County Durham

Last updated

County Durham
Durham
Pasture south of Middleton in Teesdale - geograph.org.uk - 2186636 (cropped, edited (2)).jpg
Darlington - The Clock Tower - 20220827190021 (edited, cropped (2)).jpg
Rock Formation on Seaham Beach - geograph.org.uk - 3245188 (edited, cropped).jpg
Middleton-in-Teesdale, Darlington clock tower, and the coast near Seaham
County Durham UK locator map 2010.svg
Ceremonial Durham
County Durham
Comparison of differing boundaries (historic in grey, ceremonial in blue)
Coordinates: 54°40′N1°50′W / 54.667°N 1.833°W / 54.667; -1.833
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Constituent country England
Region North East England
Established Ancient
Time zone UTC+0 (GMT)
  Summer (DST) UTC+1 (BST)
UK Parliament List
Police Durham Constabulary
Cleveland Police
Ceremonial county
Lord Lieutenant Susan Snowdon
High Sheriff Anne Elizabeth Elliott (2023) [1]
Area
[2]
2,676 km2 (1,033 sq mi)
  Rank 19th of 48
Population 
(2022) [2]
872,075
  Rank 28th of 48
  Density326/km2 (840/sq mi)
Moorland panorama - geograph.org.uk - 1235001.jpg
The moors above Weardale

County Durham is underlain by Carboniferous rocks in the west. Permian and Triassic strata overlie these older rocks in the east. These sedimentary sequences have been cut by igneous dykes and sills.

The county contains a sizeable area of the North Pennines, designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, primarily west of Tow Law and Barnard Castle. The highest point (county top) of historic County Durham is the trig point (not the summit) of Burnhope Seat, height 746 metres (2,448 ft), between Weardale and Teesdale on the border with historic Cumberland in the far west of the county. The local government reorganisation of 1974 placed the higher Mickle Fell south of Teesdale (the county top of Yorkshire) within the administrative borders of Durham (where it remains within the ceremonial county). However, it is not generally recognised as the highest point in Durham.

The two main dales of County Durham (Teesdale and Weardale) and the surrounding fells, many of which exceed 2,000 feet (610 m) in height, are excellent hillwalking country, although not nearly as popular as the nearby Yorkshire Dales and Lake District national parks. The scenery is rugged and remote, and the high fells have a landscape typical of the Pennines with extensive areas of tussock grass and blanket peat bog in the west, with heather moorland on the lower slopes descending to the east.

Climate

County Durham
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
56
 
 
6
1
 
 
39
 
 
7
1
 
 
51
 
 
9
2
 
 
52
 
 
11
3
 
 
50
 
 
15
6
 
 
55
 
 
17
9
 
 
45
 
 
20
11
 
 
61
 
 
20
11
 
 
58
 
 
17
9
 
 
57
 
 
13
6
 
 
62
 
 
9
3
 
 
59
 
 
7
2
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [30]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.2
 
 
43
33
 
 
1.5
 
 
44
33
 
 
2
 
 
48
36
 
 
2
 
 
52
38
 
 
1.9
 
 
58
42
 
 
2.2
 
 
63
47
 
 
1.8
 
 
68
51
 
 
2.4
 
 
67
51
 
 
2.3
 
 
62
47
 
 
2.2
 
 
55
43
 
 
2.4
 
 
48
38
 
 
2.3
 
 
45
35
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

The following climate figures were gathered at the Durham weather station between 1981 and 2010:

MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)16.3
(61.3)
17.4
(63.3)
21.8
(71.2)
24.1
(75.4)
29.0
(84.2)
30.4
(86.7)
36.9
(98.4)
32.5
(90.5)
30.0
(86.0)
25.3
(77.5)
19.3
(66.7)
15.9
(60.6)
36.9
(98.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)6.9
(44.4)
7.8
(46.0)
9.9
(49.8)
12.5
(54.5)
15.4
(59.7)
18.0
(64.4)
20.2
(68.4)
19.9
(67.8)
17.4
(63.3)
13.5
(56.3)
9.7
(49.5)
7.1
(44.8)
13.2
(55.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)4.1
(39.4)
4.6
(40.3)
6.2
(43.2)
8.3
(46.9)
10.9
(51.6)
13.6
(56.5)
15.8
(60.4)
15.6
(60.1)
13.3
(55.9)
10.0
(50.0)
6.6
(43.9)
4.2
(39.6)
9.5
(49.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)1.3
(34.3)
1.4
(34.5)
2.5
(36.5)
4.1
(39.4)
6.5
(43.7)
9.3
(48.7)
11.3
(52.3)
11.3
(52.3)
9.2
(48.6)
6.5
(43.7)
3.6
(38.5)
1.4
(34.5)
5.7
(42.3)
Record low °C (°F)−16.9
(1.6)
−18.0
(−0.4)
−15.0
(5.0)
−11.1
(12.0)
−4.8
(23.4)
−0.8
(30.6)
1.4
(34.5)
0.0
(32.0)
−1.7
(28.9)
−5.3
(22.5)
−12.0
(10.4)
−16.4
(2.5)
−18.0
(−0.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)51.8
(2.04)
44.6
(1.76)
41.1
(1.62)
51.2
(2.02)
44.4
(1.75)
61.0
(2.40)
60.9
(2.40)
66.5
(2.62)
56.9
(2.24)
63.4
(2.50)
73.0
(2.87)
61.0
(2.40)
675.7
(26.60)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)11.89.98.69.18.69.910.710.39.411.812.012.0124.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 60.984.4121.7160.8187.1167.1174.3167.3135.398.964.657.61,480
Source 1: Met Office [32]
Source 2: Durham Weather [33] [34] [35]

Governance

County Durham, as considered a county for lieutenancy purposes by the Lieutenancies Act 1997, is administered as a part of the constituent country of England in the United Kingdom. [3] The area is appointed a lord lieutenant and a high sheriff.

The ceremonial county is divided into four districts (see table below), one of which – Stockon-on-Tees – also extends into North Yorkshire. For administrative purposes, the County of Durham only consists of the area governed by Durham County Council. [36] The three other areas are counties in their own right. [37] [38]

Area nameCouncilCouncil headquartersEstablished
Durham Durham County Council County Hall, Durham1 April 2009 [36]
Borough of Darlington Darlington Borough Council Darlington Town Hall, Darlingtonc. 1995 [37]
Stockton-on-Tees Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council c. 1995 [38]
Hartlepool Hartlepool Borough Council c. 1995 [38]

The county is partially parished. The city of Durham is the most populous settlement in the county to have a parish. Multiple parishes are styled as having town councils: Billingham (in Stockton Borough), Barnard Castle, Bishop Auckland, Chilton, Ferryhill, Great Aycliffe, Newton Aycliffe, Greater Willington, Peterlee, Seaham, Sedgefield, Shildon, Spennymoor, Stanley and Tow Law. [39]

1836 to 1974

The county was aligned to other historic counties of England from 1836 until 1889; multiple acts were passed removing exclaves, splitting the county from the bishopric and reforming its structure.

The ceremonial county and administrative county were created under the Local Government Act 1888 in 1889. Darlington, Gateshead, West Hartlepool (later known as Hartlepool), South Shields and Sunderland became county boroughs during the administrative counties years of administrating; each remained in the ceremonial county while outside of the administrative county.

The ceremonial county remained under the same borders as the historic county until 1968 when the County Borough of Teesside formed. Ceremonial duties of the borough (which were made up of areas from two counties) were in the North Riding of Yorkshire ceremonial county. [40]

1974 to present

Ceremonial county from 1974-1996 England Police Forces (Durham).svg
Ceremonial county from 1974–1996

From the 1974 until 1996, the ceremonial county was split into eight districts: [41] [42]

A non-metropolitan county replaced the administrative county. The boundaries only deviated from the ceremonial boundaries after 1995 when the Darlington Borough became a unitary authority. [42]

On the 1 April 1996, the county of Cleveland was abolished with its boroughs of Hartlepool and Stockton-on-Tees (north of the River Tees) becoming a part of the ceremonial county. [5] [43]

The non-metropolitan county was reconstituted on 1 April 2009: the strategic services-providing Durham County Council was re-organised into a single district of the same name, merging with the seven local facility-providing districts in the non-metropolitan county and became structured as a unitary authority. It has 126 councillors. [44] The three pre-existing unitary authorities were unaffected.

Parliament

The county boundaries used for parliamentary constituencies were originally those used between 1974 and 1996, consisting of the County Durham district and the Darlington Borough, until boundary changes in 2024. This area elects eight Members of Parliament. County Durham itself elects six of them, and as of the 2024 general election, all of these MPs are Labour. The rest of the ceremonial county is included in the Cleveland parliamentary constituency area.

