English Australians

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English Australians
Flag of England.svg Flag of Australia (converted).svg
Statue of Arthur Phillip in the Botanic Gardens.jpg
Statue of English-born Arthur Phillip, first colonial Governor of New South Wales
Total population
8,385,928 (by ancestry, 2021) [1]
(33% of the Australian population)
927,490 (by birth, 2021)
Regions with significant populations
All states and territories of Australia [ citation needed ]
Languages
English
Religion

[2]

Related ethnic groups
Anglo-Celtic Australians, Scottish Australians, Irish Australians, Welsh Australians, Cornish Australians [ citation needed ]
People of English ancestry as a fraction of total persons, in Australia, Australia, according to the 2011 census results. Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 1078 English Total Responses.svg
People of English ancestry as a fraction of total persons, in Australia, Australia, according to the 2011 census results.
English Total Responses as a fraction of total persons, in Inner Sydney, Australia, according to the 2011 census results. Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Inner Sydney by SLA - BCP field 1078 English Total Responses.svg
English Total Responses as a fraction of total persons, in Inner Sydney, Australia, according to the 2011 census results.

English Australians, also known as Anglo-Australians, [3] are Australians whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in England. In the 2021 census, 8,385,928 people, or 33% of the Australian population, stated that they had English ancestry (whether sole or partial). [1] It is the largest self-identified ancestry in Australia. [1] People of ethnic English origin have been the largest group to migrate to Australia since the establishment of the Colony of New South Wales in 1788. [4]

Contents

English Australians are a subset of Anglo-Celtic Australians, who are themselves a subset of European Australians. Other subsets of Anglo-Celtic Australians (that is, Australians with ancestry originating in the British Isles) include Irish Australians, Scottish Australians and Welsh Australians. There is a tendency to refer to these ancestries collectively due to their long history in Australia and the high degree of intermixture which has occurred over centuries. In light of this history, there is a tendency for Australians with English or other Anglo-Celtic ancestries to simply identify their ancestry as 'Australian'. [5]

History

18th and 19th centuries

Population born in England
New South Wales 1846-1891
YearPopulationRef(s)
185151,122 [6]
186184,152 [6]
187187,334 [6]
1881107,574 [6]
1891149,232 [6]

New South Wales was established in 1788 by the British government as a penal colony. [7] Visitors described the English character of Sydney for at least the first 50 years after 1788, noting the traditional English appearance of the churches overlooking the convict barracks. First-generation colonial Sydney residents were predominantly English. 160,000 convicts came to Australia between 1788 and 1850. [8] Between 1788 and 1840, 80,000 English convicts were transported to New South Wales, with the greatest numbers coming between 1825 and 1835. The New South Wales Census of 1846 accounted for 57,349 born in England, 47,547 born in Ireland and 14,406 born in Scotland. [9] Until 1859, 2.2 million (73%) of the free settlers who immigrated were British in origin. [10]

Many more English people immigrated to Victoria by the gold rush of the 1850s. By 1854 there were 97,943 English-born people in Victoria. Immigration policies and assistance schemes helped maintain high levels of immigration from England. Of the 1 million immigrants who arrived between 1860 and 1900, just over half came from England. [11]

Between 1840 and 1870 there were more Irish than English assisted migrants which did not change until the 1870s, when there were more English. [9]

At least 75 per cent of all overseas-born people in Australia during the 19th century were from the British Isles. The proportion who had been born in England or Wales remained quite stable (at about 47 per cent) from 1861 to 1911, as did the proportion born in Scotland (about 12 per cent). [12]

English settlers more often came from the South than the North of England. [13]

Post-Federation English immigration

Population born in England, 1911–present
YearPopulationRef(s)
1911346,030 [14]
1921446,124 [15]
1933486,831 [16]
1947381,592 [17]
1954478,411 [18]
1961556,478 [18]
1971842,032 [19]
1981889,124 [20]
1991896,336 [21]
2001847,365 [22]
2011911,593 [23]
2021927,490 [24]

2021 [25]

  No Religion (46.4%)
   Anglicanism (29.9%)
   Catholicism (10.4%)
  Not stated (2.5%)
   Uniting Church (1.7%)
  Other Christian (9%)

Australians of English ancestry made up more than 50 per cent of the population at the time of Federation (1901). [26] From 1922 the Empire Settlement Act assisted thousands of migrants from England. After the Second World War, even as immigration from other countries expanded dramatically, English citizens had almost unrestricted entry into Australia. Arthur Calwell, Minister for Immigration, wanted nine out of ten new immigrants to be UK-born. [11] The majority of England-born migrants received assisted passages until the scheme was abolished in 1982.

