Hoo Peninsula

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Hoo Peninsula
Stoke Marshes, Hoo Peninsula - geograph.org.uk - 28810.jpg
Stoke Marshes, Hoo Peninsula
Kent UK location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Hoo Peninsula
Location within Kent
Population31,050  [1]
OS grid reference TQ7675
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
Country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town ROCHESTER
Postcode district ME3
Dialling code 01634
Police Kent
Fire Kent
Ambulance South East Coast
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Kent
51°27′N0°33′E / 51.45°N 0.55°E / 51.45; 0.55 Coordinates: 51°27′N0°33′E / 51.45°N 0.55°E / 51.45; 0.55
Hoo Peninsula Hoo Peninsula.png
Hoo Peninsula

The Hoo Peninsula is a peninsula in Kent, England, separating the estuaries of the rivers Thames and Medway. It is dominated by a line of chalk, clay and sand hills, [2] surrounded by an extensive area of marshland composed of alluvial silt. The name Hoo is a Saxon word believed to mean 'spur of land' or refers to the 'distinct heel-shape of the ridge of hills' through Hoo. [3] Hoo features in the Domesday Book. [4] The peninsula is home to internationally and nationally protected wildlife sites as well as industrial facilities and energy industries.

Contents

History

The Romans have been credited with the first two attempts at building a sea wall. The subsequent draining of the marshes created pastureland to support sheep.

The area is rich in archaeology. Bronze Age implements and Jutish cemeteries have been found on the peninsula, and Roman pottery at Cooling. It was once the point of departure across the ancient Saxon fording point over the River Thames to Essex.

Much of the peninsula lies in one of the Saxon divisions of England called "hundreds": here it is the "Hundred of Hoo". To be precise, the Hundred comprised the parishes and churches of Hoo, High Halstow, St Mary Hoo, Allhallows and part of Stoke. The Isle of Grain, then a complete island, was in the Hundred of Gillingham; the remainder of the parish of Stoke was in the Hundred of Shamel. [5]

William the Conqueror granted his half-brother, Odo, the large estate of Hoo.

During the First World War this peninsula was the site of an explosives factory and storage facility.

Geography

The marshes

The Peninsula's marshlands are part of the North Kent Marshes and now form a major part of two protected areas: the Thames Estuary and Marshlands, and the Medway Estuary and Marshes. The Thames Estuary area covers the 15 miles (24 km) from Gravesend to the Isle of Grain; the Medway Area 15 miles (24 km) from Rochester to the Isle of Grain: a total of 38 square miles (98 km2) of marshlands. Both are Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and Special Protected Areas (SPA). They include coastal grazing marsh, intertidal mudflats, saltmarsh and lagoons. On the line of hills lies the Northward Hill National Nature Reserve.

Nature reserve

The Hoo Peninsula is home to a 129.7 acre nature reserve located in High Halstow, one of the many villages on the peninsula, called High Halstow NNR. The reserve is also part of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Northward Hill SSSI [6] site which includes 270 hectares of grazing marsh, woodland and farmland. The area features the largest heronry in Britain, [7] where some 150–200 pairs nest. A heronry has been in the woods from at least 1947, when it was mentioned in a book on the Hundred of Hoo by Ralph Arnold. [8] High Halstow NNR was declared a National Nature Reserve in 1951.

The Thames and Medway Canal

The Rivers Thames and Medway were joined by the eight-mile long Thames & Medway Canal, the construction of which started in 1805. With basins providing ports and access to the two rivers at Gravesend and Strood, the canal passed through a two-mile tunnel at Higham, broken in the centre by a shaft to allow boats to pass. Construction was difficult and expensive and it was not completed until 1824. Shortly afterwards, the tunnel became part of the railway linking Higham with Strood. The line of this now-silted canal can be considered a convenient boundary marking the landward edge of the peninsula.

The tunnel passes through large beds of chalk. To cut engineering costs many sections were not lined, which caused various rock falls between 1957 and 2004. As these rock falls could cause derailment, the tunnel was closed to trains during 2004 and was relined with reinforced concrete. It reopened in early January 2005. [2]

Roads

The only main road is the A228, which crosses the old Roman London Road (also called Watling Street, now the A2) at Strood and then follows the high ground eastwards. It meets the Medway Towns Northern Bypass (A289) at the bottom of Four Elms Hill and climbs to Chattenden, bypassing Hoo St Werburgh and High Halstow, before crossing to the Isle of Grain. On the Peninsula this road is known as the 'Ratcliffe Highway'.

