High Speed 1 (HS1), legally the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL), is a 109.9-kilometre (68.3-mile)high-speed railway linking London with the Channel Tunnel.
It is part of the line carrying international passenger traffic between the United Kingdom and mainland Europe; it also carries domestic passenger traffic to and from stations in Kent and east London, and continental European loading gauge freight traffic. From the Channel Tunnel, the line crosses the River Medway, and tunnels under the River Thames, terminating at London St Pancras International station on the north side of central London. It cost £6.84billion to build and opened on 14 November 2007.[1] Trains run at speeds of up to 300km/h (190mph) on HS1.[2][3][4] Intermediate stations are at Stratford International in London, Ebbsfleet International in northern Kent and Ashford International in southern Kent.
International passenger services are provided by Eurostar International, with journey times from London St Pancras International to Paris Gare du Nord in 2hours 15minutes, and London St Pancras International to Brussels South/Bruxelles-Midi/Brussel Zuid in 1hour and 51minutes.[5]As of November2015[update], Eurostar uses a fleet of 27 Class 373/1 multi-system trains capable of 300km/h (190mph) and 320km/h (200mph)Class 374 trains. Domestic high-speed commuter services serving the intermediate stations and beyond began on 13 December 2009. The fleet of 29 Class 395 passenger trains reach speeds of 225km/h (140mph).[6]DB Cargo UK run freight services on High Speed 1 using adapted Class 92 locomotives, enabling flat wagons carrying continental-size swap body containers to reach London for the first time.[7]
The CTRL project saw new bridges and tunnels built, with a combined length nearly as long as the Channel Tunnel itself, and significant archaeological research undertaken.[8] In 2002, the CTRL project was awarded the Major Project Award at the British Construction Industry Awards.[9] The line was transferred to government ownership in 2009, with a 30-year concession for its operation awarded to a consortium of Borealis Infrastructure (part of Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System) and Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan in November 2010.[10]
A high-speed rail line, LGV Nord, has been in operation between the Channel Tunnel and the outskirts of Paris since the Tunnel's opening in 1994.[11] This has enabled Eurostar rail services to travel at 300 km/h (186 mph) for this part of their journey. A similar high-speed line in Belgium, from the French border to Brussels, HSL 1, opened in 1997.[12][13] In Britain, Eurostar trains had to run at a maximum of 160km/h (100mph) on existing tracks between London Waterloo International and the Channel Tunnel.[14] These tracks were shared with local traffic, limiting the number of services that could be run, and jeopardising reliability.[15] The case for a high-speed line similar to the continental part of the route was recognised by policymakers,[16] and the construction of the line was authorised by Parliament with the Channel Tunnel Rail Link Act 1996,[17] which was amended by the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Supplementary Provisions) Act 2008.[18][19]
An early plan conceived by British Rail in the early 1970s for a route passing through Tonbridge met considerable opposition on environmental and social grounds, especially from the Leigh Action Group and Surrey & Kent Action on Rail (SKAR). A committee was set up to examine the proposal under Sir Alexander Cairncross; but in due course environment minister Anthony Crosland announced that the project had been cancelled,[20] together with the plan for the tunnel itself.
The next plan for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link involved a tunnel reaching London from the south-east, and an underground terminus in the vicinity of London King's Cross station. A late change in the plans, principally driven by Deputy Prime MinisterMichael Heseltine's desire for urban regeneration in East London, led to a change of route, with the new line approaching London from the east. This opened the possibility of reusing the underused St Pancras railway station as the terminus, with access via the North London Line that crosses the throat of the station.[21]
The idea of using the North London line proved illusory, and it was rejected in 1994 by the then Transport Secretary, John MacGregor, as too difficult to construct and environmentally damaging.[22] The idea of using St Pancras station as the core of the new terminus was retained, albeit now linked by 20 kilometres (12 miles) of specially built tunnels to Dagenham via Stratford.[21]
London & Continental Railways (LCR) was chosen by the UK government in 1996 to build the line and to reconstruct St Pancras station as its terminus, and to take over the British share of the Eurostar operation, Eurostar (UK). The original LCR consortium members were National Express, Virgin Group, SG Warburg & Co, Bechtel and London Electric.[23][24] While the project was under development by British Rail it was managed by Union Railways, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of LCR. On 14 November 2006, LCR adopted High Speed 1 as the brand name for the completed railway.[25] Official legislation, documentation and line-side signage have continued to refer to "CTRL".
Project
As the Channel Tunnel Act 1987 made government funding for a Channel Tunnel rail link unlawful,[26] construction did not take place, as it was not financially viable. Construction was delayed until the passage of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link Act 1996,[17] which provided construction powers that would run for ten years. The chief executive, Rob Holden, stated that it was the "largest land acquisition programme since the Second World War".[27]
The whole route was to have been built as a single project, but in 1998, serious financial difficulties arose, and extensive changes came with a British government rescue plan.[28] To reduce risk, the line was split into two separate phases,[29] to be managed by Union Railways (South) and Union Railways (North). A recovery programme was agreed whereby LCR sold government-backed bonds worth £1.6billion to pay for the construction of section1, with the future of section2 still not settled.
