England relied on the county's ports to provide warships through much of its history;the Cinque Ports in the 10th[6]–14th centuries and Chatham Dockyard in the 16th–20th centuries were of particular importance. France can be seen clearly in fine weather from Folkestone and the White Cliffs of Dover. Hills in the form of the North Downs and the Greensand Ridge span the length of the county and in the Vale of Holmesdale in between and to the south are most of the county's 26 castles.
The county has agriculture,haulage,logistics and tourism industries. As the land between the capital and the wider continent,it is a high-income county. Agriculture of the county is a notable sector:"The Garden of England" is a nickname for the county,which has multiple orchards and allotments.[7] In north-west Kent,industries include aggregate building material extraction,printing and scientific research. Coal mining has also played its part in the county's industrial heritage.
The name is of Celtic origin,and dates back to at least the 4th century BC. It is one of the earliest names recorded in Britain,known to the Greeks since the explorer Pytheas recorded it as Kantion during his voyage around the British Isles in about 325 BC. As such,it has been claimed as the "oldest recorded name still in use in England."[8]
The meaning has been explained as 'coastal district,' 'corner-land' or 'land on the edge' (Welsh cant 'bordering of a circle,tyre,edge;' Breton cant 'circle;' Dutch kant 'side,edge'). In Latin sources the area is called Cantia or Cantium,while the Anglo-Saxons referred to it as Cent,Cent lond or Centrice.[9][10]
Julius Caesar described the area as Cantium,or the home of the Cantiaci,in 51 BC.[12] The extreme west of the modern county was by the time of Roman Britain occupied by a Celtic Iron Age tribe known as the Regni. Caesar wrote that the people of Kent were 'by far the most civilised inhabitants of Britain'.[10]
Following the withdrawal of the Romans,large numbers of Germanic speakers from mainland Europe settled in Kent,bringing their language,which came to be Old English. While they expelled the native Romano-British population,some likely remained in the area,eventually assimilating with the newcomers.[13] Of the invading tribes,the Jutes were the most prominent,and the area became a Jutish kingdom[14] recorded as Cantia in about 730 and Cent in 835. The early medieval inhabitants of the county were referred to as the Cantwara,or Kentish people. The city of Canterbury was the largest in Kent.[15]
Kent was traditionally partitioned into East and West Kent,and into lathes and hundreds. The traditional border of East and West Kent was the county's main river,the Medway. Men and women from east of the Medway are Men (or Maids) of Kent,those from the west are Kentishmen or Kentish Maids.[10] The divide has been explained by some as originating in the Anglo-Saxon migrations,with Jutes mainly settling east of the Medway and Saxons settling west of it.[18][19]
In the 11th century,the people of Kent (or Chenth,per the Domesday Book) adopted the motto Invicta,meaning "undefeated" or "unconquered". The adoption of this motto followed the invasion of Britain by William of Normandy,as he was unable to subdue the county and they negotiated favourable terms. The continued resistance of the Kentish people against the Normans led to Kent's designation as a semi-autonomous county palatine in 1067. Under the nominal rule of William's half-brother Odo of Bayeux,the county was granted similar powers to those granted in the areas bordering Wales and Scotland.[20]
During the medieval and early modern period,Kent played a major role in several of England's most notable rebellions,including the Peasants' Revolt of 1381,led by Wat Tyler,[21]Jack Cade's Kent rebellion of 1450,and Wyatt's Rebellion of 1554 against Queen Mary I.[22]
Title page of William Lambarde's Perambulation of Kent (completed in 1570 and published in 1576),a historical description of Kent and the first published county history
The Royal Navy first used the River Medway in 1547. By the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) a small dockyard had been established at Chatham. By 1618,storehouses,a ropewalk,a drydock,and houses for officials had been built downstream from Chatham.[23]
Hand-drawn map of Kent,Sussex,Surrey and Middlesex from 1575.
