern Ireland who fall into the category of other religions amounts to less than one percent of the population.

National IdentityAllCatholicProtestant and other ChristianOther religionsNo religion
British48.4%12.9%81.6%50.1%55.9%
Irish28.4%57.2%3.9%12.4%14.0%
Northern Irish29.4%30.7%26.9%18.0%35.2%
English, Scottish or Welsh1.6%0.8%1.5%2.9%5.2%
All other3.4%4.4%1.0%29.1%7.1%

Detail by Religion (2011) [13]

Note that Northern Ireland is made up of approximately 42% Protestant; 41% Roman Catholic; 17% no religion; and 0.8% other religions.

National IdentityAllCatholicProtestant and other ChristianOther religionsNo religion
British only39.9%10.3%68.3%42.4%42.9%
Irish only25.3%53.2%2.1%8.1%9.4%
Northern Irish only20.9%26.9%14.5%12.0%23.7%
British and Northern Irish only6.2%0.9%11.1%3.3%7.9%
Irish and Northern Irish only1.1%2.0%0.2%0.5%0.8%
British, Irish and Northern Irish only1.0%0.8%1.0%1.0%2.1%
British and Irish only0.7%0.8%0.5%0.7%1.0%
English, Scottish or Welsh only1.0%0.6%0.8%2.1%3.5%
Other4.0%4.7%1.6%29.9%8.7%
Total100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%

National Identity by District (2011) [14]

Map of districts of Northern Ireland colour coded to show the predominant national identity. Stronger green indicates a higher proportion of people describing themselves as Irish. Stronger blue indicates a higher proportion of people describing themselves as British. Percentages show the difference between the proportion of people describing themselves as Irish and the proportion of people describing themselves as British. Data from 2011 census National Identity Northern Ireland Districts 2011 Census.png
Map of districts of Northern Ireland colour coded to show the predominant national identity. Stronger green indicates a higher proportion of people describing themselves as Irish. Stronger blue indicates a higher proportion of people describing themselves as British. Percentages show the difference between the proportion of people describing themselves as Irish and the proportion of people describing themselves as British. Data from 2011 census
DistrictBritishIrishNorthern IrishEnglish, Scottish or WelshAll Other
Antrim 55.2%20.1%30.4%2.3%3.9%
Ards 73.6%7.5%31.9%1.9%1.5%
Armagh 44.4%32.4%27.1%1.1%3.9%
Ballymena 69.0%11.1%27.9%1.4%3.8%
Ballymoney 60.6%16.4%30.9%1.7%1.7%
Banbridge 61.1%16.2%31.8%1.5%1.8%
Belfast 43.2%34.8%26.8%1.5%5.1%
Carrickfergus 76.5%5.3%30.3%2.1%1.8%
Castlereagh 66.2%14.7%31.3%1.5%2.6%
Coleraine 62.4%14.5%31.6%2.0%3.2%
Cookstown 37.3%33.5%32.1%1.2%3.7%
Craigavon 48.3%25.6%28.7%1.4%6.4%
Derry 23.7%55.0%24.6%1.4%2.0%
Down 40.2%32.2%34.1%1.9%2.0%
Dungannon 30.9%38.8%27.1%0.9%9.6%
Fermanagh 37.2%36.1%29.5%1.7%3.1%
Larne 69.8%10.1%31.4%2.1%1.2%
Limavady 42.2%32.0%30.7%1.5%1.4%
Lisburn 55.6%24.7%28.7%2.0%2.4%
Magherafelt 31.4%42.7%29.8%1.0%2.8%
Moyle 38.6%34.1%32.1%2.2%1.4%
Newry and Mourne 20.2%53.0%27.6%1.2%4.3%
Newtownabbey 66.5%13.4%31.2%1.3%2.4%
North Down 71.1%9.1%33.0%3.0%2.4%
Omagh 28.6%40.9%32.7%1.1%3.4%
Strabane 33.0%39.2%31.8%1.4%1.3%

National identity by religion or religion brought up in for each district (2011) [14]