Among the notable English-born were politicians such as Henry Parkes, and Joseph Cook; in retailing and media: John Norton, Anthony Hordern and John Fairfax. [9]

Surges of English immigration in the 1910s, 1920s, 1950s and 1960s sustained the English-born as the largest single immigrant group throughout the 20th century. [9] In 1978 Australians of predominantly English ancestry made up over 45 per cent of the population. [27] English ancestry was reported by 6.6 million people (46%) in 1986, and 6.4 million (37%) in 2001. [28] While the English-born continue to be well-represented among immigrants to Australia, the overall decline of English immigration to Australia since the 1980s has meant that the English-born are declining as a proportion of immigrants to Australia. Regardless, Australian society continues to be influenced by its strong English heritage. [4]

Demographics

In the 2021 census, 8,385,928 people, or 33% of the Australian population, stated that they had English ancestry (whether wholly or partial). [29]

English ancestral origin
Year (census)Population
 %Population change % changeRef(s)
19866,607,22842.3Steady2.svgSteady2.svg [30]
20016,358,88033.9Decrease2.svgDecrease2.svg [31]
20066,283,64731.6Decrease2.svgDecrease2.svg [32]
20117,238,53333.7Increase2.svgIncrease2.svg [33]
20167,852,22436.1Increase2.svgIncrease2.svg [34]
20218,385,92833Increase2.svgDecrease2.svg [24]

Cultural influence

People of English descent were by far the single most influential ethnic group in colonial Australia. [35] The founding of Australia by English people is still evident in place names, Australia's common law legal system, popular dishes such as fish and chips and Sunday Roast and English as Australia's national language.[ citation needed ]

In Sydney, at least 50 suburban names are derived directly from 20 English counties, of which the largest numbers are from Kent, Surrey and London. Among the best known are Surry Hills, Croydon, Hornsby, Epping, Chipping Norton, Brighton-le-Sands, Bexley, Canterbury, Ryde, Kensington, Lewisham and Penshurst. [3]

Notable people

English convicts transported to Australia

  • James Blackburn – known for contributions to Australian architecture and civil engineering
  • William Bland – naval surgeon transported for killing a man in a duel; prospered and was involved in philanthropy; had a seat in the legislative assembly [36]
  • William Buckley – escaped and lived with Aboriginal people for many years
  • John Cadman – had been a publican; as a convict became Superintendent of Boats in Sydney; Cadmans Cottage is a cottage granted to him
  • Daniel Cooper – successful merchant
  • Margaret Dawson – First Fleet, "founding mother"
  • William Field – Tasmanian businessman and landowner
  • Francis Greenway – Australian architect
  • William Henry Groom – successful auctioneer and politician; served in the inaugural Australian Parliament
  • William Hutchinson – public servant and pastoralist
  • Mark Jeffrey – wrote famous autobiography
  • Henry Kable – First Fleet convict, arrived with wife and son (Susannah Holmes, also a convict, and Henry) filed 1st lawsuit in Australia, became wealthy businessman
  • Simeon Lord – pioneer merchant and magistrate in Australia
  • Nathaniel Lucas – one of the first convicts on Norfolk Island, where he became Master carpenter, later farmed successfully, built windmills, and was Superintendent of carpenters in Sydney
  • Isaac Nichols – entrepreneur, first Postmaster
  • William Redfern – one of the few surgeon convicts
  • Mary Reibey – operated a fleet of ships
  • Henry Savery – Australia's first novelist; author of Quintus Servinton
  • Robert Sidaway – opened Australia's first theatre
  • William Sykes – historically interesting because he left a brief diary and a bundle of letters
  • John Tawell – served his sentence, became a prosperous chemist, returned to England after 15 years, and after some time murdered a mistress, for which he was hanged
  • Samuel Terry – wealthy merchant and philanthropist
  • James Hardy Vaux – author of Australia's first full length autobiography and dictionary
  • Mary Wade – youngest female convict transported to Australia (age 11); had 21 children and at the time of her death had over 300 living descendants
  • Joseph Wild – explorer
  • Solomon Wiseman – merchant and operated ferry on Hawkesbury River, hence town name of Wisemans Ferry

Prime Ministers

The majority of Prime Ministers of Australia have been of at least partial English ancestry. To date all Australian Prime Ministers have had whole or partial Anglo-Celtic ancestry.

