Mullet (fish)

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Mullet
Mugil cephalus Minorca.jpg
Mugil cephalus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
(unranked): Acanthomorpha
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Clade: Percomorpha
(unranked): Ovalentaria
Order: Mugiliformes
Family: Mugilidae
Jarocki, 1822
Type species
Mugil cephalus
Linnaeus, 1758
Genera

See text.

The mullets or grey mullets are a family (Mugilidae) of ray-finned fish found worldwide in coastal temperate and tropical waters, and some species in fresh water. [1] Mullets have served as an important source of food in Mediterranean Europe since Roman times. The family includes about 78 species in 20 genera. [2]

Contents

Mullets are distinguished by the presence of two separate dorsal fins, small triangular mouths, and the absence of a lateral line organ. They feed on detritus, and most species have unusually muscular stomachs and a complex pharynx to help in digestion. [1]

Classification and naming

Mugil cephalus Mugil cephalus.jpg
Mugil cephalus
Thick lips of a mullet Thick lips of a Mullet.jpg
Thick lips of a mullet
Mullets in the Mediterranean Sea Meerasche.jpg
Mullets in the Mediterranean Sea

Taxonomically, the family is currently treated as the sole member of the order Mugiliformes, but as Nelson says, "there has been much disagreement concerning the relationships" of this family. [3] The presence of fin spines clearly indicates membership in the superorder Acanthopterygii, and in the 1960s, they were classed as primitive perciforms, [4] while others have grouped them in Atheriniformes. [5] They are classified as an order, Mugiliformes, within the subseries Ovalentaria of the clade Percomorpha in the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World . [6]

In North America, "mullet" by itself usually refers to Mugilidae. In Europe, the word "mullet" is usually qualified, the "grey mullets" being Mugilidae and the "red mullets" or "surmullets" being Mullidae, notably members of the genus Mullus . [7] Outside Europe, the Mullidae are often called "goatfish". [8] Fish with common names including the word "mullet" may be a member of one family or the other, or even unrelated such as the freshwater white sucker (Catostomus commersonii). [9]

However, recent taxonomic work has reorganised the family and the following genera make up the Mugilidae: [10] [11]

Behaviour

A common noticeable behaviour in mullet is the tendency to leap out of the water. There are two distinguishable types of leaps: a straight, clean slice out of the water to escape predators and a slower, lower jump while turning to its side that results in a larger, more distinguishable, splash. The reasons for this lower jump are disputed, but have been hypothesised to be in order to gain oxygen rich air for gas exchange in a small organ above the pharynx. [12]

Development

The ontogeny of mugilid larvae has been well studied, with the larval development of Mugil cephalus in particular being studied intensively due to its wide range of distribution and interest to aquaculture. [13] The previously understudied osteological development of Mugil cephalus was investigated in a 2021 study, with four embryonic and six larval developmental steps being described in aquaculture-reared and wild-caught specimens. [13] These descriptions provided clarification of questionable characters of adult mullets and revealed informative details with potential implications for phylogenetic hypotheses, as well as providing an overdue basis of comparison for aquaculture-reared mullets to enable recognition of malformations. [13]

Timeline

QuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.Plio.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLiza (fish)MugilQuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.Plio.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleoceneMullet (fish)

Related Research Articles

Mullet, mullets, The Mullet or The Mullets may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goatfish</span> Family of fishes

The goatfishes are fish of the family Mullidae, the only family in the order Mulliformes. The family is also sometimes referred to as the red mullets, which also refers more narrowly to the genus Mullus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flathead grey mullet</span> Species of fish

The flathead grey mullet is an important food fish species in the mullet family Mugilidae. It is found in coastal tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. Its length is typically 30 to 75 centimetres. It is known with numerous English names, including the flathead mullet, striped mullet, black mullet, bully mullet, common mullet, grey mullet, sea mullet and mullet, among others.

Grey mullet can mean any of several fish in the family Mugilidae and having a greyish hue:

Chelon is a genus of mullets found in coastal marine waters, estuaries and rivers in the Atlantic Ocean and Arabian Sea.

<i>Crenimugil</i> Genus of fishes

Crenimugil is a genus of mullets found in coastal marine waters and rivers in the Indo-Pacific region.

<i>Mugil</i> Genus of fishes

Mugil is a genus of mullet in the family Mugilidae found worldwide in tropical and temperate coastal marine waters, but also entering estuaries and rivers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sand grey mullet</span> Species of fish

The sand grey mullet is a species of mullet found in coastal marine waters of Australia.

The red mullets or surmullets are two species of goatfish, Mullus barbatus and Mullus surmuletus, found in the Mediterranean Sea, east North Atlantic Ocean, and the Black Sea. Both "red mullet" and "surmullet" can also refer to the Mullidae in general.