The original intention had been for the new railway, once completed, to be run by Union Railways as a separate line from the rest of the British railway network. As part of the 1998 rescue it was agreed that following completion, section 1 would be purchased by Railtrack with an option to purchase section 2. In return, Railtrack was committed to operate the whole route as well as London St Pancras International, which, unlike all other former British Rail stations, had been transferred to LCR/Union Railways in 1996.[30]
In 2001, Railtrack announced that because of its own financial problems, it would not undertake to purchase section 2,[31][32][33] triggering a second restructuring.[34] The 2002 plan agreed that the two sections would have different owners (Railtrack for section1, LCR for section 2) but with common Railtrack management. Following further financial problems at Railtrack,[35] its interest was sold back to LCR, which then sold the operating rights for the completed line to Network Rail, Railtrack's successor. Under this arrangement LCR became the sole owner of both sections of the CTRL and the St Pancras property, as per the original 1996 plan.[citation needed] Amendments were made in 2001 for the new station at Stratford International and connections to the West Coast Main Line.
As a consequence of the restructuring, the LCR consortium in 2001 consisted of engineering consultants and construction firms Arup, Bechtel, Halcrow and Systra (which form Rail Link Engineering (RLE)); transport operators National Express and SNCF (which operates the Eurostar (UK) share of the Eurostar service with the National Railway Company of Belgium and British Airways), the electricity company EDF and UBS.
There were several deaths of employees working on the CTRL over the construction period. One occurred on 28 March 2003 near Folkestone when a worker came into contact with the energised power supply.[36] Another death occurred two months later, in May 2003, when a scaffolder fell seven metres at Thurrock, Essex.[37] Three companies were found guilty of breaching health and safety legislation by omitting to provide barriers, resulting in Deverson Direct Ltd. being ordered to pay a fine of £50,000, J.Murphy & Sons Ltd. £25,000, and Hochtief AG £25,000.[37] Two more deaths resulted from a fire on board a train carrying wires, one mile (1.6km) inside a tunnel under the Thames between Swanscombe, Kent, and Thurrock, Essex on 16 August 2005. The train shunter died at the scene[38] and the train driver later died in hospital.[39] It has been suggested that a large amount of blame for accidents throughout the project lay with individual behaviour, becoming such a problem that an internal programme was launched to tackle problem behaviour during the construction.[40]
On completion of section 1 by RLE, the line was handed over to Union Railways (South), which then handed it over to London & Continental Stations and Property (LCSP), the line's long-term owners. Once section 2 of the line had been completed, it was handed over to Union Railways (North), which handed it over to LCSP. The entire line, including St Pancras, is managed, operated and maintained by Network Rail (CTRL).
In February 2006, there were rumours that a 'third party' (believed to be a consortium headed by banker Sir Adrian Montague) had expressed an interest in buying out the present partners in the project.[41] LCR shareholders rejected the proposal,[42] and the government, which could effectively overrule shareholders' decisions as a result of LCR's reclassification as a state-owned body,[43] decided that discussions with shareholders would not take place imminently, which effectively backed shareholders' views on the proposed takeover.[42]
By May 2009, LCR had become insolvent, and the government received an agreement to use state aid to purchase the line and to open it up to competition to allow other services to use it apart from Eurostar.[44] LCR's wholly owned subsidiary, HS1 Ltd, thus became the property of the Secretary of State for Transport.[45] On 12 October 2009 a proposal was announced to sell £16billion of state assets including HS1 Ltd in the following two years to cut UK public debt.[46] The government announced on 5 November 2010 that a concession to operate the line for thirty years had been sold for £2.1 billion to a consortium of Canadian investors.[47] Under the concession, HS1 Ltd has the rights to sell access to track and to the four international stations (St Pancras, Stratford, Ebbsfleet and Ashford) on a commercial basis, under the scrutiny of the Office of Rail & Road. At the end of thirty years, ownership of the assets will revert to the government.[45]
Building cost
The cost of construction was £6.84billion. At £51million per mile, this was higher than other projects in many other countries.[1] The French LGV Est, a line built largely through near-flat fields (save for the Saverne Tunnel) and which terminates outside its urban centres (Vaires-sur-Marne for Paris and Vendenheim for Strasbourg) cost £22million per mile.[1] Its phase one was completed in 2007 and phase two in 2016.[1]
Route
HS1 within the United Kingdom, with the Channel Tunnel and LGV Nord also shownTrain 3313/3314 served as a laboratory train, reaching 300km/h (190mph) during Section 1 testing in 2003A Eurostar train on the CTRL, near Ashford
The high-speed railway operates as a "seven-day railway", with full availability on all days. Heavy maintenance is performed overnight.[48][49][50]:21As of 2008[update], track access charges were capped at approximately £71.35 per minute. In 2008, the cost of running a train along the full length of the line between St Pancras and the Channel Tunnel was £2,244; with lower costs of £2,192 for a domestic service to Ashford International, or £1,044 for St Pancras to Ebbsfleet International.[50]:6 A discounted rate of £4.00 per kilometre was made available for night-time-only railfreight operation until 31 March 2015.[51]
Section 1
Section 1 of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, opened on 28 September 2003, is a 74km (46-mile) section of high-speed track from the Channel Tunnel to Fawkham Junction in north Kent with a maximum speed of 300km/h (190mph). Its completion cut the London–Paris journey time by around 21minutes, to 2hours 35minutes. The line includes the Medway Viaduct, a 1.2km (0.75-mile) bridge over the River Medway,[52] and the North Downs Tunnel, a 3.2km (2.0-mile) long, 12m (39-foot) diameter tunnel.[53] In safety testing on the section prior to opening, a new UK rail speed record of 334.7km/h (208mph) was set.[54] Much of the new line runs alongside the M2 and M20 motorways through Kent. After its completion, Eurostar trains continued to use suburban lines to enter London, arriving at Waterloo International.
