Thames Estuary

Coordinates: wiki 51°30′N0°35′E / 51.500°N 0.583°E / 51.500; 0.583

The half of the estuary that lies east of its narrow Tideway-named part, by the Operational Land Imager

The Thames Estuary is where the River Thames meets the waters of the North Sea, in the south-east of Great Britain.

Limits

An estuary can be defined according to different criteria (e.g. tidal, geographical, navigational or in terms of salinity). For this reason the limits of the Thames Estuary have been defined differently at different times and for different purposes.

Western

This limit of the estuary has been defined in two main ways: ^[1]

• The narrow estuary is strongly tidal and is known as the Tideway. It starts in south-west London at Teddington Lock and weir, Teddington/Ham. This point is also mid-way between Richmond Lock which only keeps back a few miles of man-made head (stasis) of water during low tide and the extreme modern-era head at Thames Ditton Island on Kingston reach where slack water occurs at maximal high tide in times of rainfall-caused flooded banks. In terms of salinity the transition from freshwater to estuarine occurs around Battersea; ^[2] east of the Thames Barrier the water is of notable brackishness where fish, particularly in dry summers on the flood (the incoming) tide, are estuarine.

• The head of Sea Reach –the Kent / Essex Strait –south of Canvey Island on the northern (Essex) shore. This reach and all more eastern zones (a mixture of channels and shoals) have a width that contributes to the large, archetypal, internal but mainly submerged sandbanks. These come from a combination of silt-borne fluvial and tidal scouring and deposition (silting).

Eastern

London Stone, Yantlet Creek

The transition between the Thames Estuary and the North Sea has been located at various notional boundaries, including: ^[1]

• The Yantlet Line between the Crow Stone (London Stone) on the northern foreshore at Chalkwell, Westcliffe-on-Sea and another London Stone off the Isle of Grain, to the south. (This marked the seaward limit of the river jurisdiction successively of the City of London and the Thames Conservancy).
• A line between Havengore Creek, Essex (to the north), and Warden Point, east Sheppey, Kent (to the south), tallying with the easternmost hazardous point of the Nore sandbank. (This formed the seaward limit of the Port of London Authority on its establishment in 1908). ^[3]
• A line between North Foreland, Margate, Kent via the Kentish Knock lighthouse to Harwich in Essex. Here begin sandbanks of the bight of this shallow sea. Per a Hydrological Survey of 1882–9. ^[4] (This tallies with the eastern edge of the current seaward limit of the Port of London Authority as defined in 1964). ^[3]

Tides

The estuary just east of the Tideway has a tidal range of 4 metres. Winds excluded, it moves at 2.6 knots (4.8 km/h; 3.0 mph) in bi-monthly spring tides. ^[5]

Economy

Shipping

The estuary is one of the largest of 170 such inlets on the coast of Great Britain. It constitutes a major shipping route, with thousands of movements each year, including: large oil tankers, container ships, bulk carriers (of loose materials/liquids), and roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) ferries. It is the accessway for the Port of London (including London Gateway, associated Tilbury and Purfleet) and the Medway Ports of Sheerness, Chatham and Thamesport.

The traditional Thames sailing barge worked in this area, designed to be suitable for the shallow waters in the smaller ports.

Wind farms

A 2000s-decade-built wind farm is 8.5 km north of Herne Bay, Kent, on a shoal south-west of Kentish Knock. It is 30 wind turbines generating typically 82.4MW of electricity.

The much larger 630 MW London Array was inaugurated in 2013.

Greater Thames Estuary

A western cross-section of the estuary. Background runs from Tilbury (left) to Mucking Creek: looking north from Shorne, which is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the river

The term Greater Thames Estuary ^[6] applies to the coast and the low-lying lands bordering the estuary. These are characterised by the presence of mudflats, low-lying open beaches, and salt marshes, namely the North Kent Marshes and the Essex Marshes. Man-made embankments are backed by reclaimed wetland grazing areas, but rising sea levels may make it necessary briefly to flood some of that land at spring tides, to take the pressure off the defences and main watercourses.