The other principal route on the peninsula, the B2000, heads north to Cliffe on the edge of Cliffe marshes, part of the North Kent Marshes. This is a winding country road, much used by industrial transport serving the larger farms, including Mockbeggar Farm, [9] and the industrial jetties onto the River Thames. The B2000 passes through Cliffe Woods under the name of 'Town Road', and enters Cliffe, where it becomes first 'Station Road', from the location of the now vanished station of the Hundred of Hoo railway, and then 'Church Street'. At the northern edge of the village the road becomes 'Pond Hill' and leads down the cliff to an unmetalled track on the marshes.

The B2000 is rural in nature with several interesting old buildings along its route. There remains a Grade II listed red brick farmhouse dating from the 17th century 'Mockbeggar Farm' [9] and its barn, 25 yards (23 m) south of the farmhouse, and a Grade II building 'Mortimer's Farm House, Cliffe'. [10]

Another Grade II-listed farmhouse is Fenn Street Farmhouse, timber-framed and medieval in origin, with parts dated to the 15th century. Its age may be judged by the fact that in 1760 the building was refaced. [11]

There are numerous other minor roads on the higher ground, and a number of roads and trackways across the marshes, some of which eventually reach the sea walls.

The Hundred of Hoo Railway

Hundred of Hoo Railway, shown with other railway lines in Kent. Kent Railways.svg
Hundred of Hoo Railway, shown with other railway lines in Kent.
A poster of the opening of the Allhallows-on-Sea branch. Allhallows Opening.JPG
A poster of the opening of the Allhallows-on-Sea branch.

In 1878, Henry Pye with a deputation of other local farmers met the South Eastern Railway Company with a request for a new railway to be built in the area. From this meeting a new company was established, the Hundred of Hoo Railway Company. The SER saw it as part of the development of continental traffic, and the ferry terminal at what was named Port Victoria was built as terminus of the line. The traffic did not materialise and that section of the line and the line beyond Grain closed in 1951.

The first part of the line to be opened was in March 1882, from Cliffe to Sharnal Street. This was later extended east to the Isle of Grain. Sharnal Street was the larger of the two original stations and was provided with goods sidings, where the local farmers were able to load their produce to be transported directly to the London markets. It was also at Sharnal Street that telegram and mail collections were effected.

On 14 May 1932 a branch railway was opened to the Thames estuary beyond the ancient village of Allhallows. It was intended to become a riverside resort of some size, and grandiose plans were formed. The new area was given the name of Allhallows-on-Sea. Little came of the scheme, and today all signs of that branch have disappeared, save for the water tower which supplied locomotives at the terminus – it is now a listed building. There is a holiday village on the site where the resort was intended to be. [12]

Industry

The strategic location of the Hoo peninsula gave rise to the development of a range of industrial and commercial facilities. It has been home to many land-hungry industries, including power stations, oil tank farms, oil refineries, gas plants, explosive works, a container terminal, [13] and mineral workings. Many of these are on the Isle of Grain, but some are, or were, located at Kingsnorth on the south edge of the peninsula, up the River Medway from Grain, and at Cliffe at the western end of the peninsula.

Energy industry

A number of industrial facilities on the Hoo peninsula are associated with the energy – oil, gas, petroleum and electricity – industries. This includes five power stations (Grain, Grain CCGT, Kingsnorth, Medway and Damhead Creek); four oil refineries (Medway Oil & Storage Company, Berry Wiggins, BP Kent and Burmah-Total); three oil storage tank farms (Admiralty, MOSCO and BP Kent); two gas plants (SEGAS and Grain LNG); and a submarine power cable from the Netherlands (BritNed). [14]

The oil industry was first established on the Hoo peninsula in 1908 when, in association with the naval dockyard at Sheerness, the Admiralty constructed an oil storage and ship refuelling depot at the Isle of Grain. [15] This reflected the Royal Navy policy of building oil-fired ships which were faster, produced less visible smoke and could be refuelled at sea. [15] By 1912 there were 19 oil tanks and two jetties in the deep water of the Medway. The tanks continued to be used until 1950s when they were incorporated into the BP refinery. [15]