DistrictCatholicProtestant and other ChristianOther Religion or None
BritishIrishNorthern IrishAll OtherBritishIrishNorthern IrishAll OtherBritishIrishNorthern IrishAll Other
Antrim 23.1%43.7%34.2%7.1%80.6%3.1%27.8%3.3%60.4%6.5%26.8%19.0%
Ards 34.1%31.7%38.2%6.4%80.9%3.7%30.4%2.2%67.7%6.0%35.1%9.1%
Armagh 7.1%62.5%28.7%6.2%81.6%3.6%25.7%2.3%49.3%10.5%25.1%25.3%
Ballymena 24.6%38.9%34.7%11.0%83.6%2.7%25.7%2.5%62.3%6.5%28.4%14.4%
Ballymoney 19.0%44.5%38.8%4.1%81.1%2.9%27.2%2.2%65.1%8.4%28.0%13.3%
Banbridge 22.6%41.7%39.4%4.5%81.2%3.8%27.7%2.0%59.1%8.3%33.8%11.5%
Belfast 11.7%64.3%25.0%5.6%78.3%5.5%28.7%3.6%47.7%13.3%27.5%26.3%
Carrickfergus 41.1%24.6%35.6%10.7%82.0%3.0%29.2%2.4%68.3%5.3%33.7%8.5%
Castlereagh 22.1%50.0%34.5%6.3%81.3%3.9%29.9%2.3%61.9%8.9%33.7%11.8%
Coleraine 25.0%39.2%36.5%8.4%79.1%4.3%29.3%2.6%56.5%10.3%33.4%16.8%
Cookstown 8.1%53.8%37.7%5.2%82.5%3.6%24.0%2.1%44.2%9.1%24.4%31.5%
Craigavon 12.2%51.2%31.5%10.6%82.5%3.2%26.3%2.7%49.9%9.1%26.7%26.4%
Derry 7.3%70.5%24.3%2.5%76.7%7.2%25.9%3.5%39.4%24.7%21.9%26.2%
Down 20.1%47.4%37.1%2.9%77.4%5.6%28.7%3.6%52.1%14.4%32.1%16.7%
Dungannon 5.7%57.6%28.6%13.0%79.6%4.5%24.5%3.0%33.3%12.0%22.8%42.1%
Fermanagh 11.4%56.2%32.4%4.8%77.1%6.2%25.5%3.0%43.4%16.8%24.0%28.1%
Larne 38.8%30.6%37.7%3.0%81.7%3.0%28.6%2.5%64.1%6.5%35.4%12.1%
Limavady 18.1%50.5%34.4%2.5%79.8%4.1%24.9%2.5%51.4%10.9%28.8%18.7%
Lisburn 16.5%58.6%27.8%4.3%80.2%4.7%29.0%3.2%62.2%8.8%30.3%13.9%
Magherafelt 6.5%62.1%33.0%3.8%82.4%4.2%23.1%2.3%46.9%13.4%30.2%22.1%
Moyle 14.6%53.1%35.3%2.8%76.3%5.0%27.8%3.3%49.4%17.8%23.8%19.8%
Newry and Mourne 7.1%64.7%28.0%5.0%76.3%5.8%26.8%3.8%34.6%22.8%22.1%28.9%
Newtownabbey 24.7%46.1%34.1%5.7%80.9%3.4%30.1%1.7%63.1%7.3%32.1%12.3%
North Down 37.1%31.5%36.1%9.7%78.8%5.2%31.9%3.4%63.7%7.9%35.7%11.6%
Omagh 8.7%55.7%36.0%4.4%78.5%4.9%25.0%2.5%40.6%15.9%23.7%28.9%
Strabane 8.9%57.4%35.4%2.6%79.2%4.7%25.2%1.9%40.9%21.1%25.5%26.4%

National Identity by Age (2011) [11]

Map of districts of Northern Ireland colour coded to show the predominant national identity amongst Catholics. Stronger green indicates a higher proportion of Catholics describing themselves as Irish. Blue indicates a higher proportion of Catholics describing themselves as British than as Irish. Percentages show the difference between the proportion of Catholics describing themselves as Irish and the proportion of Catholics describing themselves as British. Data from 2011 census National Identity Among Catholics Northern Ireland Districts 2011 Census.png
Map of districts of Northern Ireland colour coded to show the predominant national identity amongst Catholics. Stronger green indicates a higher proportion of Catholics describing themselves as Irish. Blue indicates a higher proportion of Catholics describing themselves as British than as Irish. Percentages show the difference between the proportion of Catholics describing themselves as Irish and the proportion of Catholics describing themselves as British. Data from 2011 census
Ages attained (years)BritishIrishNorthern IrishEnglish, Scottish or WelshAll other
0 to 1545.1%31.4%30.5%0.9%3.6%
16 to 2444.2%32.3%29.6%1.5%3.3%
25 to 3440.5%31.0%30.0%1.7%8.6%
35 to 4447.3%28.7%29.3%2.1%4.5%
45 to 5450.8%28.3%28.0%1.9%2.2%
55 to 6454.5%24.9%28.8%1.9%1.1%
65 to 7457.5%21.3%29.8%1.7%0.4%
75 to 8458.6%19.6%29.1%1.6%0.3%
85 and over61.7%18.0%26.5%2.0%0.2%

Surveys

In 1998 the Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey started asking respondents whether they think of themselves as British, Irish, Ulster, or Northern Irish. According to the 2019 survey of this series, individuals from Northern Ireland identify as: [15]