By the 17th century,tensions between Britain and the powers of the Netherlands and France led to increasing military build-up in the county. Forts were built all along the coast following the raid on the Medway,a successful attack by the Dutch navy on the shipyards of the Medway towns in 1667.[24]
The 18th century was dominated by wars with France,during which the Medway became the primary base for a fleet that could act along the Dutch and French coasts. When the theatre of operation moved to the Atlantic,this role was assumed by Portsmouth and Plymouth,with Chatham concentrating on shipbuilding and ship repair. As an indication of the area's military importance,the first Ordnance Survey map ever drawn was a one-inch map of Kent,published in 1801.[25]Many of the Georgian naval buildings still stand.
In the early 19th century,smugglers were very active on the Kent coastline. Gangs such as The Aldington Gang brought spirits,tobacco and salt to the county,and transported goods such as wool across the sea to France.[26]
Originally,the border between Kent and Sussex (later East Sussex) ran through the towns of Tunbridge Wells and Lamberhurst. In 1894,by the Local Government Act,the parts of these towns that lay in East Sussex were absorbed by Kent.
During the Second World War,much of the Battle of Britain was fought in the skies over Kent.
Between June 1944 and March 1945,more than 10,000 V1 flying bombs,or "Doodlebugs",were fired towards London from bases in Northern France. Although many were destroyed by aircraft,anti-aircraft guns and barrage balloons,both London and Kent were hit by around 2,500 of these bombs.
After the war,Kent's borders changed several more times. In 1965,the London boroughs of Bromley and Bexley were created from nine towns formerly in Kent.[27][28] In 1998,Rochester,Strood,Chatham,Gillingham and Rainham left the administrative county of Kent to form the Unitary Authority of Medway. Plans for another unitary authority in north-west Kent were dropped,but in 2016 consultations began between five Kent local authorities (Canterbury,Thanet,Dover,Folkestone &Hythe,and Ashford) with a view to forming a new unified authority for East Kent,although remaining within the auspices of Kent County Council. This idea was eventually dropped.
For almost nine centuries,a small part of present-day East London (the North Woolwich,London E16 area),formed part of Kent.
The White Cliffs of DoverView of the White Cliffs of Dover from FranceA map of Romney Marsh "The history of imbanking and drayning" by William Dugdale (1662).
The major geographical features of the county are based on a series of ridges and valleys running east–west across the county. These are the results of erosion of the Wealden dome,a dome across Kent and Sussex created by alpine movements 20–10million years ago. This dome consists of an upper layer of chalk above successive layers of Upper Greensand,Gault Clay,Lower Greensand,Weald Clay,and Wealden sandstone. The ridges and valleys formed when the exposed clay eroded faster than the exposed chalk,greensand,or sandstone.
The Wealden dome is a Mesozoic structure lying on a Palaeozoic foundation,which can often create the right conditions for coal formation. This is found in East Kent roughly between Deal,Canterbury,and Dover. The Coal Measures within the Westphalian Sandstone are about 820–1,310ft (250–400m) deep,and are subject to flooding. They occur in two major troughs,which extend under the English Channel.[33]
Seismic activity has occasionally been recorded in Kent,though the epicentres were offshore. In 1382 and 1580 there were two earthquakes exceeding 6.0 on the Richter Scale. In 1776,1950,and on 28 April 2007 there were earthquakes of around 4.3. The 2007 earthquake caused physical damage in Folkestone.[34] A further quake on 22 May 2015 measured 4.2 on the Richter Scale.[35] It was centred in the Sandwich area of east Kent at about ten miles below the surface. There was little if any damage reported.
Geological cross-section of Kent,showing how it relates to major towns
Kent's principal river,the River Medway,rises near East Grinstead in Sussex and flows eastwards to Maidstone. Here it turns north and breaks through the North Downs at Rochester,then joins the estuary of the River Thames near Sheerness. The Medway is some 70 miles (112km) long.[36][37] The river is tidal as far as Allington lock,but in earlier times,cargo-carrying vessels reached as far upstream as Tonbridge.[36] The Medway has captured the head waters of other rivers such as the River Darent. Other rivers of Kent include the River Stour in the east.