In 1923 the Medway Oil and Storage Company (MOSCO) constructed an oil refinery and tank farm close to the Admiralty site on a 132-acre (53-hectare) site acquired from the South Eastern Railway. [16] [15] The site included four groups of oil tanks of various sizes within earth embankments and two short jetties in the Medway. [16] Crude oil was imported from Russia and refined on the site; the petrol was marketed as 'Power Petrol'; in 1927 it was 2½ d. per gallon cheaper than Shell petrol. [15] There was an oil tank explosion on the site in 1925 that killed three workers. [15] MOSCO was absorbed into the Anglo-Iranian group (later BP) in 1932 after which oil refining on Grain ceased. The MOSCO site was physically incorporated into the BP refinery in 1952. [15]

In 1924 Berry Wiggins and Company built a plant to produce bitumen at Sharnal Street on the Isle of Grain. [17] In 1930 Berry Wiggins started the construction of an oil refinery and tank farm at Kingsnorth (TQ817723) on the site of a First World War airship base. [15] At first Berry Wiggins used the wharf at the head of Damhead Creek, but to allow larger tankers to unload in 1937 they built the 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) Bee Ness Jetty into East Hoo Creek and the Kethole Reach of the River Medway (TQ842726). [18] It was reputedly the longest jetty in Britain. [15] Oil was transferred from the jetty to the refinery through steel pipes on the underside of the jetty walkway. [19] From 1932 oil products were exported from the refinery via an east-facing connection from the single line Grain branch of Southern Railways, the Berry Wiggins branch included three sidings (TQ808735). [20] [21] In 1937 the refinery had an annual oil throughput of 90,000 tonnes, and by 1954 throughput was 65,000 tonnes per year. [22] In 1952 Berry Wiggins built a new two-stage distillation unit at their refinery, and facilities to produce asphalt for road making and other oil-derived products. [17] In 1964 the annual throughput was 190,000 tonnes. [18] In 1973 Berry Wiggins planned to build a new bitumen refinery at Kingsnorth to take feedstock from the adjacent BP refinery and to close its own refinery. [17] However, the 1973-4 world oil crisis prevented these plans being realised. The old Berry Wiggins Kingsnorth refinery closed in 1977. Bee Ness jetty is extant (2019) but is in a ruined condition. [19] Oakham Ness jetty is south of Bee Ness jetty; it was built in 1964 as part of the construction of Kingsnorth power station and was used jointly by the power station and the Berry Wiggins refinery for the import of oil. [23] It is 2 km long and runs across Oakham Marsh to the deep water of Kethole Reach of the River Medway (TQ840719). [24] The long-disused physical connection of the Kingsnorth branch to the Grain branch railway (TQ813739) was severed in 2002. [20]

Construction of the BP Refinery (Kent) , unofficially known as Grain Refinery, was started in 1950 and the site opened in 1952. [15] It had an initial throughput capacity of four million tonnes per year. [22] A catalytic reformer and aromatics plant were built in 1962. [15] By 1964 the capacity of the refinery had increased to 9,500 tonnes per year. [25] The refinery began to process British North Sea crude oil from June 1975. BP Kent refinery closed in 1982 after which some of the site was taken over by British Gas for a liquefied natural gas facility.

In 1957 the South Eastern Gas Board (SEGAS) constructed a catalytic reformer plant adjacent to the BP Refinery to use light distillates (naphtha) from the refinery to reform into town gas. [15] [26] The SEGAS process was a low pressure cyclic catalytic process which used a catalyst based on lime or magnesia to promote the reaction between hydrocarbons and steam to produce town gas. [27] The plant was made redundant when the British gas industry converted from town gas to natural gas during the period 1967–77.  

The 2,000 MW Kingsnorth power station (TQ810721) opened in 1967 and burnt coal or oil, according to the economics of each. As with others in this area, the site has proved challenging. During building the reclaimed marshland was found to have poor load-bearing properties. Kingsnorth's ground level was some four feet below the highest tide even then, and tide levels are expected to rise another three feet in coming years. For the planners, these disadvantages were outweighed by the proximity to London, the availability of cooling water from the River Medway, and deep-water berthing for oil tankers and colliers.

Between 1971 and 1981 the Burmah-Total oil company planned to build an oil refinery on Cliffe marshes (TQ720786). However, the oil crises of 1973-4 and 1979-81 made the project uneconomic and the plans were abandoned. [28]

Grain oil-fired power station was constructed on a 100 ha site (TQ886755) for the CEGB. It was commissioned in 1979 and had a projected output capacity of 3,300 MW. The power station was closed in 2015 and was subsequently demolished.