The Blackwater Estuary, on the Essex coast, in the northern part of the Greater Thames Estuary. Mersea Island is on the right.

There are many smaller estuaries in Essex, including the rivers Colne, Blackwater and Crouch. Small coastal villages depend on an economy of fishing, boat-building, and yachting. ^[7] The Isle of Sheppey, the Isle of Grain, Canvey Island, Two Tree Island, Havengore Island, New England Island, Rushley Island, Potton Island, Foulness Island and Mersea Island are part of the coastline. ^[8]

Where higher land reaches the coast, there are some larger settlements, such as Clacton-on-Sea to the north in Essex, Herne Bay, Kent, and the Southend-on-Sea area within the narrower part of the estuary.

The Thames Estuary is the focal part of the 21st-century toponym, the "Thames Gateway", designated as one of the principal development areas in Southern England.

The Thames Estuary 2050 Growth Commission report published in June 2018 identified the economic potential of the region. In 2020 the Thames Estuary Growth Board ^[9] was appointed, led by government-appointed Envoy Kate Willard OBE, to unlock the potential of the UK's number one green growth opportunity.

Entrepreneurs and investors have looked at the greater estuary as a possible place for a new airport, ^[10] and have expanded Southend Airport in the 2010s, which has a rail link to Liverpool Street station, London among others.

Salinity

Designations
Ramsar Wetland
Official name	Thames Estuary and Marshes
Designated	5 May 2000
Reference no.	1025 [11]

The Thames flowing through London is an archetypal, well-developed economy urban, upper river estuary with its sedimentary deposition restricted through manmade embankments and occasional dredging of parts. It is mainly a freshwater river about as far east as Battersea, insofar as the average salinity is very low and the fish fauna consists predominantly of freshwater species such as roach, dace, carp, perch, and pike. It becomes brackish between Battersea and Gravesend, and the diversity of freshwater fish is smaller, primarily roach and dace. Euryhaline species then dominate, such as flounder, European seabass, mullet, and smelt. Further east salinity increases and conditions become fully marine and the fish fauna resemble that of the adjacent North Sea, a spectrum of euryhaline and stenohaline types. An alike pattern of zones applies to the aquatic plants and invertebrates. ^{[12] [13]}

Cultural references

Joseph Conrad lived in Stanford-le-Hope close to the Essex marshes. His The Mirror of the Sea (1906) contains a memorable description of the area as seen from the Thames. He refers to this area in the first pages of his novel Heart of Darkness , describing it as both the launching place of England's great ships of exploration and colonization and, in ancient times, the site of colonization of the British Isles by the Roman Empire.

Accent

Main article: Estuary English

See also: English in southern England

The form of speech of many of the people of the area, principally the accents of those from Kent and Essex, is often known as Estuary English. The term is a term for a milder variety of the "London Accent". The spread of Estuary English extends many hundreds of miles outside London, and all of the neighbouring home counties around London have residents who moved from London and brought their version of London accents with them, leading to interference with the established local accents. The term London Accent is generally avoided, as it can have many meanings. Forms of "Estuary English", as a hybrid between Received pronunciation and various London accents, can be heard in all of the New Towns, all of the coastal resorts, and in the larger cities and towns along the Thames Estuary.

Channels

Simplified naval chart of 1884

For commercial shipping rounding the Nore sandbank and thus accessing Greater London, main deep-water routes were the Princes-Queens Channel and the South Channel to the south, to a lesser extent the Kings Channel and the Swin to the north. The Swin was used by barges and leisure craft from the Essex rivers, and coasters and colliers from the north east. These channels were made up of natural troughs; Yantlet Channel (Sea Reach), Oaze Deep, Knock John Channel, Black Deep/Black Deep Channel which have been much-marked. These are separated by slow-moving sandbanks with names such as the East and West Barrows, the Nob, the Knock, Kentish Knock, the John, the Sunk, the Girdler, and Long Sand/the Long Sands. ^[14]

Shallow-bottomed barges and coasters would navigate the swatchways at flood tide, and would cross the sand banks at spitways, points where the water was least shallow, and just deep enough at that point of the tide. If they missed the moment they would heave to (lay anchor) and wait for the next tide.