Unlike most LGV stations in France, the through tracks for Ashford International station are off to one side rather than going through, partly because the station pre-dates the line.[55] High Speed 1 approaches Ashford International from the north in a cut-and-cover "box"; the southbound line rises out of this cutting and crosses over the main tracks to enter the station. The main tracks then rise out of the cutting and over a flyover. On leaving Ashford, southbound Eurostars return to the high-speed line by travelling under this flyover and joining from the outside.[56] The international platforms at Ashford are supplied with both overhead 25kVAC and third-rail 750VDC power, avoiding the need to switch power supplies. Within Ashford, the speed limit on High Speed 1 is 270km/h (170mph).
Section 2
Section 2 of the project opened on 14 November 2007, and is a 39.4-kilometre (24.5-mile) stretch of track from the newly built Ebbsfleet station in Kent to London St Pancras. Completion of the section cut journey times by a further 20minutes (London–Paris in 2hours 15minutes; London–Brussels in 1hour 51minutes). The route starts with a 3.1-kilometre (1.9-mile) tunnel which dives under the Thames on the edge of Swanscombe,[57] then runs alongside the London, Tilbury and Southend line as far as Dagenham, where it enters two long tunnels to reach St Pancras. The two tunnels (much of which is directly under the North London Line) are 10.1-kilometre (6.3-mile) and the 7.5-kilometre (4.7-mile) in length, split by a 1-kilometre (0.62-mile) stretch that runs close to the surface to serve Stratford International and the Temple Mills Depot.[58][59] The new depot, to the north of Stratford, replaced the North Pole depot in the west of London.[60] In testing, the first Eurostar train ran into St Pancras on 6 March 2007.[61] All CTRL connections are fully grade-separated.
This station was rebuilt as Ashford International during the early 1990s for international services from mainland Europe; this included the addition of two platforms to the north of station (the original down island platform had been taken over by international services). Unlike normal LGV stations in France, the through tracks for Ashford International railway station are off to one side rather than going through.[55] The number of services was reduced after the opening of the Ebbsfleet station. A high-speed domestic service operated by Southeastern to London St Pancras began on 29 June 2009. Eurostar has not served the station since the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, and services will not return until at least 2025.[62][63]
Ebbsfleet International railway station in the borough of Dartford, Kent is 10mi (16km) outside the eastern boundary of Greater London and opened to the public on 19 November 2007.[64] It became Eurostar's main station in Kent.[65][66][67] Two of the platforms are designed for international passenger trains and four for high-speed domestic services.[68] A high-speed domestic service operated by Southeastern to London St Pancras began on 29 June 2009. Eurostar has not served the station since the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, and services will not return until at least 2025.[62][63]
The terminus for the high-speed line in London is St Pancras railway station. During the 2000s, towards the end of the construction of the CTRL, the entire station complex was renovated, expanded and renamed as StPancras International,[69][70] with a new security-sealed terminal area for Eurostar trains to continental Europe.[71] In addition, it retained traditional domestic connections to the north and south of England. The new extension doubled the length of the central platforms now used for Eurostar services; new platforms have been provided for existing domestic East Midlands Trains and the Southeastern high-speed services that run along High Speed 1 to Kent.[72] New platforms on the Thameslink line across London were built beneath the western margins of the station, and the station at King's Cross Thameslink was closed.