2024 General Election Results in County Durham
PartyVotes%Change from 2019SeatsChange from 2019
Labour 104,51843.7Increase2.svg 3.3%6Increase2.svg 3
Reform UK 54,16822.6Increase2.svg 14.2%00
Conservative 48,34820.2Decrease2.svg 20.4%0Decrease2.svg 4
Liberal Democrats 15,5386.5Decrease2.svg0.5%00
Greens 12,7475.3Increase2.svg 2.3%00
Others3,8481.60
Total239,167100.06

Emergency services

The police and fire services operate according to the 1974-96 ceremonial county boundaries:

The North East Ambulance Service NHS Trust cover North East England and are responsible for providing ambulance services for the NHS. Northumbria Ambulance Service and County Durham Ambulance Service (following historic county borders) merged on 1 April 1999 to become the North East service. [47] In 2005 the area was adapted to the modern North East England regional extent.

Air ambulance services are provided by the Great North Air Ambulance. The charity operates three bases, including one in Eaglescliffe.

Teesdale and Weardale Search and Mountain Rescue Team, are based at Sniperly Farm in Durham City and respond to search and rescue incidents in the county.

Demography

Population

#Local authority2011 census
Ceremonial county853,213
1 District of County Durham 513,242 [48]
2 Borough of Stockton-on-Tees (north Tees)136,079 [49]
3 Borough of Darlington 105,564 [50]
4 Borough of Hartlepool 92,028 [51]

The Office for National Statistics estimated in 2016 that the Durham County Council area had a population of 522,100, the Borough of Darlington a population of 105,600, the Borough of Hartlepool a population of 92,800, and the part of the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in County Durham (the other part being in North Yorkshire) a population of 137,300. [note 2] This gives the total estimated population of the ceremonial county at 857,800. [52] [53]

Employment

The proportion of the population working in agriculture fell from around 6% in 1851 to 1% in 1951; currently less than 1% of the population work in agriculture. [21] There were 15,202 people employed in coal mining in 1841, rising to a peak of 157,837 in 1921. [21]

Settlements

Towns and Cities of County Durham
County Durham
Transparent.svg
Transparent.svg
20km
12miles
Howden/Howdenshire
Transparent square.svg
Transparent square.svg
Wynyard
Transparent square.svg
Transparent square.svg
Seaham
Transparent square.svg
Transparent square.svg
Jarrow
Transparent square.svg
Transparent square.svg
Washington
Transparent square.svg
Transparent square.svg
South Shields
Transparent square.svg
Transparent square.svg
Gateshead
Transparent square.svg
Transparent square.svg
Sunderland
Transparent square.svg
Transparent square.svg
Stanley
Transparent square.svg
Transparent square.svg
Durham (Binchester)
Transparent square.svg
Transparent square.svg
Stockton-on-Tees
Transparent square.svg
Transparent square.svg
Hartlepool
Transparent square.svg
Transparent square.svg
Darlington
Transparent square.svg
Transparent square.svg
(Civil parishes used for population counts where possible, otherwise the source closest to the locality's boundaries.)
Red pog.svg The five largest settlements currently in County Durham, as of the 2021 UK census.  – Red. [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61]
Orange pog.svg The five largest settlements which were historically in County Durham, but now lie outside the modern county boundaries, as of the 2021 UK census. [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67]  – Orange.
Green pog.svg Urban settlements across current and historic County Durham which have been earmarked as locations for new towns, or a large planned population increase. [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75]  – Green.

County Durham has a mostly rural character, especially in the west. Small population centres scatter between Durham, Crook, Bishop Auckland, Shildon, Newton Aycliffe, Sedgefield and Peterlee. These places were populated by the draw of collieries during the Industrial Revolution. The south east side of the county Between Hartlepool and Darlington form part of Teesside with settlements on the south side of the river. [76] [77] While the north east part of the county (on the border with Tyne and Wear) forms part of Tyneside and Wearside. [78]

Changes

Former non-metropolitan county

Population over time of the current remit of Durham County Council between 1801 and 2001 County Durham Population.png
Population over time of the current remit of Durham County Council between 1801 and 2001
YearPopulationYearPopulationYearPopulation
1801
59,765
1871
273,671
1941
511,590
1811
64,781
1881
329,985
1951
504,943
1821
74,366
1891
360,028
1961
506,070
1831
86,267
1901
419,782
1971
509,307
1841
121,602
1911
492,503
1981
501,639
1851
161,035
1921
503,946
1991
505,625
1861
217,353
1931
518,581
2001
493,470
Source: A Vision of Britain through Time. [79]

At the 2001 Census, Easington and Derwentside districts had the highest proportion (around 99%) in the county council area of resident population who were born in the UK. [80] 13.2% of the county council area's residents rate their health as not good, the highest proportion in England. [81]

96.6% of County Durham's residents are White British, with other white groups making up a further 1.6% of the population. Around 77% of the county's population are Christian whilst 22% have no religion, and around 1% come from other religious communities. These figures exclude around 6% of the population who did not wish to state their religion.