Medway Power Station (TQ8707467 is a 735 megawatts gas-fired power station on the Isle of Grain in Medway next to the River Medway, it was commissioned in 1995.

Damhead Creek (TQ809728) is a 792 MWe gas-fired Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power station, commissioned in 2001. [29]

Grain LNG Terminal (TQ862759) is a facility for the import, storage and export of liquefied natural gas (LNG). It was developed from 2002 and is now a major facility for the British gas supply industry. [30]

Grain CCGT power station is a 1,275 MW plant consisting of three natural gas-fired Combined Cycle Gas Turbine units, it was commissioned in May 2010, and cost £580 million. The power station is able to transfer up to 340 MW of heat energy recovered from the steam condensation to run the vaporisers in the nearby Liquefied natural gas terminal. [31]

BritNed is a high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) submarine power cable between the Isle of Grain in Kent, the United Kingdom; and Maasvlakte in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. It was commissioned in 2011. [32]

Other industries

Other industries on the Hoo peninsula include an explosives works at Cliffe. This was established in 1900 by Curtis and Harvey Limited on a 128 ha site near Lower Hope Point [33] to manufacture nitroglycerine, cordite, dynamite and guncotton. [34] The site was expanded during the first decade of the twentieth century and by 1908 was one of the largest in the country. Further expansion occurred during the First World War, although the site closed in 1921. [34] The foundations of the building can be seen in the landscape [35] [36]

A cement works was established at Cliffe in about 1860 using locally mined chalk. The Alpha Cement works was established in 1910 and operated in various guises until 1970. Today the site is an aggregate import, storage and loading facility. Aggregate is offloaded at two jetties (TQ706767) on the River Thames adjacent to Cliffe fort. Aggregate is transferred along a 1.7 km conveyor to the main site (TQ720756) where railway wagons are loaded. [36] Facilities include loading silos, an overhead conveyor and a loading gantry. The sidings are on a branch from the Grain branch railway line. [37] The site is operated (2019) by Brett Aggregates Limited, [38] formerly by Blue Circle.

In 1960 BP in partnership with California Chemicals built a petrochemical plant to manufacture synthetic fibres from oil by-products. [15]

London Thamesport is a small container seaport in the Port of London on the River Medway (TQ865742) serving the North Sea. It is located on the Isle of Grain. It was first developed as a container port in 1989 and was developed as a deep-water port from 2001. [39]

Villages on the Hoo Peninsula

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medway</span> Unitary authority in Kent, England

Medway is a unitary authority district and conurbation in Kent, South East England. It had a population of 278,016 in 2019. The unitary authority was formed in 1998 when Rochester-upon-Medway amalgamated with the Borough of Gillingham to form Medway Towns. It is now a unitary authority area run by Medway Council, independent of Kent County Council but still part of the ceremonial county of Kent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isle of Grain</span> Village in Kent, England

Isle of Grain is a village and the easternmost point of the Hoo Peninsula within the district of Medway in Kent, south-east England. No longer an island and now forming part of the peninsula, the area is almost all marshland and is a major habitat for diverse wetland birds. The village constitutes a civil parish, which at the 2011 census had a population of 1,648, a net decrease of 83 people in 10 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Kent Marshes</span>

The North Kent Marshes are in the far north of the county of Kent spanning dry and wet south banks and inlets of the Thames Estuary in south-east England. The marshes are one of 22 Environmentally Sensitive Areas recognised by the UK's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). They are in the Thames Gateway regional planning area. They include the 5,289-hectare (20.4 sq mi) South Thames Estuary and Marshes biological SSSI.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strood</span> Town in Medway in South East England

Strood is a town in the unitary authority of Medway in Kent, South East England. The town forms a conurbation with neighbouring towns Chatham, Rochester, Gillingham and Rainham. It lies on the northwest bank of the River Medway at its lowest bridging point.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High Halstow</span> Human settlement in England

High Halstow is a village and civil parish on the Hoo Peninsula in the unitary authority of Medway in South East England. It was, until 1998, administratively part of Kent and is still ceremonially associated via the Lieutenancies Act. The parish had a population of 1,781 according to the 2001 census, increasing to 1,807 at the 2011 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medway (UK Parliament constituency)</span> Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom

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Strood Rural District was a rural district in the county of Kent, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allhallows, Kent</span> Village and civil parish in Kent, England

Allhallows is a village and civil parish on the Hoo Peninsula in Kent, England. Situated in the northernmost part of Kent, and covering an area of 23.99 km2, the parish is bounded on the north side by the River Thames, and in the east by the course of Yantlet creek, now silted up. At the 2001 census the parish had a population of 1,649.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cliffe Woods</span> Human settlement in England

Cliffe Woods is a small estate on the Hoo Peninsula in the unitary authority of Medway in South East England. It was, until 1998, part of Kent and is still ceremonially associated via the Lieutenancies Act. It forms part of the parish of Cliffe and Cliffe Woods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stoke, Kent</span> Human settlement in England

Stoke is a civil parish on the Hoo Peninsula in Kent, England, to the south of Allhallows, on the north of the Medway Estuary. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 1,063, reducing marginally to 1,060 at the 2011 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">London Thamesport</span> Container port in England

London Thamesport was a small container seaport on the River Medway, serving the North Sea. It is located on the Isle of Grain, in the Medway unitary authority district of the English county of Kent. The area was formerly called Port Victoria. Since early 2020, Thamesport has no longer operated as a container port, having been eclipsed by the new and much larger London Gateway container port on the Essex coast of the Thames estuary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">A228 road</span> Road in Kent, England

The A228 road is an important transport artery in Kent, England. It begins at the Isle of Grain and runs in a south-westerly direction to connect eventually with the A21 trunk road at Pembury. It serves existing communities and new and proposed housing developments and commercial enterprises. The most influential force on the recent upgrading of the road has been the development of Kings Hill near West Malling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frindsbury Extra</span> Human settlement in England

Frindsbury Extra is a civil parish divided into commercial, suburban residential and rural parts on the Hoo Peninsula in Medway, a ceremonial part of Kent. It is contiguous with the fully urbanised Frindsbury part of Strood and is bounded by Cliffe and Cliffe Woods to the north, Hoo to the east, and the River Medway to the south-east at Upnor and a long, narrow meander of the river in the far south. On Medway Council it has councillors representing the Strood Rural ward currently on almost identical boundaries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hundred of Hoo Railway</span>

The Hundred of Hoo Railway is a railway line in Kent, England, following the North Kent Line from Gravesend before diverging at Hoo Junction near Shorne Marshes and continuing in an easterly direction across the Hoo Peninsula, passing near the villages of Cooling, High Halstow, Cliffe and Stoke before reaching the Isle of Grain and the container port on its eastern tip, Thamesport. There used to be a short branch line leading from Stoke Junction to the coastal town of Allhallows but this closed from 4 December 1961, the same date on which the Hundred of Hoo line was closed to passenger services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grain Power Station</span> Power station in Kent, England

Grain Power Station is a CCGT power station and former oil-fired power station in Kent, England, with operational capacity of 1,275 megawatts (1,710,000 hp) owned by Uniper.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sharnal Street railway station</span> Disused railway station in Kent, England

Sharnal Street station was a railway station between High Halstow Halt and Beluncle Halt on the Hundred of Hoo Railway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kent Refinery</span>

The BPRefinery (Kent) was an oil refinery on the Isle of Grain in Kent. It was commissioned in 1953 and had a maximum processing capacity of 11 million tonnes of crude oil per year. It was decommissioned in August 1982.

The Heron Trail is 15+1⁄2-mile (24.9 km) long cycling trail that links with National Cycle Route 1 between Higham and Strood, then it heads around the Hoo Peninsula via Regional route 18 passing through 'Hoo St Werburgh', 'High Halstow' and 'Cliffe' before returning to Higham. It has a mixture of rural and maritime interest, with views of the River Medway and River Thames.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cliffe, Kent</span> Human settlement in England

Cliffe is a village on the Hoo Peninsula in Kent, England, reached from the Medway Towns by a three-mile (4.8 km) journey along the B2000 road. Situated upon a low chalk escarpment overlooking the Thames marshes, Cliffe offers views of Southend-on-Sea and London. It forms part of the parish of Cliffe and Cliffe Woods in the borough of Medway. The population of the village is included in the civil parish of Cliffe and Cliffe Woods. In 774 Offa, King of Mercia, built a rustic wooden church dedicated to St Helen, a popular Mercian saint who was by legend the daughter of Coel of Colchester. Cliffe is cited in early records as having been called Clive and Cliffe-at-Hoo.