A 2014 study found that Kent shares significant reserves of shale oil with other neighbouring counties,totalling 4.4billion barrels of oil,which then Business and Energy Minister Michael Fallon said "will bring jobs and business opportunities" and significantly help with UK energy self-sufficiency. Fracking in the area is required to achieve these objectives;it has been opposed by environmental groups.[38]
Kent is one of the warmest parts of Britain. On 10 August 2003,in the hamlet of Brogdale near Faversham the temperature reached 38.5°C (101.3°F),at that time the highest temperature ever officially recorded in the United Kingdom. The record still stands as the hottest August day ever recorded.[39]
Of Kent's thirteen districts,two are under Conservative control (Sevenoaks,Dartford),four are under Labour control (Gravesham,Medway,Thanet,Dover),one is under Liberal Democrat control (Tunbridge Wells),and six are under no overall control and are administered by coalitions (Tonbridge and Malling,Maidstone,Swale,Ashford,Canterbury,Folkestone and Hythe). Notably,Thanet is the only council in the United Kingdom to have come under UK Independence Party (UKIP) control,which it did in 2015.[43]
At the national level,Kent is represented in the House of Commons by eighteen Members of Parliament (MPs). The county has historically been dominated by the Conservative Party at general elections. Prior to 2024,the party had won a majority of Kentish seats in every election since the local government reforms of 1974,including during Labour's landslide victories of 1997 and 2001. In both 2010 and 2015,the Conservatives won every seat in the county.[44] The 2024 election saw a sharp decline in support for the Conservatives,and the county is currently represented by eleven Labour MPs,six Conservatives and one Liberal Democrat.
At the 2011 census,[45] Kent,including Medway,had 1,727,665 residents (18.0% of which in Medway);had 711,847 households (17.5% of which in Medway) and had 743,436 dwellings (14.8% of which in Medway). 51.1% of Kent's population excluding Medway was female —as to Medway,this proportion was 50.4%.
The tables below provide statistics for the administrative county of Kent,that is,excluding Medway.
At the 2001 UK census[out of date],[45] employment statistics for the residents in Kent,including Medway,were as follows:41.1% in full-time employment,12.4% in part-time employment,9.1% self-employed,2.9% unemployed,2.3% students with jobs,3.7% students without jobs,12.3% retired,7.3% looking after home or family,4.3% permanently sick or disabled,and 2.7% economically inactive for other reasons. Of residents aged 16–74,16% had a higher education qualification or the equivalent,compared to 20% nationwide.[45]
The average hours worked per week by residents of Kent were 43.1 for males and 30.9 for females. Their industry of employment was 17.3% retail,12.4% manufacturing,11.8% real estate,10.3% health and social work,8.9% construction,8.2% transport and communications,7.9% education,6.0% public administration and defence,5.6% finance,4.8% other community and personal service activities,4.1% hotels and restaurants,1.6% agriculture,0.8% energy and water supply,0.2% mining,and 0.1% private households. This is higher than the whole of England for construction and transport/communications and lower for manufacturing.
Kent is sometimes known as the "Garden of England" for its abundance of orchards and hop gardens. In particular the county produces tree-grown fruits,[46] strawberries and hazelnuts.[47] Distinctive hop-drying buildings called oasts are common in the countryside,although many have been converted into dwellings. Nearer to London,market gardens also flourish. Kent is the main area for hazelnut production in the UK.
However,in recent years,there has been a significant drop in agriculture,and industry and services are increasing their utilisation of the area. This is illustrated by the following table of economic indicator gross value added (GVA) between 1995 and 2003[out of date] (figures are in £millions):[48]
Cement-making, papermaking, and coal-mining were important industries in Kent during the 19th and 20th centuries. Cement came to the fore in the 19th century when massive building projects were undertaken. The ready supply of chalk and huge pits between Stone and Gravesend bear testament to that industry. There were also other workings around Burham on the tidal Medway.[50] Chalk, gravel and clay were excavated on Dartford Heath for centuries.
Kent's original paper mills stood on streams like the River Darent, tributaries of the River Medway, and on the River Stour. Two 18th century mills were on the River Len and at Tovil on the River Loose. In the late 19th century huge modern mills were built at Dartford and Northfleet on the River Thames and at Kemsley on The Swale. In pre-industrial times, almost every village and town had its own windmill or watermill, with over 400 windmills known to have stood at some time. Twenty-eight survive within the county today, plus two replica mills and a further two in that part of Kent now absorbed into London. All the major rivers in the county were used to power watermills.