As at 2001, Chester-le-Street district has the lowest number of available jobs per working-age resident (0.38%). [82]

1900s

Since the Local Government Act 1972 historic county boundaries now lie within other administrative counties. These include:

Tyne and Wear South Tyneside, City of Sunderland and metropolitan borough of Gateshead administratively removed in 1974
North Riding of YorkshireSmall number of settlements south of the Tees, such as Startforth,administratively added to county control in 1974.
Cleveland county Hartlepool borough administratively removed from historic county control in 1974, added to ceremonial county control in 1996.
Cleveland county Stockton-on-Tees (North Tees) borough Two previous separate administrative partial removals from historic county control in 1968 and 1974, added to ceremonial county control in 1996.

1800s

Throughout the 1800s exclaves, of the historic county, each were given back to surrounding shires and lands they were closer associated with:

East Riding of Yorkshire Howdenshire
North Riding of Yorkshire (now North Yorkshire) Allertonshire
Northumberland Bedlingtonshire, Islandshire (included Berwick-upon-Tweed)

Economy

Economic output

The chart and table summarise unadjusted gross value added (GVA) in millions of pounds sterling for County Durham across 3 industries at current basic prices from 1995 to 2004.

Gross Value Added (GVA) (£m)
199520002004
Agriculture, hunting and forestry453348
Industry, including energy and construction1,7511,8271,784
Service activities2,2822,8693,455
Total4,0784,7295,288
UK640,416840,9791,044,165

Businesses

Phileas Fogg snacks are made by the United Biscuits subsidiary KP Snacks in Consett on the Number One Industrial Estate. Nearby CAV Aerospace make ice protection systems for aircraft. Thomas Swan, an international chemicals company, is in Crookhall. The Explorer Group, who own Elddis, make caravans at Delves. The LG Philips Displays cathode-ray tube factory at Carrville, Durham was the second largest employer in the north east after Nissan, before the company went bankrupt in 2006. Northumbrian Water is in Pity Me, Framwellgate Moor. Esh Group is a large construction company based south of Durham in Bowburn. Schmitz Cargobull UK is the UK's biggest trailer manufacturer, notably for refrigerated trailers, and is based at Harelaw near the Pontop Pike mast.

Flymos are made in Newton Aycliffe Flymo-e25.jpg
Flymos are made in Newton Aycliffe

Black & Decker and Electrolux had large factories at Spennymoor, but moved production overseas. Thorn Lighting of the Zumtobel Lighting Group are on the Green Lane Industrial Estate at Spennymoor. Since 2007 RF Micro Devices (RFMD) have made electronic wafers on the Heighington Lane Business Park at Newton Aycliffe, on the site formerly owned by Fujitsu. Slightly to the north, TKA Tallent make automotive axles and chassis components. Husqvarna-Flymo, formerly owned by Electrolux, are on the Aycliffe Industrial Estate, where the world's first hover mower was built in 1965. In West Auckland, Potters Europe make road reflectors. GlaxoSmithKline has a site at Barnard Castle that makes pharmaceuticals.

NSK make ball bearings on the North West Industrial Estate at Peterlee, and GWA International subsidiary Gliderol UK build garage doors. Mecaplast Group UK produce automotive components on the Low Hills Industrial Estate in Easington Village near Peterlee. Reckitt Benckiser make cough syrup and indigestion remedies at Shotton, near Peterlee until 2014. Walkers Crisps have a site north of Peterlee.

