South Yorkshire lies on the edge of the Pennines,and the west of the county contains part of the Peak DistrictNational Park. The River Don rises in these hills,and flows through Sheffield,Rotherham,and Doncaster before reaching the flat Humberhead Levels in the east of the county.
While the county of South Yorkshire was created in 1974,the history of its constituent settlements and parts goes back centuries. Prehistoric remains include a Mesolithic "house" (a circle of stones in the shape of a hut-base) dating to around 8000 BC,found at Deepcar,in the northern part of Sheffield.[3] Evidence of even earlier inhabitation in the wider region exists about 3 miles (5km) over the county boundary at Creswell Crags in Derbyshire,where artefacts and rock art found in caves have been dated by archaeologists to the late Upper Palaeolithic period,at least 12,800 years ago.[4] The region was on the frontier of the Roman Empire during the Roman period.[5]
The main settlements of South Yorkshire grew up around the industries of mining and steel manufacturing. The main mining industry was coal which was concentrated to the north and east of the county. There were also iron deposits which were mined in the area. The rivers running off the Pennines to the west of the county supported the steel industry that is concentrated in Sheffield,Stocksbridge and Rotherham. The proximity of the iron and coal also made this an ideal place for steel manufacture.
Although Christian nonconformism was never as strong in South Yorkshire as in the mill towns of West Yorkshire,there are still many Methodist and Baptist churches in the area. Also,South Yorkshire has a relatively high number of followers of spiritualism. It is the only county that counts as a full region in the Spiritualists' National Union.[6]
The Local Government Commission for England presented draft recommendations,in December 1965,proposing a new county—York and North Midlands—roughly centred on the southern part of the West Riding of Yorkshire and northern parts of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. The review was abolished in favour of the Royal Commission on Local Government before it was able to issue a final report.
The Royal Commission's 1969 report,known as the Redcliffe-Maud Report,proposed the removal of much of the then existing system of local government. The commission described the system of administering urban and rural districts separately as outdated,noting that urban areas provided employment and services for rural dwellers,and open countryside was used by town dwellers for recreation.[7]
Redcliffe-Maud's recommendations were accepted by the Labour government in February 1970.[8] Although the Redcliffe-Maud Report was rejected by the Conservative government after the 1970 general election,there was a commitment to local government reform,and the idea of a metropolitan county of South Yorkshire.
South Yorkshire initially had a two tier structure of local government with a strategic-level county council and four districts providing most services.[12]
In 1974,as part of the South Yorkshire Structure Plan of the environment,conservation and land use,South Yorkshire County Council commissioned a public attitudes survey covering job opportunities,educational facilities,leisure opportunities,health and medical services,shopping centres and transport in the county.[13]
South Yorkshire lies within the Sheffield City Region with Barnsley also being within the Leeds City Region,reflecting its geographical position midway between Yorkshire's two largest cities.
Geography
The metropolitan county borders Derbyshire,West Yorkshire,North Yorkshire,the East Riding of Yorkshire,Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire. The terrain of the county is mostly distinguished by the Pennines and its foothills which rise in the west of the county and gradually descend into the Humberhead Levels in the east of the county. Geologically,the county lies largely on the carboniferous rocks of the Yorkshire coalfield in the outer Pennine fringes,producing a rolling landscape with hills,escarpments and broad valleys. In this landscape,there is widespread evidence of both current and former industrial activity. There are numerous mine buildings,former spoil heaps and iron and steel plants. The scenery is a mixture of built up areas,industrial land with some dereliction,and farmed open country. Ribbon developments along transport routes including canal,road and rail are prominent features of the area although some remnants of the pre industrial landscape and semi-natural vegetation still survive.[16]
The Pennines in the west of the county are mostly inside the Peak District National Park and also contain carboniferous rocks,with the underlying geology primarily being millstone grit sandstones of the Dark Peak rising from the Yorkshire coalfield and the terrain is mostly moorland plateaus and gritstone edges.[17] The inner Pennine fringes between the Dark Peak and Yorkshire coalfield are distinguished by many steep valleys,and a transition from uplands and rural landscape to lowlands and urban landscape towards the east of the county.[18] Major rivers which cross the area are the Dearne,Rother and Don. To the east,in the Doncaster area the landscape becomes flatter as the eastward dipping carboniferous rocks of the coalfield are overlain by the lacustrine deposits of the Humberhead Levels.[19]
South Yorkshire contains green belt throughout the county,surrounding its four districts to large extents. It was first drawn up from the 1950s. The western edge of the Sheffield and Barnsley districts directly form with the boundary of the Peak District National Park.
Of these settlements above,South Yorkshire has three main urban areas:the Dearne Valley which covers Barnsley and surrounding area;the Sheffield urban area which covers Sheffield,Rotherham and surrounding area;and the Doncaster urban area which covers Doncaster and surrounding area.
In 1986,throughout England the metropolitan county councils were abolished. The ceremonial county with a Lord Lieutenant of South Yorkshire and a High Sheriff was retained. The county remains defined as metropolitan,functions of the county council devolved to the boroughs with many functions administered by joint authorities (such a passenger transport executive) containing representatives of the four councils.
As one of the least prosperous areas in Western Europe,South Yorkshire has been targeted for funding from the European Regional Development Fund. This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of South Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.[27]
↑ Pike, Alistair W.G.; Gilmour, Mabs; Pettitt, Paul; Jacobid, Roger; Ripoll, Sergio; Bahn, Paul; Muñoz, Francisco (2005). "Verification of the age of the Palaeolithic cave art at Creswell Crags, UK". Journal of Archaeological Science. 32 (11): 1649–1655. Bibcode:2005JArSc..32.1649P. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.002.
↑ "Regional Gross Value Added"(PDF). Office for National Statistics. 21 December 2005. pp.240–253. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
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