  1. Edmund Barton, 1st Prime Minister, 1901–1903 (English parents [37] )
  2. Alfred Deakin, 2nd Prime Minister, 1903–1904, 1905–08, 1909–10 (English parents [38] )
  3. Joseph Cook, 6th Prime Minister, 1913–1914 (born in Silverdale, Staffordshire, England)
  4. Billy Hughes, 7th Prime Minister, 1915–1923 (born in London, England [39] )
  5. Earle Page, 11th Prime Minister, 1939 (father from London, England [40] )
  6. Robert Menzies, 12th Prime Minister, 1939–1941, 1949-66 (maternal grandparents born in Penzance, England [41] )
  7. Harold Holt, 17th Prime Minister, 1966–1967 (English descent)
  8. John McEwen, 18th Prime Minister, 1967–1968 (partial English descent [42] )
  9. John Gorton, 19th Prime Minister, 1968–1971 (English father [43] )
  10. William McMahon, 20th Prime Minister, 1971–1972 (partial English descent)
  11. Gough Whitlam, 21st Prime Minister, 1972–1975 (English descent [26] )
  12. Malcolm Fraser, 22nd Prime Minister, 1975–1983 (partial English descent [44] )
  13. Bob Hawke, 23rd Prime Minister, 1983–1991 (English descent; all great-grandparents born in England, seven from Cornwall, England and one from Cheshire, England [45] )
  14. Paul Keating, 24th Prime Minister, 1991–1996 (maternal English descent)
  15. John Howard, 25th Prime Minister, 1996–2007 (partial English descent)
  16. Kevin Rudd, 26th Prime Minister, 2007–10, 2013 (his 4th great-grandparents, convicts Thomas Rudd from London and Mary Cable from Essex, England)
  17. Julia Gillard, 27th Prime Minister, 2010–2013 (paternal grandparents born in England [46] )
  18. Tony Abbott, 28th Prime Minister, 2013–2015 (English father; born in London, England of English, Dutch, Scottish and Welsh descent [47] )
  19. Malcolm Turnbull, 29th Prime Minister, 2015–2018 (maternal grandmother, May Lansbury (née Morle), born in England [48] [49] )
  20. Scott Morrison, 30th Prime Minister, 2018 (English ancestry)

See also

Related Research Articles

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Anglo-Celtic Australians is an ancestral grouping of Australians whose ancestors originate wholly or partially in the British Isles - predominantly in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, as well as the Isle of Man and Channel Islands.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vietnamese Australians</span> Ethnic group

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">German Australians</span> Ethnic group

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Sydney</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malaysian Australians</span> Ethnic group

Malaysian Australians refers to Malaysians who have migrated to Australia or Australian-born citizens who are of Malaysian descent. This may include Malaysian Chinese, Malays, Malaysian Indians, Orang Asal, mixed Malaysians and other groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australians</span> Nationals of Australia

Australians, colloquially known as Aussies, are the citizens, nationals and individuals associated with the country of Australia. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or ethno-cultural. For most Australians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Australian. Australian law does not provide for a racial or ethnic component of nationality, instead relying on citizenship as a legal status, though the Constitutional framers considered the Commonwealth to be "a home for Australians and the British race alone", as well as a "Christian Commonwealth". Since the postwar period, Australia has pursued an official policy of multiculturalism and has the world's eighth-largest immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30 percent of the population in 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian Australians</span> Australian citizens with Indian ancestry

Indian Australians or Indo-Australians are Australians of Indian ancestry. This includes both those who are Australian by birth, and those born in India or elsewhere in the Indian diaspora. Indian Australians are one of the largest groups within the Indian diaspora, with 783,958 persons declaring Indian ancestry at the 2021 census, representing 3.1% of the Australian population. In 2019, the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated that 721,050 Australian residents were born in India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scottish Australians</span> Ethnic group

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The British diaspora consists of people of English, Scottish, Welsh, Northern Irish, Cornish, Manx and Channel Islands ancestral descent who live outside of the United Kingdom and its Crown Dependencies.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">French Australians</span> Ethnic group

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand Australians</span> Ethnic group

New Zealand Australians refers to Australian citizens whose origins are in New Zealand, as well as New Zealand migrants and expatriates based in Australia. Migration from New Zealand to Australia is a common phenomenon, given Australia's proximity to New Zealand, its larger economy, free movement agreement and cultural links between the two countries.