From about 1900, several coal pits operated in East Kent. The Kent Coalfield was mined during the 20th century at several collieries,[51] including Chislet, Tilmanstone, Betteshanger, and the Snowdown Colliery, which ran from 1908 to 1986.[52]
The west of the county (including Tunbridge Wells, Tonbridge, and Sevenoaks) has less than 50% of the average claimant count for low incomes or worklessness as the coastal districts of Dover, Folkestone and Hythe, and Thanet (chiefly three resorts: Ramsgate, Broadstairs, and Margate). West and Central Kent have long had many City of London commuters.
Kent's geographical location between the Straits of Dover and London has influenced its architecture, as has its Cretaceous geology and its good farming land and fine building clays. Kent's countryside pattern was determined by a gavelkind inheritance system that generated a proliferation of small settlements. There was no open-field system, and the large tracts were owned by the two great abbeys, Christ Church, Canterbury and St Augustine's Abbey, that did not pass into the hands of the king during the Reformation. Canterbury Cathedral is the United Kingdom's metropolitan cathedral; it was founded in AD 598 and displays architecture from all periods. There are nine Anglo-Saxon churches in Kent. Rochester Cathedral is England's second-oldest cathedral, the present building built in the Early English Style.[53] These two dioceses ensured that every village had a parish church.
Kent has bridge trusts to maintain its bridges, and though the great bridge (1387) at Rochester was replaced there are medieval structures at Aylesford, Yalding and Teston.[55] With the motorways in the late twentieth century came the M2 motorway bridge spanning the Medway and the Dartford tunnel and the Dartford Bridge spanning the Thames.
Many notable musicians have been associated with Kent.[59]Walter Galpin Alcock, composer and organist, who played the organ at the coronations of Edward VII, George V and George VI, was born at Edenbridge in 1861. Richard Rodney Bennett, composer and pianist, was born at Broadstairs in 1936. Alfred Deller, counter-tenor singer, was born at Margate in 1912. Orlando Gibbons, composer and organist, died in Canterbury on 5 June 1625 and is buried in the cathedral. George Frideric Handel took the waters at Royal Tunbridge Wells in 1734 and 1735. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, together with his father, mother and sister, stayed at Bourne Park House near Canterbury, 25-30 July 1765. The nights of 24 and 30 July were spent in Canterbury, where they also went to the horse races. Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, then an 18-year-old sea cadet, was anchored at Gravesend from November 1862 to February 1863; while there, he completed the slow movement of his First Symphony. Malcolm Sargent, conductor, was born at Ashford in 1895. Thomas Tallis, composer and organist, was a lay clerk of Canterbury Cathedral around 1541-2. Peter Warlock, composer and writer on music, and Ernest John Moeran, composer, resided at Eynsford from 1925 to 1928; Arnold Bax, William Walton and Constant Lambert visited them here. Percy Whitlock, organist and composer, was born at Chatham in 1903.
Visual arts
A number of significant artists came from Kent, including Thomas Sidney Cooper, a painter of landscapes, often incorporating farm animals,[60]Richard Dadd, a maker of faery paintings, and Mary Tourtel, the creator of the children's book character, Rupert Bear. The artist Clive Head was also born in Kent. The landscape painter J. M. W. Turner spent part of his childhood in the town of Margate in East Kent, and regularly returned to visit it throughout his life. The East Kent coast inspired many of his works, including some of his most famous seascapes.[61] Kent has also been the home to artists including Frank Auerbach, Tracey Emin and Stass Paraskos.