Culture

Mining and heavy industry

John Wilson Carmichael A View of Murton Colliery near Seaham, County Durham, 1843 John Wilson Carmichael - A View of Murton Colliery near Seaham, County Durham - Google Art Project.jpg
John Wilson Carmichael A View of Murton Colliery near Seaham, County Durham, 1843

A substantial number of colliery villages were built throughout the county in the nineteenth century to house the growing workforce, which included large numbers of migrant workers from the rest of the UK. [83] Sometimes the migrants were brought in to augment the local workforce but, in other cases, they were brought in as strike breakers, or "blacklegs". Tens of thousands of people migrated to County Durham from Cornwall (partly due to their previous experience of tin mining) between 1815 and the outbreak of the First World War, so much so that the miners' cottages in east Durham called "Greenhill" were also known locally as "Cornwall", and Easington Colliery still has a Cornish Street. [84] Other migrants included people from Northumberland, Cumberland, South Wales, Scotland and Ireland. [85] [86] Coal mining had a profound effect on trade unionism, public health and housing, as well as creating a related culture, language, folklore and sense of identity that still survives today. [87]

The migrants also were employed in the railway, ship building, iron, steel and roadworking industries, and the pattern of migration continued, to a lesser extent, up until the 1950s and 1960s. Gateshead was once home to the fourth-largest Irish settlement in England, [85] Consett's population was 22% Irish [88] and significant numbers of Irish people moved to Sunderland, resulting in the city hosting numerous events on St. Patrick's Day due to the Irish heritage. [89]

Durham Miners' Gala 2008 Durham Miners Gala 2008 Old Elvet Bridge.jpg
Durham Miners' Gala 2008

The culture of coal mining found expression in the Durham Miners' Gala, which was first held in 1871, [90] developed around the culture of trade unionism. Coal mining continued to decline and pits closed. The 1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike involved many miners across the county. Today no deep-coal mines exist in the county and numbers attending the Miners' Gala decreased over the period between the end of the strike and the 21st century. However recent years have seen numbers significantly grow, and more banners return to the Gala each year as former colliery communities restore or replicate former banners to march at the Gala parade. [90] [91]

Art

In 1930, the Spennymoor Settlement (otherwise known as the Pitman's Academy) opened. The settlement, initially funded by the Pilgrim Trust, aimed to encourage people to be neighbourly and participate in voluntary social service. [92] The settlement operated during the Great Depression, when unemployment was widespread and economic deprivation rife; Spennymoor was economically underprivileged. The settlement provided educational and social work, as well as hope; this included providing unemployed miners with on outlet for their creativity, a poor person's lawyer service, the town's first library and the Everyman Theatre. The output included paintings, sewing, socially-significant plays, woodwork and sculptures. Several members went on to win adult scholarships at Oxford University [92] when such a route would normally be closed to the underprivileged. Former members include artists Norman Cornish and Tom McGuinness, writer Sid Chaplin and journalist Arnold Hadwin. The Spennymoor Settlement at its home in the Everyman Theatre (Grade 2 listed) is still operating, administered by the current trustees, offering community events and activities, including Youth Theatre Group, an Art Group and various classes, as well as offering community accommodation facilities.

Several Durham miners have been able to turn their former mining careers into careers in art. For example, Tom Lamb, as well as the aforementioned Tom McGuinness and Norman Cornish. Their artworks depict scenes of life underground, from the streets in which they lived and of the people they loved; through them, we can see, understand and experience the mining culture of County Durham.

In 2017, The Mining Art Gallery opened in Bishop Auckland in a building that was once a bank. [93] Part of the Auckland Project, the gallery includes the work of artists from within County Durham and beyond, including such other North-Eastern mining artists as Robert Olley, as well as contributions from outside the region. It features three permanent areas and a temporary exhibition area; the gallery's Gemini Collection includes 420 pieces of mining art. [94] Much of the artwork was donated, by Dr Robert McManners and Gillian Wales, for example. [95]

In 2019, 100 years after his birth, a permanent tribute to the work of the artist Norman Stansfield Cornish MBE was opened within the Town Hall, and a Cornish Trail around the town was established to include areas of the town depicted in Cornish's artwork.

Music

As with neighbouring Northumberland, County Durham has a rich heritage of Northumbrian music, dating back from the Northumbrian Golden Age of the 7th and 8th centuries. Bede made references to harp-playing, and abundant archeological evidence has been found of wooden flutes, bone flutes, panpipes, wooden drums and lyres (a six-string form of harp). [9] North-East England has a distinctive folk music style that has drawn from many other regions, including southern Scotland, Ireland and the rest of northern England, that has endured stably since the 18th century. [96] Instruments played include, in common with most folk music styles, stringed instruments such as the guitar and fiddle, but also the Northumbrian smallpipe, which is played and promoted by people including the Northumbrian Pipers' Society throughout the North East, including County Durham, with the society having an active group in Sedgefield. [97] Contemporary folk musicians include Jez Lowe and Ged Foley.