<i>Mullus</i> Genus of fishes

Mullus is a subtropical marine genus of perciform fish of the family Mullidae (goatfish) and includes the red mullets, occurring mainly in the southwest Atlantic near the South American coast and in the Eastern Atlantic including the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. These fish are benthic and can be found resting and feeding over soft substrates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Freshwater mullet</span> Species of fish

The freshwater mullet is a species of fish in the family Mugilidae. It is endemic to South Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Missolonghi–Aitoliko Lagoons</span>

The Missolonghi-Aitoliko lagoons complex is located in the north part of the Gulf of Patras in the central west coast of Greece. It is one of the most important Mediterranean lagoons. It is a shallow area of 150 km2, extended between the Acheloos and Evinos rivers. It is protected by the Ramsar Convention and it is also included in the Natura 2000 network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">So-iuy mullet</span> Species of fish

The so-iuy mullet, also known as the haarder, redlip mullet or so-iny mullet, is a species of fish in the family Mugilidae.

<i>Mugil thoburni</i> Species of fish

Mugil thoburni, Thoburn's mullet, is a species of grey mullet, from the family Mugilidae, found in the eastern Pacific Ocean. It is most common around the Galapagos Islands but does occur on the coasts of Central America and South America as well. This species grows to a length of 29.5 centimetres (11.6 in) TL. It was formerly regarded as the only known member of the genus Xenomugil.

<i>Planiliza</i> Genus of fishes

Planiliza is a genus of mullets found in coastal marine waters, estuaries and rivers in the Indo-Pacific.

<i>Osteomugil</i> Genus of fishes

Osteomugil is a genus of mugilid mullets found in coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific, including estuaries and rivers. They were formerly included in Moolgarda and Valamugil.

<i>Planiliza carinata</i> Species of fish

Planiliza carinata, the keeled mullet, is a species of grey mullet from the family Mugilidae which is found in the western Indian Ocean and eastern Mediterranean Sea. It colonised the Mediterranean by Lessepsian migration from the Red Sea through the Suez Canal. The keeled mullet is a species of minor importance in commercial fisheries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grooved mullet</span> Species of fish

The grooved mullet is a species of ray-finned fish, a grey mullet from the family Mugilidae. It is found in the coastal waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean off the western coast of Africa, as far north as Mauritania, and into the western Indian Ocean.

The sicklefin mullet is a species of ray-finned fish, a grey mullet from the family Mugilidae which is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean of the coasts of western Africa. It is the only species in the monospecific genus Neochelon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shark mullet</span> Species of fish

The shark mullet, also known as the sharp-nosed mullet, popeye mullet, or skipjack mullet, is a species of ray-finned fish from the grey mullet family Mugilidae. It is found in Australia and New Guinea where it occurs in muddy freshwater habitats and mangroves, it feeds on algae and insects taken from the surface but also on benthic invertebrates. It can breathe air and sometimes moves over exposed mud by wriggling. It was formerly classified in the genus Rhinomugil, with the corsula, but is now placed in its own monospecific genus, Squalomugil.

References

  1. 1 2 Johnson, G.D. & Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 192. ISBN   978-0-12-547665-2.
  2. "Family Mugilidae - Mullets". Fishbase . Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  3. "Fishes of the World, 4th Edition". Wiley. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2012-04-12.
  4. Gosline, W. A. (1961) "The Perciform Caudal Skeleton" Copeia 1961(3): pp. 265–270
  5. O.H. Oren (1981). Aquaculture of Grey Mullets. CUP Archive. p. 2. ISBN   9780521229265.
  6. J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 752. ISBN   978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
  7. "Mullet species". britishseafishing.co.uk. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  8. "Goatfish". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  9. "Common names of Catostomus commersonii". Fishbase . Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  10. Jean-Dominique Durand; Wei-Jen Chen; Kang-Ning Shen; Cuizhang Fue; Philippe Borsaf (2012). "Genus-level taxonomic changes implied by the mitochondrial phylogeny of grey mullets (Teleostei: Mugilidae) (abstract)" (PDF). Comptes Rendus Biologies. 335 (10&11): 687–697. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2012.09.005. PMID   23199637.
  11. Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2021). "Mugilidae" in FishBase . February 2021 version.
  12. Hoese, Hinton D. (1985). "Jumping mullet — the internal diving bell hypothesis". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 13 (4): 309–314. doi:10.1007/BF00002915. S2CID   35924254.
  13. 1 2 3 Thieme, Philipp; Vallainc, Dario; Moritz, Timo (2021). "Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 192 (4): 1071–1089. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa123.

Further references