Kent was also the location of the largest number of art schools in the country during the nineteenth century, estimated by the art historian David Haste, to approach two hundred. This is believed to be the result of Kent being a front line county during the Napoleonic Wars. At this time, before the invention of photography, draughtsmen were used to draw maps and topographical representations of the fields of battle, and after the wars ended many of these settled permanently in the county in which they had been based. Once the idea of art schools had been established, even in small towns in Kent, the tradition continued, although most of the schools were very small one-man operations, each teaching a small number of daughters of the upper classes how to draw and make watercolour paintings. Nonetheless, some of these small art schools developed into much larger organisations, including Canterbury College of Art, founded by Thomas Sidney Cooper in 1868, which is today the University for the Creative Arts.[62]
Kentish people have long viewed themselves as Kentish first and British second, and to this day refer to themselves as either 'Men of Kent' or 'Kentish men' depending on whether they live to the East or West of the River Medway.[18] After the 2016 Brexit referendum and subsequent proposals for "border checks" on the Kentish border, effectively making Kent a country within a country,[64] this pride in being Kentish began to form into calls from some areas for an independent Kent or an autonomous republic within the UK, especially from the county's prominent newspapers, with the idea being discussed in detail in some areas[65] – with some ideas such as mock passports[66] and tongue-in-cheek manifestos being created.[67] These calls for independence can be explained by the individualistic and rebellious mentality that has always existed in the county, which can be explained by the county's position in the very south-east of the United Kingdom, having been a prominent and independent kingdom for centuries as well as being the source of many major rebellions that have occurred in the United Kingdom.
With the Roman invasion, a road network was constructed to connect London to the Channel ports of Dover, Lympne and Richborough. The London–Dover road was Watling Street. These roads are now approximately the A2, B2068, A257, and the A28. The A2 runs through Dartford (A207), Gravesend, Rochester, Canterbury, and Dover; the A20 through Eltham, Wrotham, Maidstone, Charing, Ashford. Hythe, Folkestone and Dover; the A21 around Sevenoaks, Tonbridge, Tunbridge Wells and on to Hastings in East Sussex.[27] In the 1960s, two motorways were built; the M2 from Medway to Faversham, and the M20 from Swanley to Folkestone. Part of the M25 runs through Kent, from Westerham to the Dartford Crossing. The M26 motorway, built in 1980, provides a short link between the M25 at Sevenoaks and the M20 near Wrotham. Kent currently has more motorways by distance than any other county in the UK, with sections of the M2, M20, M25 and M26 totalling 173km (107mi) within the extents of the ceremonial county.
In the run-up to Britain leaving the European Union, Government minister Michael Gove confirmed that the Government intended to impose a de facto border between Kent and the rest of England for freight lorries,[68] in order to deal with expected lorry queues of 7,000 or more[69] at Folkestone, Dover and other ports. Heavy goods vehicle operators need to apply for a 24-hour Kent Access Permit (KAP) to take a vehicle of 7.5 tonnes or more into Kent if their intention is to cross to the EU via Dover or the Eurotunnel.[70]
Water
The medieval Cinque Ports, except for the Port of Dover, have all now silted up. The Medway Estuary has been an important port and naval base for 500 years. The River Medway is tidal up to Allington and navigable up to Tonbridge. Kent's two canals are the Royal Military Canal between Hythe and Rye, which still exists, and the Thames and Medway Canal between Strood and Gravesend. Built-in 1824, it was purchased in 1846 by the railways, which partially backfilled it.[27] Container ports are at Ramsgate and Thamesport. Following the closures across the lower Medway, and the Swale to the Isle of Sheppey, during the 20th century, the Woolwich Ferry is the only domestic ferry that runs in the broadest definition of the county.
In addition to the "main line" railways, there are several light, heritage, and industrial railways in Kent. There are three heritage, standard gauge railways; Spa Valley Railway near Tunbridge Wells on the old Tunbridge Wells West branch, East Kent Railway on the old East Kent coalfield area and the Kent & East Sussex Railway on the Weald around Tenterden. In addition, there is the 15-inch (380mm) gauge, Romney, Hythe & Dymchurch Railway on the southeast Kent coast along the Dungeness peninsula. Finally, there is the 2ft 6in (0.76m), industrial Sittingbourne & Kemsley Light Railway, previously the Bowaters Paper Railway.