References

  1. ↑ ONS "www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/populationandhouseholdestimatesfortheunitedkingdom/2011-03-21".
  2. 1 2 Warren, Colin; Thomas, Iain (2006). "Geotechnical aspects of the Strood and Higham railway tunnel relining and refurbishment" (PDF). geolsoc.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  3. ↑ "Historic England - The Hoo Peninsula Landscape".
  4. ↑ The Place Names of Kent, Judith Glover, 1976, Batsford. ISBN   0-905270-61-4
  5. ↑ Arnold, Ralph (1974). The Hundred of Hoo. ASIN   B0007J0HUC.
  6. ↑ "Northward Hill (High Halstow NNR)" (PDF). naturalengland.org.uk. 1981. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  7. ↑ "Northward Hill RSPB". www.wildlifeextra.com. Wild Travel Magazine. 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
  8. ↑ Arnold, Ralph (1947). The Hundred of Hoo. ASIN   B0007J0HUC.
  9. 1 2 "Mockbeggar, Higham". www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  10. ↑ "Mortimer's Farm House, Cliffe and Cliffe Woods". www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  11. ↑ "Fenn Street Farm House, St Mary Hoo". www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  12. ↑ "Isle of Grain Railways", Adrian Gray, Oakwood Press, 1974.
  13. ↑ Smith, Joanna (2014). "Isle of Grain, Hoo Peninsula, Kent Historic Area Assessment" (PDF). Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  14. ↑ Murray, Stephen (2020). "The energyscape of the lower Thames and Medway: Britain's changing patterns of energy use". Landscape History. 41 (1): 99–120. doi:10.1080/01433768.2020.1753985. S2CID   219146452 – via Taylor & Francis.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Carpenter, Newsome, Small and Hazell (2013). Hoo Peninsula Historic Landscape Project. Portsmouth: English Heritage. pp. 31–39.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. 1 2 "Historic England - Medway Oil and Storage Company" . Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  17. 1 2 3 "Berry Wiggins and Co - Grace's guide" . Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  18. 1 2 "Beyond the point, Bee Ness jetty" . Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  19. 1 2 "Exploring Bee Ness jetty". YouTube . Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  20. 1 2 "Kent Rail - Berry Wiggins" . Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  21. ↑ Jacobs, Gerald (1994). Track Diagrams England South. Exeter: Quail Map Company. p. 7. ISBN   1-898319-07-3.
  22. 1 2 Cracknell, B.E. (1953). "The Petroleum Industry of the Lower Thames and Medway". Geography. 37 (2): 79–88.
  23. ↑ "Pastscape: Berry Wiggins refinery" . Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  24. ↑ Newsome, Carpenter and Kendall (2015). The Hoo Peninsula Landscape. Swindon: Historic England. pp. 30–33. ISBN   978-1-84802-225-6.
  25. ↑ Luckas, M. R. (1965). "Recent Developments in the United Kingdom Oil Industry". Geography. 50 (2): 154.
  26. ↑ "Isle of Grain SEGAS plant" . Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  27. ↑ Wilson, D. Scott (1969). The Modern Gas Industry. London: Edward Arnold. p. 20.
  28. ↑ Strood Rural District Council: application by Burmah Total for oil refinery at Cliffe marshes, The National Archives, HLG 156/609.
  29. ↑ "Damhead Creek acquisition" . Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  30. ↑ "Grain LNG" . Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  31. ↑ "Uniper UK Ltd" . Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  32. ↑ "Britned" . Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  33. ↑ Lat 51.4821534, Lon 0.4684702
  34. 1 2 Carpenter, Newsome, Small and Hazell (2013). Hoo Peninsula Historic Landscape Project. Portsmouth: English Heritage. pp. 45–47.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ↑ Lat 51.4809817, Lon 0.4813698
  36. 1 2 Ordnance Survey, OS Explorer 163, Gravesend and Rochester, 2015 – centered on TQ724787.
  37. ↑ Jacobs, Gerald (2008). Railway Track Diagrams Book 5: Southern and TfL. Bradford on Avon: Trackmaps. p. 7. ISBN   978-0-9549866-4-3.
  38. ↑ "Brett Aggregates" . Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  39. ↑ "London Thamesport" . Retrieved 7 April 2019.
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