In 2018, The Arts Council funded the Stories of Sanctuary project in the city of Durham. The project aims to assist people living in the city to share their stories about seeking sanctuary in the North East through photography, stories, poetry and music. The art is based on a history of sanctuary in Durham, from St Cuthbert's exile, through to the miners' strike of 1984, and to refugees escaping civil war in the Middle East. The music produced as part of the project includes contributions from singer-songwriter Sam Slatcher and viola player Raghad Haddad from the National Syrian Orchestra. [98]

Other notable performers/songwriters who were born or raised in the county include Paddy McAloon, Eric Boswell, Jeremy Spencer, Alan Clark, Martin Brammer, Robert Blamire, Thomas Allen, Zoe Birkett, John O'Neill, Karen Harding and Courtney Hadwin.

Flag

County Durham flag County Durham Flag.svg
County Durham flag

County Durham has an unofficial flag, registered with the vexillological charity the Flag Institute on 21 November 2013. [99] The flag consists of St Cuthbert's cross counterchanged with the county's blue and gold colours.

Katie, Holly and James Moffatt designed the flag and entered their design into a competition launched by campaigner Andy Strangeway, who spoke of the flag as "free, public symbol for all to use, especially on 20th March each year, which is not only County Durham Day but also St Cuthbert’s birthday” (20 March is actually the date of Cuthbert's death). [100] [101]

Education

University

Durham University is based in Durham city and is sometimes held to be the third oldest university in England. [102] Teesside University has a campus in Darlington.

Colleges

Carmel College Sixth Form Carmel College Mark II - geograph.org.uk - 3545622.jpg
Carmel College Sixth Form

Places of interest

Key
AP Icon.svg Abbey/Priory/Cathedral
UKAL icon.svg Accessible open space
Themepark uk icon.png Amusement/Theme Park
CL icon.svg Castle
Country parks.svg Country Park
EH icon.svg English Heritage
Forestry Commission
HR icon.svg Heritage railway
HH icon.svg Historic House
AP Icon.svg Places of Worship
Museum icon.svg
Museum icon (red).svg
Museum (free/not free)
NTE icon.svg National Trust
Drama-icon.svg Theatre
Zoo icon.jpg Zoo

See also

Notes

  1. /ˈdʌrəm/ , locally /ˈdɜːrəm/ ( listen ) places on the River Wear or /ˈdʊrəm/ in general northern England English including places on the River Tees
  2. The total estimated population of the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees (195,700) less the populations of the electoral wards of Ingleby Barwick East, Ingleby Barwick West, Mandale and Victoria, Stainsby Hill, Village, and Yarm.