In 2002, it was revealed that the government was considering building a new four-runway airport on the marshland near the village of Cliffe on Hoo Peninsula.[76] This plan was dropped in 2003 following protests by cultural and environmental groups.[77] However further plans for a Thames Estuary Airport on the Kent coast have subsequently emerged, including the Thames Hub Airport, again sited on the Isle of Grain and designed by Lord Foster,[78][79] and the London Britannia Airport plan, colloquially known as "Boris Island" due to its being championed by the former Mayor of LondonBoris Johnson, which would see a six runway airport built on an artificial island to be towards the Shivering Sands area, north-east of Whitstable.[79][80] Both of these options were dropped in 2014 in favour of expansion at either Gatwick or Heathrow Airport, the latter finally being the chosen option following Theresa May's installation as Prime Minister in summer 2016.
Together, the two Kent authorities have 38 of the 164 grammar schools remaining in Britain.[82][83]
Kent County Council has the largest education department of any local council in Britain,[84] providing school places for over 289,000 pupils.
In 2005–06, Kent County Council and Medway introduced a standardised school year, based on six terms, as recommended by the Local Government Association in its 2000 report, "The Rhythms of Schooling".[85]
Kent County Council Local Education Authority maintains 96 secondary schools, of which 33 are selective schools and 63 are secondary modern schools.
Music education is provided by Kent Music (formerly Kent Music School),[87] which has its origins in the 1940s. Kent Music provides services across the county including Kent County Youth Orchestra, Kent Youth Choirs, and an annual summer school at Benenden School.
National Challenge schools
In 2010, Kent had the highest number of National Challenge schools in England: schools which are branded 'failing' based on the British Government's floor targets that 30% of pupils achieve at least 5 GCSE grades A* to C.[88] Of the 63 secondary modern schools, 33 missed this target; thus 52% of Kent secondary modern schools (34% out of all 96 maintained secondary schools) are 'failing'.[89]
In association football, Kent's highest ranked football team is Gillingham FC (nicknamed 'The Gills') who play in Football League Two, having been demoted at the end of the 2021–22 season.[90]Maidstone United was a Football League side from 1989 until going bankrupt in 1992. Kent clubs in the higher levels of non-league football include Ebbsfleet United, who were promoted in 2023. Tonbridge Angels and the current incarnation of Maidstone United currently play in National League South, the sixth tier of the English football pyramid.
Kent is represented in cricket by Kent County Cricket Club. The club was a founder member of the County Championship in 1890 and has won the competition, the major domestic first-class cricket competition, seven times. The club is based at the St Lawrence Ground in Canterbury and also plays matches at the Nevill Ground in Royal Tunbridge Wells and the County Cricket Ground, Beckenham.[91] The Kent Women cricket team has won the Women's County Championship seven times since it was established in 1997. Cricket has traditionally been a popular sport in the county and Kent is considered one of the locations in which the game first developed. Teams have represented the county since the early 18th century. The Kent Cricket League is the top level of club competition within Kent and features teams from throughout the county, including areas such as Beckenham and Bexley which were formerly part of the county.
Canterbury Hockey Club and Holcombe Hockey Club both play in the top division in both the men's and women's England Hockey Leagues. Sevenoaks Hockey Club's women first XI plays in the second tier of national competition.
In motorsport, the Brands Hatch circuit near Swanley has played host to a number of national and international racing events and hosted 12 runnings of the British Grand Prix in various years between 1964 and 1986.
There have been multiple American football teams based in Kent since the game was popularised in the UK. Currently, the Canterbury is the home of the East Kent Mavericks, the 2023 BAFA National Leagues Southern Football Conference 2 Champions, as well as teams from both universities.
Kent is home to two National League netball clubs, both based in northwest Kent: Telstars (Premier Division 2) and KCNC (Premier Division 3).
The 2021–2022 season has seen three Kentish clubs demoted from the third-tier of their respective sports to the fourth-tier, with rugby clubs Tonbridge Juddians and Blackheath RFC being demoted in rugby and Gillingham FC being demoted in football.[citation needed]
Kent has two county-wide stations – BBC Radio Kent, based in Tunbridge Wells; and the commercial station KMFM, owned by the KM Group. KMFM previously consisted of seven local stations which covered different areas of the county (and are still technically seven different licences) but have shared all programming since 2012[92]
The county's first commercial station was originally known as Invicta FM and began broadcasting in 1984. After various buyouts, the station was rebranded into Heart Kent in 2009 as part of the Heart Network. The station was closed and merged with several other Heart stations in the south of England in 2019 to form Heart South, with the Kent studios in Whitstable closing and production moving to Fareham in Hampshire.