Recreational craft are expected use channels most suited to the size of their vessel. Their main guide says to use when navigating to or from:

• the north: the Middle Deep, Swin, Warp and Barrow Deep. ^[15]
• the south/due east: the Horse and Gore and Four Fathom Channels. ^[15]

To cross the south-east quarter of the estuary large vessels use Fisherman's Gat, and small vessels to were expected to use Foulger's Gat. ^[15]

Navigational marks

History

'Mapp' of the Thames Estuary by Capt. Greenvile Collins, 1698. (North is to the right; rhumb lines are shown. London is beyond the top left of the chart).

Provision of buoys and beacons for the purpose of navigation came relatively late to England (compared to the Netherlands, for example). ^[16] Instead, coastal navigators and pilots relied on the use of transits (the alignment of prominent structures or natural features on land) for guidance. In 1566 Trinity House of Deptford (which oversaw pilotage on the Thames) was empowered to 'make, erect and set up [...] beacons, marks and signs for the sea' (albeit at its own expense). ^[17] Not long afterwards, the decay of the steeple of Margate Church (an important landmark for negotiating 'the Narrows', a complex route between sandbanks used by vessels sailing to or from London along the North Kent coast) led to Trinity House marking the Narrows with buoys in the late 16th century. ^[16]

In his coastal survey of 1682-93, Greenvile Collins records five buoys around the Narrows, just north of Reculver, on the southern approach to the Thames. The Swin (the northern approach) was marked with buoys at the easternmost points of the Gunfleet, Middle and Buxey sands, and by beacons on the Whitaker, Shoe and Blacktail spits. A buoy marked the easternmost point of the Nore sandbank at this time, and three more buoys marked sandbanks in the middle part of the estuary (Spaniard, Red Sand and the Oaze). ^[16]

The Nore Lightship, the world's first lightvessel, was established in the Estuary as a private venture in 1732 to mark the 'best position for entering the Thames and Medway, and to clear the Nore Sand'. ^[18] The coastwise approach from the north was aided by the establishment of the Sunk lightvessel in 1802 'to mark the north-east entrance to East Swin, and to guide vessels round Long Sand'. Later, the Swin channel was further marked by lightvessels at Swin Middle (1837) and Mouse (1838), and by screw-pile lighthouses on the Maplin Sands (1841) and at Gunfleet (1856). ^[19] Meanwhile, one of the outlying sandbanks of the Estuary was marked by a lightvessel at Kentish Knock (in 1840); and in due course the southern approach was marked by lightvessels at the Tongue (1847) and Girdler (1848) sands, with another being added (between these two) in the Princes Channel (1856). In 1851 two more screw-pile lighthouses were built further upriver, on the northern foreshore of Sea Reach: at Mucking and on the Chapman sands (just off Canvey Island).

Prior to 1684 beacons were set up on the mudflats north of the Swin channel, to help vessels approaching the Thames from the north to navigate the sands. Pan-sand Beacon was set up by Trinity House in 1774 to mark a dangerous sandbank on the southern approach. ^[20] Similar daymarks were set up on other nearby sandbanks in later years, including on Margate Hook (1843), Middle Ground (1844) and Shingles (1846). ^[20] Trinity House also maintained beacons further upriver, including at Broadness (established in 1821), Stoneness (1839), Erith (1830) and Tripcock (1832).