Stratford International railway station was not part of the original government plans for the CTRL.[74] Despite its name, no international services call there. Completed in April 2006, it opened on 30 November 2009 when the domestic preview Southeastern highspeed services started calling there.[75] An extension of the Docklands Light Railway opened to Stratford International in August 2011.[76] It forms part of the complex of railway stations for the main site where the 2012 Summer Olympics were held.[77]
Temple Mills Depot in Leyton is used for storage and servicing of Eurostar trains and off-peak berthing of Class 395 Southeastern high-speed trains.
Infrastructure
A high-speed tunnel and flyover take non-stopping trains past Ashford International at 270km/h (170mph)
The construction work of the line was complex, and many contractors were involved in delivering them.[79] The CTRL Section 2 construction works had caused considerable disruption around the Kings Cross area of London; in their wake redevelopment was stimulated.[80][81] The large redevelopment area includes the run-down areas of post-industrial and ex-railway land close to King's Cross and St Pancras, a conservation area with many listed buildings; this was promoted as one of the benefits for building the CTRL.[82] It has been postulated that this development was actually suppressed by the construction project,[83] and some affected districts were said still to be in a poor state in 2005.[84]
Track
Both track and signalling technology (TVM-430 + KVB) are based on or identical to the standards used on the French LGV high-speed lines. The areas around St Pancras and Gare du Nord use colour light and KVB signalling[85] with the whole of the high-speed route to Paris (CTRL, Channel Tunnel, LGV Nord) using TVM-430. Traffic between London and the Channel Tunnel is controlled from the Ashford signalling centre. Signalling tests before opening were performed by the SNCF-owned "Lucie" test car.[86]
After local protests,[90][91] early plans were modified to put more of the route into tunnels up until a point approximately 2 kilometres (1.2mi) from St Pancras. Previously the CTRL was planned to run on an elevated section alongside the North London Line on approach into the line's terminus. The twin tunnels bored under London were driven from Stratford westwards towards St Pancras, eastwards towards Dagenham and from Dagenham westwards to connect with the tunnel from Stratford. The tunnel boring machines were 120 metres (394ft) long and weighed 1,100 tonnes (1,083 long tons; 1,213 short tons). The depth of the tunnels varies from 24 to 50 metres (79 to 164ft). The two London tunnels are 7.5 kilometres (4.7mi) and 10.1 kilometres (6.3mi) in length, split by Stratford International station.[58][59]
Other major tunnels along the route include a 3.1km (1.93-mile) tunnel underneath the River Thames at Thurrock in Essex[57] and the 3.2km (1.99-mile)North Downs Tunnel near Maidstone in Kent.[53]
A four-kilometre (2.5mi) connecting line providing access for Waterloo International leaves High Speed 1 at Southfleet Junction using a grade-separated junction; the main CTRL tracks continue uninterrupted through to CTRL Section 2 underneath the southbound flyover. The connection joins the Chatham Main Line at Fawkham Junction with a flat crossing. The retention of Eurostar services to Waterloo after the line to St Pancras opened was ruled out on cost grounds.[93] Waterloo International closed upon opening of the section two of the CTRL in November 2007; Eurostar now serves the refurbished St Pancras as its only London terminal, so this connecting line is no longer used in regular service,[94][95] but can be used by Class 395 passenger trains.[96]
Services
International passenger services on this line are operated by Eurostar, with maximum speed 300km/h (190mph), while domestic passenger services are operated by Southeastern as far as Ashford International, with maximum speed 225km/h (140mph).
High Speed 1 was built to allow eight trains per hour through to the Channel Tunnel.[97] As of May 2014, Eurostar runs two to three trains per hour in each direction between London and the Channel Tunnel.[98] Southeastern runs in the high peak eight trains per hour between London and Ebbsfleet, two of these continuing to Ashford.[99] During the 2012 Olympic Games, Southeastern provided the Olympic Javelin service with up to twelve trains per hour from Stratford into London.[100]
Freight
The route was built with freight provision from the beginning. It has spurs leading to and from the freight terminal at Dollands Moor (Folkestone) and the freight depot at Barking (Ripple Lane), north of the River Thames. Long passing loops to hold freight trains while passenger trains overtake them were built at Lenham Heath and Singlewell.