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Norfolk Islanders, also referred to as just Islanders, are the inhabitants or residents of Norfolk Island, an external territory of Australia. The Islanders have their own unique identity and are predominantly people of Pitcairn and English descent and to a lesser extent of Scottish and Irish.

References

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  7. ↑ Morison, Samuel Eliot (22 May 1944). "The Gilberts & Marshalls: A distinguished historian recalls the past of two recently captured Pacific groups". Life Magazine . Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  8. ↑ "Australia's founding felons get a long-delayed pardon". The New York Times. 19 November 1982.
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  12. ↑ CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1986 CENSUS 86 MULTICULTURAL AUSTRALIA (Page: 8)
  13. ↑ J. Jupp, The English in Australia, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 103
  14. ↑ CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA TAKEN FOR THE NIGHT BETWEEN THE 2nd and 3rd APRIL, 1911. VOLUME II. (Page: 115-116)
  15. ↑ CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA TAKEN FOR THE NIGHT BETWEEN THE PART 3rd and 4th April, 1921. (Page: 49-50)
  16. ↑ CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA 30th JUNE, 1933. BIRTHPLACE
  17. ↑ CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA, 1947. BIRTHPLACE of PERSONS: Census, 30 June 1947.
  18. 1 2 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1966 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA No. I.-Population, by Birthplace: Australia, Censuses, 1921 to 1966 (Page: 13)
  19. ↑ CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1971 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA TABLE 4. POPULATION BY BIRTHPLACE (Page: 2)
  20. ↑ "CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1981 SUMMARY CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS AND DWELLINGS AUSTRALIA" (PDF). Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  21. ↑ CENSUS CHARACTERISTICS OF AUSTRALIA 1991 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING Birthplace (countries)
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  23. ↑ "2011 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics".
  24. 1 2 "2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics".
  25. ↑ "2021 census: Religion" . Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  26. 1 2 James Jupp (1 October 2001). The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. Cambridge University Press. pp. 336–. ISBN   978-0-521-80789-0 . Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  27. ↑ The Australian encyclopaedia, Volume 4, Grolier Society of Australia, 1983, p. 35
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  30. ↑ Khoo, eSiew-An; McDonald, Peter F. (2003). The Transformation of Australia's Population: 1970-2030. UNSW Press. ISBN   9780868405025.
  31. ↑ "2001 Census results". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2001. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
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  35. ↑ Adair, Daryl (1998). "Conformity, Diversity, and Difference in Antipodean Physical Culture: The Indelible Influence of Immigration, Ethnicity, and Race during the Formative Years of Organized Sport in Australia, c. 1788–1918". In Cronin, Mike; Mayall, David (eds.). Sporting Nationalisms: Identity, Ethnicity, Immigration and Assimilation. Routledge. p. 22. ISBN   9780714644493.
  36. ↑ D. Richards 'Transported to New South Wales: medical convicts 1788–1850' British Medical Journal Vol 295, 19–26 December 1987, p. 1609
  37. ↑ Edmund Barton Archived 9 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Nma.gov.au. Retrieved on 2012-03-17.
  38. ↑ Australia's Prime Ministers Archived 29 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine . Primeministers.naa.gov.au (18 March 1902). Retrieved on 2012-03-17.
  39. ↑ Fitzhardinge, Laurence (1964). William Morris Hughes: A Political Biography / Vol. 1: That Fiery Particle, 1862–1914. Angus & Robertson. ISBN   0207137463.
  40. ↑ Earle Christmas Grafton Page. Adbonline.anu.edu.au. Retrieved on 2012-03-17.
  41. ↑ Allan Martin (1993). Robert Menzies: A Life / Vol. 1, 1894–1943. Melbourne University Press. p. 4.
  42. ↑ Golding, Peter S. (1996). Black Jack McEwen: Political Gladiator. Melbourne University Press. p. 35. ISBN   0522847188.
  43. ↑ Christopher Zinn Obituaries: Sir John Gorton. The Guardian. 21 May 2002
  44. ↑ "Genealogy of John Malcolm Fraser". Geni. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  45. ↑ "Genealogy of Bob Hawke". Geni. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  46. ↑ "Précis of Julia Eileen Gillard's Ancestry". Mormon News Room Online. 19 August 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  47. ↑ Tony Abbott. Retrieved on 2013-10-2013.
  48. ↑ "Lansbury, Coral Magnolia (1929–1991)". Biography – Coral Magnolia Lansbury – Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 15 September 2015.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  49. ↑ "Will privilege drown his message?". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 September 2008.

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