In 1864 responsibility for maintaining the navigation lights of the River Thames between London Bridge and Yantlet was transferred by Act of Parliament from the Thames Conservancy to the Corporation of Trinity House; responsibility for buoyage was transferred likewise in 1878. ^[21] In 1885 the beacons at Broadness and Stoneness were replaced with iron-frame experimental lighthouses, each lit by a novel system which would allow the light to function unattended (except for a twice-weekly visit by a boatman for cleaning and maintenance). Broadness was lit by Pintsch gas, and Stoneness by a Lindberg light (which burned petroleum naphtha). ^[22] At the same time Trinity House began experimenting with the application of lamps to buoys, using Pintsch's oil-gas system, beginning with three in the Thames Estuary (East Oaze, Ovens and Sheerness Middle); the experiment was deemed a success and subsequently further buoys and beacons were lit by Trinity House using the same system, in the Estuary and beyond. ^[22]

Today the Port of London Authority's Thames Navigation Service (established in 1959) is responsible for buoyage, beaconage and bridge lights on the Tideway. ^[23] Trinity House remains responsible for aids to navigation in the wider estuary (and beyond).

Thames estuary navigation marks

Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as: KML

This table shows, from west to east, the principal navigation lights, buoys and other marks to the north (port) and south (starboard) of the main deep-water channels of the River Thames from Gallions Reach to the Sunk Light Float. ^{[24] [25] [26] [27] [28]} The Thames is in IALA region A so port buoys are red and starboard buoys are green.