Freight trains operated by EWS first ran over CTRL Section 1, on the consecutive evenings of 3–4 April 2004. Five freight trains that would have run via the classic lines were diverted to run over the Channel Tunnel Rail Link instead: three southbound intermodal trains on 3 April 2004 and two northbound intermodal trains on 4 April 2004.[101]
Ownership
In November 2010, the HS1 concession was awarded for a duration of thirty years to an investment consortium bringing together two Canadian public pension funds: Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System (through its subsidiary Borealis Infrastructure), and Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan for £2.1 billion.[47] At the time, UK pension investors had generally limited interest in such long-term, illiquid, 'infrastructure assets'.[102]
In 2017, the sale of the 30 year HS1 concession was announced to funds advised and managed by InfraRed Capital Partners and Equitix Investment Management; participants include HICL Infrastructure (35%), Equitix (35%) and South Korea's National Pension Service (30%), for an enterprise value of £3 billion.[103][104]
The private operator does not hold the freehold or rights to any of the associated land.[105]
Operators
The railway is operated on an open access basis. Trains are operated by several organisations all operating over the same track. HS1 Ltd. is the network manager for the line, stations, and other infrastructure.[106]
HS1 Ltd is responsible for overall managing and running of the line – along with the international railway stations at St Pancras, Stratford, Ashford and Ebbsfleet[107] – with responsibility for the infrastructure itself sub-contracted to Network Rail (High Speed) Ltd (formerly known as Network Rail (CTRL) acting as the controller and infrastructure manager.[108] Network Rail (CTRL) Limited was created as a subsidiary of Network Rail on 26 September 2003 for £57million to take over the assets of the CTRL renewal and maintenance operations.[109] Network Rail (High Speed) operates engineering, track maintenance machines, rescue locomotives, and infrastructure- and test trains.[110] Eurotunnel's subsidiary Europorte 2 operates its Eurotunnel Class 0001 (Krupp/MaK 6400) rescue locomotives on the line when required.[111]
Various track recording trains run as necessary, including visits by the New Measurement Train. On the night of 4/5 May 2011 the SNCF TGV Iris 320 laboratory train took over, being hauled from Coquelles to St Pancras and back, towed by Eurotunnel Krupp locomotives numbers 4 and 5.[112] The Iris 320 runs for Network Rail (High Speed) are an extension of the 100km/h (62mph) monitoring cycle already undertaken by SNCF International since December 2010 for Eurotunnel every two months.[113][114]
Eurostar
A Eurostar train in the original livery passing Strood, on approach to the Medway bridge
The Eurostar service uses about 40% of the capacity of High Speed 1,[115] which in November 2007 became the company's route for all its services prior to the merger with Thalys.[116] Eurostar trains are for international traffic only, passing along the high-speed line from London St Pancras railway station to the Channel Tunnel, with the majority[117] terminating at either Paris Gare du Nord in France or Brussels-South railway station in Belgium.[118][119] A Eurostar train was used to set a new British rail speed record of 334.7km/h (208mph) on 30 July 2003.[120][121] Prior to the formation of Eurostar International Limited, the British component of the Eurostar grouping was owned by London & Continental Railways, which had also previously owned the High Speed 1 infrastructure.[122]
The fastest regular-service Eurostar journeys on record are 2 hours, 3 minutes and 39 seconds from Paris Gare du Nord to St Pancras, set on 4 September 2007;[123] and 1 hour 43 minutes from BrusselsSouth to St Pancras, set on 19 September 2007.[124]
Domestic high-speed services on High Speed 1 are operated by Southeastern. Having been in planning since 2004,[125] a preview service of the British Rail Class 395 trains, popularly known as Javelins, started in June 2009,[68] and regular services began on 13 December 2009. The quickest journey time from Ashford to London St Pancras is 35 minutes,[126] compared with 80 minutes for the service to London Charing Cross via Tonbridge.[127] This service on Section 2 of the CTRL, known previously as CTRL-DS, was a factor in London's successful 2012 Olympic Bid, promising a seven-minute journey time from the Olympic Park at Stratford to the London terminus at St Pancras.[128]
DB Cargo UK Class 92s haul freights over High Speed 1
DB Cargo is a global freight operator with a large interest in freight over rail in Europe.[129] While High Speed 1 was constructed with freight loops, no freight traffic had run upon the line since opening in 2003.[130] On 16 April 2009 DB Schenker signed an agreement with HS1 Ltd, the owner of High Speed 1, for a partnership to develop TVM modifications for class 92 freight locomotives to run on the line.[131] On 25 March 2011 for the first time a modified class 92 locomotive travelled from Dollands Moor to Singlewell using the TVM430 signalling system.[132] A loaded container train ran for the first time on 27 May 2011, to Novara in Italy. Following further trials with loaded wagons[133][134] DB is to upgrade five Class 92 locomotives to allow them to run on High Speed 1.[135] From 11 November 2011 a weekly service using European-sized swap body containers has run between London and Poland using High Speed 1.
At present, only Deutsche Bahn (DB) has applied for use of the line and in 2009, regulations were relaxed to allow its trains to use the Channel Tunnel. Other proposals are yet to be formalised.