2007 survey: How strongly do you feel yourself to be British [16] /Irish [17] /Ulster [18] /Northern Irish? [19]

In the 2007 Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey, [20] the question was asked, "thinking about each of these national identities in turn, how strongly do you feel yourself to be [Irish/British/Northern Irish/Ulster?]" Individuals responded for each of the identities as follows:

Northern Irish [19]

British [16]

Irish [17]

Ulster [18]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Ireland</span> Part of the United Kingdom

Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland that is variously described as a country, province or region. Northern Ireland shares an open border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. At the 2021 census, its population was 1,903,175, making up around 3% of the UK's population and 27% of the population on the island of Ireland. The Northern Ireland Assembly, established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, while other areas are reserved for the UK Government. The government of Northern Ireland cooperates with the government of Ireland in several areas under the terms of the Belfast Agreement. The Republic of Ireland also has a consultative role on non-devolved governmental matters through the British–Irish Governmental Conference (BIIG).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lisnaskea</span> Town in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland

Lisnaskea is the second-biggest settlement in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It is situated mainly in the townland of Lisoneill, with some areas in the townland of Castle Balfour Demesne, both in the civil parish of Aghalurcher and the historic barony of Magherastephana. It had a population of 3,020 people at the 2021 Census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cookstown</span> Town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland

Cookstown is a town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is the fourth-largest town in the county and had a population of 12,546 in the 2021 census. It, along with Magherafelt and Dungannon, is one of the main towns in the Mid-Ulster council area. It was founded around 1620 when the townlands in the area were leased by an English ecclesiastical lawyer, Dr. Alan Cooke, from the Archbishop of Armagh, who had been granted the lands after the Flight of the Earls during the Plantation of Ulster. It was one of the main centres of the linen industry west of the River Bann, and until 1956 the flax-related processes of spinning, weaving, bleaching and beetling were carried out in the town.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Craigavon</span> Town (founded 1965) in Northern Ireland

Craigavon is a town in northern County Armagh, Northern Ireland. Its construction began in 1965 and it was named after the first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland: James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon. It was intended to be the heart of a new linear city incorporating Lurgan and Portadown, but this plan was mostly abandoned and later described as having been flawed. Among local people today, "Craigavon" refers to the area between the two towns. It is built beside a pair of artificial lakes and is made up of a large residential area (Brownlow), a second smaller one (Mandeville), plus a central area (Highfield) that includes a substantial shopping centre, a courthouse and the district council headquarters. The area around the lakes is a public park and wildlife haven made up of woodland with walking trails. There is also a watersports centre, golf course and ski slope in the area. In most of Craigavon, motor vehicles are completely separated from pedestrians, and roundabouts are used extensively. It hosted the headquarters of the former Craigavon Borough Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bushmills, County Antrim</span> Village in County Antrim, Northern Ireland

Bushmills is a village on the north coast of County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Bushmills had a population of 1,247 in the 2021 Census. It is located 60 miles (97 km) from Belfast, 11 miles (18 km) from Ballycastle and 9 miles (14 km) from Coleraine. The village owes its name to the River Bush and to a large watermill that was built there in the early 17th century. It is home to the Old Bushmills Distillery, which produces Irish whiskey, and is near the Giant's Causeway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Castlederg</span> Town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland

Castlederg is a town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It lies on the River Derg and is near the border with County Donegal, Ireland. It stands in the townlands of Castlesessagh and Churchtown, in the historic barony of Omagh West and the civil parish of Urney. The village has a ruined castle and two ancient tombs known as the Druid's Altar and Todd's Den. It had a population of 2,980 people at the 2021 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kilkeel</span> Town in County Down, Northern Ireland

Kilkeel is a small town, civil parish and townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is the southernmost town in Northern Ireland. It lies within the historic barony of Mourne. Kilkeel town is the main fishing port on the Down coast, and its harbour is home to the largest fishing fleet in Northern Ireland. It had a population of 6,633 people at the 2021 census. The town contains the ruins of a 14th-century church and fort, winding streets and terraced shops. It lies just south of the Mourne Mountains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maghera</span> Town in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland

Maghera is a small town at the foot of the Glenshane Pass in Northern Ireland. Its population was 4,235 in the 2021 census. Formerly in the barony of Loughinsholin within the historic County Londonderry, it is today in the local-government district of Mid-Ulster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bessbrook</span> Village in County Armagh, Northern Ireland

Bessbrook is a village in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It lies about three miles (5 km) northwest of Newry and near the Newry bypass on the main A1 Belfast-Dublin road and Belfast-Dublin railway line. Today the village of Bessbrook straddles the three townlands of Maghernahely, Clogharevan and Maytown. Bessbrook is near Newry railway station. It had a population of 2,892 at the 2021 Census. The model village of Bessbrook, County Armagh is a visible memorial to the commercial endeavours of the Richardson family over a number of generations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ballynahinch, County Down</span> Town in County Down, Northern Ireland