Name of navigational mark	South of channel			Channel	North of channel
	Type	Light	Location coordinate		Type	Light	Location coordinate
Margaretness Point (or Tripcock Ness) Light	Lighthouse	Group flashing (2) white 5s	51°30.662′N0°05.766′E / 51.511033°N 0.096100°E / 51.511033; 0.096100 (Margaretness Point)	Gallions Reach / Barking Reach	̶	̶	̶
Crossness Point Light	Lighthouse	Flashing white 5s	51°30.920′N0°07.990′E / 51.515333°N 0.133167°E / 51.515333; 0.133167 (Crossness Point Light)	Barking Reach / Halfway Reach	̶	̶	̶
Crayfordness Point Light	Lighthouse	Flashing white 5s + fixed	51°28.689′N0°13.000′E / 51.478150°N 0.216667°E / 51.478150; 0.216667 (Crayfordness Point Light)	Erith Rands / Long Reach	̶	̶	̶
Stone Ness Light	̶	̶	̶	Long Reach / St Clement's Reach	Lighthouse	Flashing green 2.5s	51°27.9167′N0°16.8231′E / 51.4652783°N 0.2803850°E / 51.4652783; 0.2803850 (Stone Ness Light)
Broadness Point Light	Lighthouse	Occulting red 5s	51°27.878′N0°18.900′E / 51.464633°N 0.315000°E / 51.464633; 0.315000 (Broadness Point Light)	St Clement's or Fiddler's Reach / Northfleet Hope	̶	̶	̶
Tilbury Warning Light	̶	̶	̶	Gravesend Reach	Warning light, vessels manoeuvring at Tilbury	Isophase 6s	51°27.000′N0°21.340′E / 51.450000°N 0.355667°E / 51.450000; 0.355667 (Gravesend Reach)
Shornmead Light	Lighthouse	Group flashing (2) white, red 10s	51°26.983′N0°26.533′E / 51.449717°N 0.442217°E / 51.449717; 0.442217 (Shornmead Light)	Gravesend Reach / The Lower Hope	̶	̶
Ovens	̶	̶	̶	The Lower Hope	Quick flashing green		51°27.493′N0°26.355′E / 51.458217°N 0.439250°E / 51.458217; 0.439250 (The Lower Hope)
Haven Traffic Warning Lights	Warning light, vessels manoeuvring at Coryton	E	51°27.90′N0°30.10′E / 51.46500°N 0.50167°E / 51.46500; 0.50167 (Coryton)	The Lower Hope / Sea Reach	Warning light, vessels manoeuvring at Coryton	White	51°30.50′N0°31.65′E / 51.50833°N 0.52750°E / 51.50833; 0.52750 (Coryton)
London Gateway	̶	̶	̶	Sea Reach	Buoy		51°30.30′N0°28.20′E / 51.50500°N 0.47000°E / 51.50500; 0.47000 (Sea Reach)
Sea Reach № 7	Port buoy Racon T	Flashing Red 2.5s	51°30.011′N0°36.908′E / 51.500183°N 0.615133°E / 51.500183; 0.615133 (Sea Reach No. 7 port)	The Yantlet Channel	Yellow pillar buoy	Flashing yellow 2.5s	51°30.206′N0°36.938′E / 51.503433°N 0.615633°E / 51.503433; 0.615633 (Sea Reach No. 7 starboard)
Sea Reach № 6	Port buoy	Flashing red 5s	51°29.932′N0°39.839′E / 51.498867°N 0.663983°E / 51.498867; 0.663983 (Sea Reach No. 6 port)		Starboard buoy	Flashing green 5s	51°30.126′N0°39.867′E / 51.502100°N 0.664450°E / 51.502100; 0.664450 (Sea Reach No. 6 starboard)
Sea Reach № 5	Port buoy	Very quick flashing red	51°29.848′N0°41.426′E / 51.497467°N 0.690433°E / 51.497467; 0.690433 (Sea Reach No. 5 port)		Starboard buoy	Very quick flashing Green	51°30.041′N0°41.473′E / 51.500683°N 0.691217°E / 51.500683; 0.691217 (Sea Reach No. 5 starboard)
Sea Reach № 4	Port buoy	Group flashing (2) red 5s	51°29.504′N0°44.121′E / 51.491733°N 0.735350°E / 51.491733; 0.735350 (Sea Reach No. 4 port)		Starboard buoy	Group flashing (2) green 5s	51°29.694′N0°44.193′E / 51.494900°N 0.736550°E / 51.494900; 0.736550 (Sea Reach No. 4 starboard)
Sea Reach № 3	Port buoy	Quick flashing red	51°29.221′N0°46.707′E / 51.487017°N 0.778450°E / 51.487017; 0.778450 (Sea Reach No. 3 port)		Starboard buoy	Quick flashing green	51°29.410′N0°47.061′E / 51.490167°N 0.784350°E / 51.490167; 0.784350 (Sea Reach No. 3 starboard)
Sea Reach № 2	Port buoy	Flashing red 5s	51°29.296′N0°49.754′E / 51.488267°N 0.829233°E / 51.488267; 0.829233 (Sea Reach No. 2 port)		Starboard buoy	Flashing green 5s	51°29.493′N0°49.726′E / 51.491550°N 0.828767°E / 51.491550; 0.828767 (Sea Reach No. 2 starboard)
Sea Reach № 1	Port buoy	Flashing red 2.5s	51°29.368′N0°52.445′E / 51.489467°N 0.874083°E / 51.489467; 0.874083 (Sea Reach No. 1 port)		Yellow pillar buoy Racon T	Flashing yellow 2.5s	51°29.586′N0°52.710′E / 51.493100°N 0.878500°E / 51.493100; 0.878500 (Sea Reach No. 1)