Deutsche Bahn
Deutsche Bahn planned services using Siemens VelaroD trains
In November 2007, it was reported that DB, Germany's national train company, had applied to use the Channel Tunnel and High Speed 1 into London. This was denied by Deutsche Bahn, and the bi-national Channel Tunnel Safety Authority confirmed that it had not received such an application.[136] The plan was delayed by safety regulations as Deutsche Bahn's fleet of ICE 3M high-speed trains could not be divided in the tunnel in an emergency.[137]
In December 2008, it was reported that DB was interested in buying the British share in Eurostar,[138] which in practice meant buying Eurostar (UK) Ltd., the 100% subsidiary of London & Continental Railways (LCR), which the British government intended to break up and sell just as it did the other rail-related subsidiary of L&CR, HS1 Ltd.[139][140] The buyer of EUKL would become the owner of the 11 British "Three Capitals" Class 373 trainsets plus all seven "North of London" sets, and would also be responsible for the operations of Eurostar traffic within Britain once the management contract with ICRR expires in 2010. Guillaume Pépy, the president of SNCF, who held a press conference the same day, described DB's interest as "premature, presumptuous and arrogant".[141] SNCF claims to own 62% of the shares of Eurostar Group Ltd. Hartmut Mehdorn, then CEO of Deutsche Bahn, confirmed DB's interest but insisted in a letter to Pépy that DB had only informally requested information and not made any official requests to Britain's Department for Transport.[142]
In 2009, Eurotunnel (the owners of the Channel Tunnel) announced that it was prepared to start relaxing the fire safety regulations, in order to permit other operators, such as Deutsche Bahn, to transport passengers via the Tunnel using other forms of rolling stock.[143] Under the deregulation of European railway service, high-speed lines were opened up to access by other operators on 1 January 2010; the Inter-Governmental Commission on the Channel Tunnel (IGC) announced that it was considering relaxing the safety requirements concerning train splitting. LCR suggested that high-speed rail services between London and Cologne could commence before the 2012 Olympics.[144]
In March 2010, Eurotunnel, HS1 Ltd, DB and other interested train operators formed a working group to discuss changes to the safety rules, including allowing 200-metre trains. The Intergovernmental Commission currently requires trains to be 400m long.[145] Deutsche Bahn carried out evacuation trials in the tunnel on 17 October 2010 with two 200m-long ICE3 trains, and displayed one of them at St Pancras station on 19 October.[146] The current Velaro ICE3 sets do not meet the fire safety requirements for passenger services through the tunnel, but the Siemens Velaro D sets on order include the necessary additional fire-proofing.[147] In March 2011, the European Rail Agency decided to allow trains with distributed traction to operate in the Channel Tunnel.[148] DB is planning three services a day to Frankfurt (5h from London), Rotterdam (3h) and Amsterdam (4h) via Brussels[146][149] from 2015. This had originally planned to be 2013, but has been delayed due to the availability of the Channel Tunnel version of the Siemens Velaro D trains, high rental costs of the French rail network and border controls in their stations.[150] As of 2016, nothing yet has come to fruition, but the High Speed One website continues to state that "HS1 Ltd are working with Deutsche Bahn on plans to incorporate three additional international return journeys, between Frankfurt and London via Cologne, Brussels and Lille. This will include connections from Amsterdam via Rotterdam to London."[151]
In March 2017, it was announced that Deutsche Bahn had revived plans for a London to Frankfurt train service with the service beginning as early as 2020. The service would take around five hours and could rival airlines and become the first competitor for Eurostar.[152] In June 2018, Deutsche Bahn stated the plans have been shelved due to a "significantly changed economic environment".[153]
Veolia
Veolia's planned use of the AGV train would cut journey times to London
In 2009, Veolia announced that it would begin working on new proposals in co-operation with Trenitalia to run services from Paris to Strasbourg, London and Brussels.[154]
In October 2021, Renfe announced that It intends to operate high-speed trains between Paris and London using the Channel Tunnel and High Speed 1. A Renfe spokesperson has said that there are possible options available on the high-speed route for additional trains to operate. “According to the demand analyses carried out, it would be viable and profitable for Renfe to compete with Eurostar.”[157] The rail company claims it had already received support from Getlink – the European company that operates the Channel tunnel – and from HS1, which owns, runs and maintains the 109km rail line between the Channel tunnel and London.[158]
It was revealed in March 2020 that High Speed 1 Ltd, along with SNCF and Lisea, are looking for an operator for a future London St Pancras–Bordeaux St Jean train service.[160]
Eurostar is an international high-speed rail service in Western Europe, connecting Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
St Pancras railway station, officially known since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a major central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands to London. It provides East Midlands Railway services to Leicester, Corby, Derby, Sheffield and Nottingham on the Midland Main Line, Southeastern high-speed trains to Kent via Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International, and Thameslink cross-London services to Bedford, Cambridge, Peterborough, Brighton, Horsham and Gatwick Airport. It stands between the British Library, the Regent's Canal and London King's Cross railway station, with which it shares a London Underground station, King's Cross St Pancras.
The Ligne à Grande Vitesse Nord, typically shortened to LGV Nord, is a French 333-kilometre (207 mi)-long high-speed rail line, opened in 1993, that connects Paris to the Belgian border and the Channel Tunnel via Lille.