Ballynahinch is a town in County Down, Northern Ireland. It had a population of 6,164 people in the 2021 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antrim, County Antrim</span> Town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland

Antrim is a town and civil parish in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It lies on the banks of the Six Mile Water on the north-east shore of Lough Neagh. It had a population of 25,606 people in the 2021 census. It is the county town of County Antrim and was the administrative centre of Antrim Borough Council until its 2015 merger with Newtownabbey Borough Council to form Antrim and Newtownabbey Borough Council. The town lies 14 miles (23 km) north-west of Belfast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maguiresbridge</span> Village in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland

Maguiresbridge is a small village in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. The village is named after the bridge over the Colebrooke River, first built by the local Maguire family about 1760. The village is 8 miles from Enniskillen and 3 miles from Lisnaskea.

Newtownbutler or Newtown Butler is a small town in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It is in the southeast corner of the county, near Lough Erne, the border with County Monaghan, Republic of Ireland, and the town of Clones. It is surrounded by small lakes and bogland. In the 2011 census it had a population of 989 people.

Christianity is the largest religion in Northern Ireland. In the 2021 census, 79.7% of the Northern Irish population identified as Christians: Catholic (42.3%); Presbyterian (16.6%); Church of Ireland (11.5%); Methodist (2.4%); Other Christian (6.9%). Meanwhile, 1.3% of the population belonged to other religions, 17.4% stated they were non-religious and 1.5% did not state a religious or non-religious identity. The Catholic Church has seen a small growth in adherents, while the other recorded Christian groups have seen a decrease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Segregation in Northern Ireland</span> Sociopolitical division between Irish republicans and unionists

Segregation in Northern Ireland is a long-running issue in the political and social history of Northern Ireland. The segregation involves Northern Ireland's two main voting blocs—Irish nationalist/republicans and unionist/loyalist. It is often seen as both a cause and effect of the "Troubles".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Countries of the United Kingdom</span> Component parts of the UK since 1922

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Northern Ireland</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Northern Ireland</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Northern Ireland</span>

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References

  1. ↑ https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/2011-census-results-key-statistics-northern-ireland-report-11-december-2012.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  2. ↑ The Good Friday Agreement guarantees the "recognition of the birthright of all the people of Northern Ireland to identify themselves and may identify as Irish or British, However people born in Northern Ireland are automatically British citizens if their parents are British citizens or settled in the United Kingdom,no matter what they identify as, also people in Northern Ireland are entitled to Irish citizenship, which is not automatic and needs to be applied for. "Agreement reached in the multi-party negotiations". Conflict Archive on the Internet. University of Ulster. 10 April 1998. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2008.
  3. ↑ Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey 2018
  4. ↑ Country of Birth & Nationality Archived 6 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine - 2021 Census
  5. 1 2 Walker, Brian. "British or Irish - who do you think you are?". Belfast Telegraph, 10 December 2008.
  6. 1 2 3 Moxon-Browne, Edward. "National identity in Northern Ireland". Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland: First Report. Blackstaff Press, 1991.
  7. 1 2 3 Conflict and Consensus: A Study of Values and Attitudes in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Institute of Public Administration, 2005. pp.60-62
  8. 1 2 3 McKeown, Shelley. Identity, Segregation and Peace-building in Northern Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. p.32
  9. 1 2 3 "2021 Census. Main statistics for Northern Ireland: Statistical bulletin - National identity" (PDF). Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  10. ↑ "Northern Ireland Census 2011 Key Statistics Summary Report" (PDF). NISRA. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  11. 1 2 "Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service" . Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  12. ↑ "Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service" . Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  13. ↑ "Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service" . Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  14. 1 2 "Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service" . Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  15. ↑ "2019 Survey: Do you think of yourself as British/Irish/Ulster/Northern Irish?". Northern Ireland LIFE & TIMES. ARK. 2 June 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  16. 1 2 "2007 Survey: How strongly to you feel yourself to be British?". Northern Ireland LIFE & TIMES. ARK. 17 May 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  17. 1 2 "2007 Survey: How strongly to you feel yourself to be Irish?". Northern Ireland LIFE & TIMES. ARK. 17 May 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  18. 1 2 "2007 Survey: How strongly to you feel yourself to be Ulster?". Northern Ireland LIFE & TIMES. ARK. 17 May 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  19. 1 2 "2007 Survey: How strongly to you feel yourself to be Northern Irish?". Northern Ireland LIFE & TIMES. ARK. 17 May 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  20. ↑ "Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey 2007". Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey. ARK - Access Research Knowledge. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2010.[ permanent dead link ]
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