References

Citations

  1. "No. 63990". The London Gazette . 10 March 2023. p. 4634.
  2. 1 2 "Mid-2022 population estimates by Lieutenancy areas (as at 1997) for England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 24 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  3. 1 2 UK General Acts 1997 c. 23. Lieutenancies Act 1997, Schedule 1(3). From legislation.gov.uk, retrieved 6 April 2022.
  4. Durham County Council. History and Heritage of County Durham (Archived 20 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine ). Retrieved 30 November 2007.
  5. 1 2 3 Lieutenancies Act 1997 Archived 19 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  6. "Durham :: Survey of English Place-Names". University of Nottingham. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  7. "The County Durham (Structural Change) Order 2008". Legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009.
  8. "The Local Government (Structural Changes) (Miscellaneous Amendments and Other Provision) Order 2009". Legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 Gething, Paul (2012). Northumbria: The Lost Kingdom. The History Press. ISBN   978-0-7524-9089-2.
  10. Aird, William M. (1998). St Cuthbert and the Normans: the Church of Durham, 1071 - 1153 (1. publ ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN   9780851156156 . Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  11. Church, Stephen D. (2023). Anglo-Norman Studies Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2022. Boydell & Brewer, Limited. p. 63. ISBN   9781783277513 . Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  12. "Birth of Durham and Reign of Canute". englandsnortheast.co.uk.
  13. 1 2 Scammell, Jean (1966). "The Origin and Limitations of the Liberty of Durham". The English Historical Review. 81 (320): 449–473. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXXI.CCCXX.449. JSTOR   561658.
  14. Warren, W. L. (1984). "The Myth of Norman Administrative Efficiency: The Prothero Lecture". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 34: 113–132. doi:10.2307/3679128. JSTOR   3679128. S2CID   162793914.
  15. Fraser, C. M. (1956). "Edward I of England and the Regalian Franchise of Durham". Speculum. 31 (2): 329–342. doi:10.2307/2849417. JSTOR   2849417. S2CID   161266106.
  16. Vision of Britain – Durham historic boundaries [ permanent dead link ]. Retrieved 30 November 2007.
  17. "History of County Durham | Map and description for the county, A Vision of Britain through Time". Vision of Britain. University of Portsmouth. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  18. Vision of Britain – Islandshire Archived 29 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine (historic map [ dead link ]). Retrieved 1 December 2007.
  19. Vision of Britain – Norhamshire Archived 29 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine (historic map [ dead link ]). Retrieved 1 December 2007.
  20. Vision of Britain – Durham (Ancient): area Archived 29 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 30 November 2007
  21. 1 2 3 National Statistics – 200 years of the Census in... Durham Archived 3 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2 December 2007.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dodds (2005). Northumbria at War: War and Conflict in Northumberland and Durham (Battlefield Britain). Pen & Sword Military. ISBN   978-0-11-702037-5.
  23. "The Harrying of the North | History Today". Historytoday.com.
  24. Douglas, D. C. William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England
  25. "The Prince Bishops of Durham". Durham World Heritage Site. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  26. Drummond Liddy, Christian (2008). The Bishopric of Durham in the Late Middle Ages. Boydell. p. 1. ISBN   978-1843833772.
  27. The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His Majesty's Statute and Law Printers. 1836. p.  130. bishop of durham temporal Powers by Palatine Act 1836.
  28. "The Bishops of Durham". Diocese of Durham. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  29. "PLANNING AND HIGHWAYS COMMITTEE 21 NOVEMBER 2012 THE COUNTY DURHAM PLAN, LOCAL PLAN PREFERED [sic] OPTIONS". Sunderland.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018.
  30. "Durham 1971–2000 averages". Met Office. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
  31. "Durham". CEDA Archive. Natural Centre for Environmental Data Analysis. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  32. "Durham (Durham) UK climate averages". Met Office. 1991–2020. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  33. Burt, Stephen; Burt, Tim (2022). Durham Weather and Climate since 1841. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  34. Tim Burt. "The weather at Durham in 2022". Durham Weather. Durham University. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  35. Tim Burt. "The weather at Durham in 2023". Durham Weather. Durham University. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  36. 1 2 The County Durham (Structural Change) Order 2008 Section 3. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  37. 1 2 The Durham (Borough of Darlington) (Structural Change) Order 1995 Part II. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  38. 1 2 3 The Cleveland (Further Provision) Order 1995. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  39. "Town and Parish Councils". Stockton.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
    "Parish by AAP". Cddalc.info. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  40. "County Durham AdmC". Visionofbritain.org.uk. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  41. Durham County Council – Districts of Durham map Archived 9 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 30 November 2007.
  42. 1 2 "The Durham (Borough of Darlington) (Structural Change) Order 1995". Office of Public Sector Information. 1995. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
  43. "The Cleveland (Structural Change) Order 1995". Office of Public Sector Information. 1995. Archived from the original on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
  44. "The County Durham (Structural Change) Order 2008". Office of Public Sector Information. 2008. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
  45. Durham Constabulary – Force Geography Archived 24 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2007.
  46. "Combined Fire Authority". Durham and Darlington Fire and Rescue Authority. 25 February 2009. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
  47. "The Northumbria Ambulance Service and the Durham County Ambulance Service National Health Service Trusts (Dissolution) Order 1999". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  48. "County Durham Local Authority" . Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  49. 191,610 "Stockton-on-Tees Local Authority" . Retrieved 28 July 2021., without south Tees parishes:
  50. "Darlington Local Authority" . Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  51. "Hartlepool Local Authority". Nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  52. "Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2016". Office for National Statistics. 22 June 2017. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  53. "Ward Level Mid-Year Population Estimates, Mid-2016". Office for National Statistics. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  54. Census Data UK. "Darlington Built Up Area - Population 93,363". censusdata.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  55. Census Data UK. "Hartlepool Built Up Area - Population 89,201". censusdata.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  56. Census Data UK. "Stockton-on-Tees Built Up Area - Population 64,830 excluding Norton-on-Tees (see next sources)". censusdata.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  57. Census Data UK. "Norton-on-Tees Electoral Ward (Norton West) - Population 6,066". censusdata.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  58. Census Data UK. "Norton-on-Tees Electoral Ward (Norton North) - Population 6,494". censusdata.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  59. Census Data UK. "Norton-on-Tees Electoral Ward (Norton South) - Population 7,741". censusdata.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  60. Census Data UK. "Durham Built Up Area - Population 51,528". censusdata.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  61. Census Data UK. "Stanley Civil Parish - Population 33,326". censusdata.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  62. Census Data UK. "Sunderland Built Up Area - Population 169,857". censusdata.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  63. Census Data UK. "Gateshead Built Up Area - Population 109,039 excluding Felling town (see next source)". censusdata.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  64. Census Data UK. "Felling Electoral Ward - Population 8,891". censusdata.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  65. Census Data UK. "South Shields Built Up Area - Population 76,664". censusdata.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  66. Census Data UK. "Washington Built Up Area - Population 52,835". censusdata.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  67. Census Data UK. "Jarrow Built Up Area - Population 31,579". censusdata.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  68. Hartlepool Mail. "'Wynyard Garden Village' to become largest new housing area in North East with 6,800 homes after backing from Government's £6million national Garden Communities Programme". hartlepoolmail.co.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  69. Wynyard Official Website. "Wynyard Park - About". wynyardpark.com. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  70. Hartlepool Borough Council. "Wynyard Garden Village Visioning Document" (PDF). hartlepool.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  71. Seaham Garden Village Official Website. "Seaham Garden Village". seahamgardenvillage.co.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  72. Pegasus Group. "Seaham Garden Village". pegasusgroup.co.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  73. Place North East. "Work starts on Seaham Garden Village". placenortheast.co.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  74. BBC News. "Howden expansion: Plans for 1,900 new homes approved". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  75. Construction Enquirer. "Prep works to begin for £49m Howden Relief Road". constructionenquirer.com. Retrieved 9 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  76. Metcalfe, Alex (19 May 2021). "Over £35m for town centre overhauls across Teesside confirmed". TeessideLive. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  77. "Middlesbrough / Hartlepool (Agglomeration, Agglomerations, United Kingdom) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  78. "Sunderland 2030: How city leaders aim to develop Wearside over the next decade". Sunderlandecho.com. 8 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  79. A Vision of Britain through time. "Durham: Total Population". Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
  80. National Statistics – Census 2001 – Ethnicity and religion in England and Wales Archived 11 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2 December 2007.
  81. National Statistics – Health Of The Nation Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2 December 2007.
  82. Hastings, D., Local area labour market statistical indicators incorporating the Annual Population Survey Archived 3 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine , National Statistics – Labour Market Trends, (2006). Retrieved 2 December 2007.
  83. "Coal Mining and Durham Collieries". Durhamrecordoffice.org.uk. 28 November 2016. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  84. "The Cornish in County Durham, England: How 19th Century Mining Migration Shaped the Region". Coal Zoom.
  85. 1 2 "Irish migration to North East England | Co-Curate". co-curate.ncl.ac.uk.
  86. Griffiths (2011). A dictionary of North East dialect (Third ed.). Northumbria Press. ISBN   9781904794400.
  87. "About Coal Mining in County Durham". Durhamintime.org.uk.
  88. Harrison, Brian (7 November 2015). "Our Irish Immigrant Roots - Consett History".
  89. "Sunderland's Irish links celebrated on St Patrick's Day". Sunderlandecho.com. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  90. 1 2 Miner's Advice – Moving on seamlessly... Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2 December 2007.
  91. Heritage Lottery Fund – Durham Miners' Gala Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2 December 2007.
  92. 1 2 "History". Spennymoorsettlement.co.uk.
  93. Kennedy, Maev (11 September 2017). "Museum of miners' art to open as part of Bishop Auckland culture drive". The Guardian .
  94. "Mining Art Gallery". Auckland Project. 11 July 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  95. "Mining Art Gallery opens doors in Bishop Auckland". Auckland Project. 11 July 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  96. S. Broughton, M. Ellingham, R. Trillo, O. Duane, V. Dowell, World Music: The Rough Guide (Rough Guides, 1999), p. 67.
  97. "Northumbrian Pipers Society - NPS Cleveland Branch". Northumbrianpipers.org.uk. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  98. "Bridge For Pelvic Pain | Aspects Health & Beauty". Bridge For Pelvic Pain. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  99. "County Durham Flag | Free official image and info | UK Flag Registry". Flaginstitue.org. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  100. "County Durham Flag". 21 November 2013.
  101. Farmer, David Hugh (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (5th ed.). Oxford: University Press. p. 108. ISBN   978-0-19-959660-7.
  102. "About Durham University : Our history and values – Durham University". dur.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.

Sources

Further reading