Stratford International is a National Rail station in Stratford and a separate Docklands Light Railway (DLR) station nearby, located in East Village in London. Despite its name, no international services stop at the station; plans for it to be served by Eurostar trains never came to fruition. The National Rail platforms are served by Southeastern trains on the High Speed 1 route originating at London St Pancras International. On the DLR, it is a terminus – one of seven end-of-the-line termini – for local services via Canning Town and London City Airport.
The Chatham Main Line is a railway line in England that links London Victoria and Dover Priory / Ramsgate, travelling via Medway.
Ashford International railway station is a National Rail station in the town of Ashford, Kent, England. It connects several railway lines, including High Speed 1 and the South Eastern Main Line. Services are operated by Southeastern and Southern.
Ebbsfleet International railway station is in Ebbsfleet Valley, Kent, 10 miles east of London, England, near Dartford and the Bluewater Shopping Centre to the west and Gravesend to the east. The station, part of the Thames Gateway urban regeneration project, is on the High Speed 1 (HS1) rail line, 300 metres south-west of Northfleet railway station, off the A2 trunk road, 5 mi (8.0 km) from its junction with the M25 motorway. It served as a primary park-and-rail service for the London 2012 Olympics.
Eurostar International Limited (EIL) is the railway company operating the international Eurostar train services between Paris, London, Amsterdam and Brussels via the Channel Tunnel. Eurostar was previously operated by three separate companies in Belgium, France and the United Kingdom, but this structure was replaced by EIL as a new single management company on 1 September 2010. EIL is owned by Eurostar Group.
London and Continental Railways (LCR) is a property development company owned by the Government of the United Kingdom for developing former railway land. The company was originally established in 1994 as a private consortium to own European Passenger Services and build the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) under a contract agreed with the government.
London & South Eastern Railway Limited, trading as Southeastern, was a British train operating company owned by Govia that operated passenger rail services in South East England. It was the key operator of commuter and regional services in South East London and Kent, and also served parts of East Sussex.
The British Rail Class 395 Javelin is a dual-voltage electric multiple unit (EMU) passenger train built by Hitachi Rail as part of the Hitachi A-train AT300 family for high-speed commuter services on High Speed 1 and elsewhere on the South Eastern franchise. The whole fleet is operated by Southeastern.
Regional Eurostar was a planned Eurostar train service from Paris and Brussels to locations in the United Kingdom to the north and west of London.
High-speed rail in the United Kingdom is provided on five upgraded railway lines running at top speeds of 125 mph (200 km/h) and one purpose-built high-speed line reaching 186 mph (300 km/h).
Ashford is a town in Kent, England, which lies on several major transport routes.
Waterloo International station was the London terminus of the Eurostar international rail service from its opening on 14 November 1994 to its closure on 13 November 2007, when it was replaced by London St Pancras International as the terminal for international rail services following the opening of High Speed 1 (HS1). It was on the western side of London Waterloo mainline station but was managed and branded separately.
Heathrow Hub railway station was a proposed interchange that would serve – mainly – a now disbanded potential alignment of High Speed 2 (HS2) services that would adjoin the expanded part of Heathrow Airport, England. It was a cornerstone part of an expansion plan put forward in 2008, by engineering firm Arup, to set up the UK's first high-speed rail network north-west of London.
Robert David Holden CBE is a British accountant, born in Manchester. He holds a degree in Economics from Lancaster University.
The British Rail Class 373, known in France as the TGV TMST and branded by Eurostar as the Eurostar e300, is a French designed and Anglo-French built electric multiple unit train that was used for Eurostar international high-speed rail services from the United Kingdom to France and Belgium through the Channel Tunnel. Part of the TGV family, it was built with a smaller cross-section to fit the smaller loading gauge in Britain, was originally capable of operating on the UK third rail network, and has extensive fireproofing in case of fire in the tunnel. It is both the second longest—387 metres —and second fastest train in regular UK passenger service, operating at speeds of up to 300 kilometres per hour (186 mph).
The British Rail Class 374, also referred to as the Eurostar e320, is a type of electric multiple unit passenger train used on Eurostar services through the Channel Tunnel to serve destinations beyond the core routes to Paris and Brussels. They began to run passenger services in November 2015. The trains, owned by Eurostar International Limited, are sixteen-coach versions of the Siemens Velaro. Each train is 390.2 m (1,280 ft) long. The trains are compliant with the Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI).
HS4Air is a proposal for a 140-kilometre (87 mi) high-speed railway line in the United Kingdom, put forward in 2018 by a British engineering consultancy, Expedition Engineering.
↑ "HS1 (Section 2) Register of Infrastructure"(PDF). HS1 Ltd. para. 1.4. Archived from the original(PDF) on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013. Maximum allowable speed; Maximum speed of any (interoperable or otherwise) operating on Section 2 of the HS2: Passenger 225km/h, Freight 140km/h
↑ Haigh, Philip (10 August 2011). "DB a step closer to European freight into London via HS1". Rail. Peterborough. p.15.