West Oaze	̶	̶	̶	The Oaze Deep	Red & white buoy	Isophase 5s	51°28.975′N0°55.413′E / 51.482917°N 0.923550°E / 51.482917; 0.923550 (West Oaze)
Oaze Bank	̶	̶	̶		Starboard buoy	Quick flashing green
Oaze	Yellow pillar buoy	Group flashing (4) Yellow 10s	51°28.977′N0°56.917′E / 51.482950°N 0.948617°E / 51.482950; 0.948617 (Oaze)		̶	̶	̶
Argus	̶	̶	̶		Yellow pillar buoy yellow ‘X’ topmark	Flashing yellow 2.5s	51°29.297′N0°58.715′E / 51.488283°N 0.978583°E / 51.488283; 0.978583 (Argus)
Oaze Deep	̶	̶	̶		Starboard buoy	Group flashing (2) green 5s	51°30.000′N1°0.000′E / 51.500000°N 1.000000°E / 51.500000; 1.000000 (Oaze Deep)
Knob	Red & white buoy	Isophase 5s			̶	̶	̶
SE Mouse	̶	̶	̶		Starboard buoy	Quick flashing green
Knock John № 7	̶	̶	̶	The Knock John Channel	Starboard buoy	Group flashing (4) green 15s	51°31.956′N1°06.406′E / 51.532600°N 1.106767°E / 51.532600; 1.106767 (Knock John No. 7)
Knock John № 5	̶	̶	̶		Starboard buoy	Group flashing (3) green 10s	51°32.490′N1°07.750′E / 51.541500°N 1.129167°E / 51.541500; 1.129167 (Knock John No. 5)
Knock John № 4	Port buoy	Group flashing (3) red 10s	51°32.323′N1°07.906′E / 51.538717°N 1.131767°E / 51.538717; 1.131767 (Knock John No. 4)		̶	̶	̶
Knock John № 3	̶	̶	̶		Starboard buoy	Flashing green 5s	51°33.278′N1°09.692′E / 51.554633°N 1.161533°E / 51.554633; 1.161533 (Knock John No. 3 starboard)
Knock John № 2	Port buoy	Flashing red 5s	51°33.112′N1°09.847′E / 51.551867°N 1.164117°E / 51.551867; 1.164117 (Knock John No. 2 port)		̶	̶	̶
Knock John № 1	̶	̶	̶		South cardinal buoy	Quick flashing white (6) + long flash 15s	51°33.717′N1°10.833′E / 51.561950°N 1.180550°E / 51.561950; 1.180550 (Knock John No. 1 Starboard)
Knock John	Port buoy	Group flashing (2) red 5s	51°33.661′N1°11.357′E / 51.561017°N 1.189283°E / 51.561017; 1.189283 (Knock John No. 1 Port)		̶	̶	̶
Black Deep № 12	Port buoy	Group flashing (4) red 15s	51°33.661′N1°13.511′E / 51.561017°N 1.225183°E / 51.561017; 1.225183 (Black Deep No. 12)	The Black Deep Channel	̶	̶	̶
Black Deep № 11	̶	̶	̶		Starboard buoy	Group flashing (3) green 10s	51°34.250′N1°13.475′E / 51.570833°N 1.224583°E / 51.570833; 1.224583 (Black Deep No. 11)
Black Deep № 10	Port buoy	Group flashing (3) red 10s			̶	̶	̶
Black Deep № 9	̶	̶	̶		South cardinal buoy	Quick flashing white (6) + long flash
Inner Fisherman	Port buoy	Quick flashing red			̶	̶	̶
Black Deep № 7	̶	̶	̶		Starboard buoy	Quick flashing green
Black Deep № 8	̶	̶	̶		West cardinal buoy	Quick flashing white (9) 15s
BDM2	Yellow pillar buoy (mid-channel)	Flashing yellow 2.5s	51°37.370′N1°20.040′E / 51.622833°N 1.334000°E / 51.622833; 1.334000 (BDM2)		̶	̶	̶
Black Deep № 6	Port buoy	Flashing red 2.5s			̶	̶	̶
Black Deep № 5	̶	̶	̶		East cardinal buoy	Very quick flashing white (3) 5s
Black Deep № 4	Port buoy	Group flashing (2) red 5s			̶	̶	̶
BDM1	Yellow pillar buoy (mid-channel) yellow ‘X’ topmark	Flashing yellow 2.5s	51°41.960′N1°27.590′E / 51.699333°N 1.459833°E / 51.699333; 1.459833 (BDM1)		̶	̶	̶
Black Deep № 3	̶	̶	̶		Starboard buoy	Group flashing (3) green 15s
Black Deep № 1	̶	̶	̶		Starboard buoy	Flashing green 5s
Black Deep № 2	Port buoy	Group flashing (4) red 15s			̶	̶	̶
SHM	Yellow pillar buoy (mid-channel) yellow ‘X’ topmark Racon T	Flashing yellow 2.5s	51°46.050′N1°31.540′E / 51.767500°N 1.525667°E / 51.767500; 1.525667 (SHM)		̶	̶	̶
Sunk Head Tower	̶	̶	̶		North cardinal buoy	Quick flashing white
Black Deep	Port buoy	Quick flashing red	51°48.10′N1°36.60′E / 51.80167°N 1.61000°E / 51.80167; 1.61000 (Black Deep)		̶	̶	̶
Trinity	South cardinal buoy	Quick flashing (6) + long flash 15s			̶	̶	̶
Dynamo	̶	̶	̶		Yellow pillar buoy yellow ‘X’ topmark	Flashing yellow 2.5s	51°50.060′N1°33.880′E / 51.834333°N 1.564667°E / 51.834333; 1.564667 (Yellow pillar)
Sunk Inner	̶	̶	̶		Light float	Isophase 3s	51°51.170′N1°34.400′E / 51.852833°N 1.573333°E / 51.852833; 1.573333 (Light float)