There are several community radio stations in Kent including:
South Eastern Trains was a publicly owned train operating company that operated the South Eastern Passenger Rail Franchise between November 2003, when it took over from Connex South Eastern, and 1 April 2006, when Southeastern began operating the new Integrated Kent franchise.
Tonbridge and Malling is a local government district with borough status in Kent, England. The council is based at Kings Hill. The borough also includes the towns of Tonbridge and Snodland along with numerous villages including Aylesford, West Malling and surrounding rural areas.
The Medway Valley line is the name given to the railway line linking Strood in the Medway Towns via Maidstone West to Tonbridge. High Speed services also link between Maidstone West, Snodland, Strood and London St Pancras International. The section from Maidstone West to Paddock Wood passes through some of Kent's most picturesque countryside along the narrower sections of the River Medway.
The Chatham Main Line is a railway line in England that links London Victoria and Dover Priory / Ramsgate, travelling via Medway.
Arriva Southern Counties Limited, trading as Arriva Southern Counties, is a bus operator in Kent, Essex, Hemel Hempstead, and Watford in England. It is a subsidiary of Arriva UK Bus.
Maidstone & District Motor Services was a bus company based in Maidstone, Kent. The company operated bus and coach services in Mid and West Kent and East Sussex from 1911 until 1998. The company's surviving operations were absorbed into Arriva Southern Counties.
Transportation needs within the county of Kent in South East England has been served by both historical and current transport systems.
Kent is the south-easternmost county in England. It is bounded on the north by the River Thames and the North Sea, and on the south by the Straits of Dover and the English Channel. The continent of Europe is 21 miles across the straits.
The county of Kent is divided into 13 districts. The districts of Kent are Ashford, Canterbury, Dartford, Dover, Gravesham, Maidstone, Medway, Tonbridge and Malling, Tunbridge Wells, Sevenoaks, Shepway, Swale and Thanet.
The Kent County Council election, 2009 was an election to all 84 seats on Kent County Council held on 2 May as part of the 2009 United Kingdom local elections. 84 councillors were elected from 72 electoral divisions, which returned either one or two county councillors each by first-past-the-post voting for a four-year term of office. The electoral divisions were the same as those used at the previous election in 2005. No elections were held in Medway, which is a unitary authority outside the area covered by the County Council.
KM Media Group is a multimedia company in the county of Kent, England which originated as the publisher of the Kent Messenger. The Group now produces local newspapers, radio stations, TV and websites throughout the county. Iliffe Media acquired KM Media Group in April 2017.
The geology of Kent in southeast England largely consists of a succession of northward dipping late Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks overlain by a suite of unconsolidated deposits of more recent origin.
The county of Kent is divided into 13 districts. The districts of Kent are Ashford, Canterbury, Dartford, Dover, Folkestone and Hythe, Gravesham, Maidstone, Medway, Tonbridge and Malling, Tunbridge Wells, Sevenoaks, Swale and Thanet.
The Kent League was a football league which existed from 1894 until 1959, based in the English county of Kent. Another, unrelated, Kent League was formed in 1966, and is now known as the Southern Counties East Football League.
The 1974–75 Kent Football League season was the ninth in the history of the Kent Football League, a football competition featuring teams based in and around the county of Kent in England.
The 1975–76 Kent Football League season was the tenth in the history of the Kent Football League, a football competition featuring teams based in and around the county of Kent in England.
↑ Newman, John (1969). "The Buildings of Kent". In Pevsner (ed.). North East and East Kent. Buildings of England (3ed.). Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. p.35. ISBN978-0140710397.
↑ Newman, John (1969). "The Buildings of Kent". In Pevsner (ed.). North East and East Kent. Buildings of England (3ed.). Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. pp.36–123. ISBN978-0140710397.
↑ Newman, John (1969). "The Buildings of Kent". In Pevsner (ed.). North East and East Kent. Buildings of England (3ed.). Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. p.58. ISBN978-0140710397.
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