↑ Matthews, Roger (2003). The archaeology of Mesopotamia: theories and approaches. London: Routledge. p.31. ISBN978-0-415-25317-8. The development of this new railway resulted in the largest archaeological project to date in the United Kingdom
↑ Harper, Keith (18 January 2001). "French attack Railtrack". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
↑ Walters, Joanna (21 October 2001). "Rail's shattered dream". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 25 August 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
1 2 "LCR rejects takeover bid". RailwayPeople. Ashby-de-la-Zouch. 31 March 2006. Archived from the original on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
↑ Roberts (29 October 2007). "TOC and FOC aspirations for a 7 day railway"(PDF). Seven Day Railway. Network Rail October 2007 Strategic Business Plan (Report). Archived from the original(Supporting document) on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2012. "7 day railway will operate on new high speed line. Inspections carried out during daytime white period & maintenance done at night.
↑ "High speed preview services announced". 1 June 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2012. Daylight HS1 track inspection... Currently track engineers inspect high speed infrastructure during daylight hours.
1 2 sxmarcel (17 November 2008). "Possessions allowance"(PDF). Second Consultation on Prospective Levels and Principles of Track Access Charging for the High Speed 1 Railway. p.6,21. Archived from the original(PDF) on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
↑ Glancey, Jonathan (27 May 2005). "Tunnel vision". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2009. Somers Town, on one side of St Pancras, remains little more than a slum, while King's Cross is still an unzipping ground for low-rent prostitution, a crack needle in the side of civilised London.
↑ "07 099 DGN certificate"(PDF). Rail Safety and Standards Board. 24 August 2007. p.2. Archived from the original(Certificate of Derogation from a Railway Group Standard) on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2012. The new CTRL St Pancras terminal station and approaches is fitted with colour light signalling. In addition, the continuous supervision KVB Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system is installed to comply with CTRL requirements for full ATP.
↑ "Britain finally joins the high-speed club: the first section of CTRL opens on 28 September". International Railway Journal. August 2003. Certification of the TVM430 signalling system on the CTRL almost caused a delay in opening of section 1 in 2003.
1 2 "HS1 Network Statement"(PDF). HS1 Limited. 17 August 2009. pp.17, 19. Archived from the original(PDF) on 14 April 2014. 3.3.1.2 Track Gauge & Structure Gauge: The nominal track gauge is 1435mm. ... 3.3.2.1 Loading Gauge: … UIC "GC" on HS1; and UIC "GB+" on Ashford connecting lines … Waterloo connection .. structure gauge (W6/W6A)
↑ "Strategic Freight Network: The Longer-Term Vision"(PDF). Department for Transport. p.15. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2009. 20.5 European freight link (UIC GB+ Gauge): A European loading gauge freight link has been secured as far as Barking through Channel Tunnel
↑ Tully, Shawn (20 November 1989). "Full Throttle towards a new era". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020. To put some steel into 1992, the Europeans are building a network of tunnels, bridges, and high speed railways
↑ "HS1 Sectional Appendix"(PDF). High Speed 1. May 2013. p.A14. Retrieved 6 January 2023. THURROCK Viaduct (1024m)
↑ Milmo, Dan (28 January 2011). "Highest bidder asks why it lost Channel tunnel rail link sale". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2011. [the] transport secretary … stressed that the deal did not include the railway's freehold or the land itself.
↑ Annual Report and Accounts(PDF) (Report). Network Rail Infrastructure Limited. 2004. p.39. Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 December 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
↑ Deputy Chief Inspector of Railways (4 June 2010). "Infrastructure Controller: Network Rail (High Speed) Ltd"(PDF). Office of Rail Regulation. Archived from the original(Certificate of Exemption) on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2012. Network Rail (High Speed) is exempt … in relation to the operation on the Channel Tunnel Rail Link of the following classes of trains: ...
↑ Deputy Director of Railway Safety (8 February 2010). "Train Operators Certificate"(PDF). Office of Rail Regulation. p.1. Archived from the original(Certificate of Exemption) on 3 March 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
↑ "United Kingdom: Track Geometry Checks". SNCF International. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011. SNCF International … with Eurotunnel and .. Network-Rail (High Speed) are … carrying out Eurotunnel monitoring runs using the Iris 320 train and extending them as far as London St Pancras.
↑ "Maintenance"(PDF). Inspecting the infrastructure at 100km/h. Annual Report (Report). Eurotunnel Group. 2010. p.24. Archived from the original(PDF) on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011. IRIS 320 measuring train … since December 2010, … inspecting the Channel Tunnel, pulled by a Eurotunnel diesel locomotive at 100 km/h … every two months
↑ Rudd, Matt (28 October 2007). "Eurostar to Brussels". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
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