References

Notes

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2. "River Thames". Britannica. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
3. "Port of London Act 1968 (as amended)" (PDF). Port of London Authority. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
4. "Thames Estuary Passages" (PDF). the Cruising Almanac. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
5. 2100.1 Thames Estuary South (chart), St Ives: Imray, Laurie, Norie & Wilson Ltd, February 2018. Tidal diamond "F" in West Swin
6. "The Thames Estuary Partnership". Thamesweb.com. 7 February 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
7. "English Nature and the Greater Thames Estuary". English-nature.org.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
8. Ordnance Survey, Landranger map 178: The Thames Estuary (2016)
9. "Home". Thames Estuary. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
10. "The Thames Estuary Airport Ltd". Teaco.co.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
11. "Thames Estuary and Marshes". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
12. The River Thames - its geology, geography and vital statistics from source to sea Archived 16 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine , The-River-Thames.co.uk
13. The River Thames - its natural history Archived 18 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine The-River-Thames.co.uk
14. Eade, John. "Estuary - WHERE THAMES SMOOTH WATERS GLIDE". thames.me.uk. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
15. "Recreational Users Guide" (PDF). Retrieved 27 June 2018.
16. Naish, John (1985). Seamarks: their History and Development. London: Stanford Maritime.
17. "History of the Corporation". Trinity House. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
18. "Lighthouse management : the report of the Royal Commissioners on Lights, Buoys, and Beacons, 1861, examined and refuted Vol. 2". 1861. pp. 116–119.
19. "Lighthouse management : the report of the Royal Commissioners on Lights, Buoys, and Beacons, 1861, examined and refuted Vol. 2". 1861. pp. 77–78.
20. "Lighthouse management : the report of the Royal Commissioners on Lights, Buoys, and Beacons, 1861, examined and refuted Vol. 2". 1861. pp. 133–135.
21. Report of the Royal Commission on Lighthouse Administration. London: Wyman & Sons. 1908. p. 202.
22. Ayres, Arthur (10 April 1888). "Compressed Oil-Gas and its applications". XCIII: 306–310.
23. Stone, Peter (2017). The History of the Port of London: A Vast Emporium of All Nations. Barnsley, S. Yorks.: Pen & Sword Books Ltd.
24. Admiralty Chart 2484 - River Thames Hole Haven to London Bridge (2013)
25. Admiralty Chart 1185 - River Thames Sea Reach (2017)
26. Admiralty Chart 1183 - Thames Estuary (2017)
27. Crossing the Thames Estuary by Roger Gaspar (Imray)
28. "Mariners' passage planning and routeing guide" (PDF).

External links

• Locations of deeps and shallows and buoys in the Thames estuary