Mackerel

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Mackerel
Trachurus declivis.jpg
Some species of mackerel migrate in schools for long distances along the coast and other species cross oceans
Global capture of all mackerel 1950-2009.png
Global commercial capture of mackerel in millions of tonnes
reported by the FAO 1950–2009 [1]

Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of pelagic fish, mostly from the family Scombridae. They are found in both temperate and tropical seas, mostly living along the coast or offshore in the oceanic environment.

Contents

Mackerel species typically have deeply forked tails and vertical "tiger-like" stripes on their backs with an iridescent green-blue quality. [2] [3] Many are restricted in their distribution ranges and live in separate populations or fish stocks based on geography. Some stocks migrate in large schools along the coast to suitable spawning grounds, where they spawn in fairly shallow waters. After spawning they return the way they came in smaller schools to suitable feeding grounds, often near an area of upwelling. From there they may move offshore into deeper waters and spend the winter in relative inactivity. Other stocks migrate across oceans.

Smaller mackerel are forage fish for larger predators, including larger mackerel and Atlantic cod. [4] Flocks of seabirds, whales, dolphins, sharks, and schools of larger fish such as tuna and marlin follow mackerel schools and attack them in sophisticated and cooperative ways. Mackerel flesh is high in omega-3 oils and is intensively harvested by humans. In 2009, over 5 million tons were landed by commercial fishermen. [1] Sport fishermen value the fighting abilities of the king mackerel. [5]

Species

Over 30 different species, principally belonging to the family Scombridae, are commonly referred to as mackerel. The term "mackerel" is derived from Old French and may have originally meant either "marked, spotted" or "pimp, procurer". The latter connection is not altogether clear, but mackerel spawn enthusiastically in shoals near the coast, and medieval ideas on animal procreation were creative. [6]

Scombroid mackerels

About 21 species in the family Scombridae are commonly called mackerel. The type species for the scombroid mackerel is the Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus. Until recently, Atlantic chub mackerel and Indo-Pacific chub mackerel were thought to be subspecies of the same species. In 1999, Collette established, on molecular and morphological considerations, that these are separate species. [7] Mackerel are smaller with shorter lifecycles than their close relatives, the tuna, which are also members of the same family. [8] [9]

Scombrini, the true mackerels

The true mackerels belong to the tribe Scombrini. [10] The tribe consists of seven species, each belonging to one of two genera: Scomber or Rastrelliger . [11] [12]

True Mackerels (tribe Scombrini)
Common nameScientific nameMaximum
length
Common
length
Maximum
weight
Maximum
age
Trophic
level
FishBase FAO IUCN status
Short mackerel Rastrelliger brachysoma
(Bleeker, 1851)
34.5 cm (13.6 in)20 cm (7.9 in)2.72 [13] [14] DD IUCN 3 1.svg Data deficient [15]
Island mackerel R. faughni
(Matsui, 1967)
20 cm (7.9 in)0.75 kg (1.7 lb)3.4 [16] DD IUCN 3 1.svg Data deficient [17]
Indian mackerel R. kanagurta
(Cuvier, 1816)
35 cm (14 in)25 cm (9.8 in)4 years3.19 [18] [19] DD IUCN 3 1.svg Data deficient [20]
Blue mackerel Scomber australasicus
(Cuvier, 1832)
44 cm (17 in)30 cm (12 in)1.36 kg (3.0 lb)4.2 [21] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [22]
Atlantic chub mackerel S. colias
(Gmelin, 1789)
3.91 [23] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [24]
Chub mackerel S. japonicus
(Houttuyn, 1782)
64 cm (25 in)30 cm (12 in)2.9 kg (6.4 lb)18 years3.09 [25] [26] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [27]
Atlantic mackerel S. scombrus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
66 cm (26 in)30 cm (12 in)3.4 kg (7.5 lb)12 years west
18 years east
3.65 [28] [29] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [7]

Scomberomorini, the Spanish mackerels

The Spanish mackerels belong to the tribe Scomberomorini, which is the "cousin tribe" of the true mackerels. [30] This tribe consists of 21 species in all—18 of those are classified into the genus Scomberomorus , [31] two into Grammatorcynus , [32] and a single species into the monotypic genus Acanthocybium . [33]

Spanish Mackerels (tribe Scomberomorini)
Common nameScientific nameMaximum
length
Common
length
Maximum
weight
Maximum
age
Trophic
level
FishBase FAO IUCN status
Wahoo Acanthocybium solandri
(Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832)
250 cm170 cm83 kgyears4.4 [34] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [35]
Shark mackerel Grammatorcynus bicarinatus
(Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)
112 cmcm13.5 kgyears4.5 [36] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [37]
Double-lined mackerel G. bilineatus
(Rüppell, 1836)
100 cm50 cm3.5 kgyears4.18 [38] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [39]
Serra Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus brasiliensis
(Collette, Russo & Zavala-Camin, 1978)
cmcmkgyears3.31 [40] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [41]
King mackerel S. cavalla
(Cuvier, 1829)
184 cm70 cm45 kg14 years4.5 [42] [43] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [44]
Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel S. commerson
(Lacepède, 1800)
240 cm120 cm70 kgyears4.5 [45] [46] NT IUCN 3 1.svg Near threatened [47]
Monterey Spanish mackerel S. concolor
(Lockington, 1879)
cmcmkgyears4.24 [48] VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable [49]
Indo-Pacific king mackerel S. guttatus
(Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
76 cm55 cmkgyears4.28 [50] [51] DD IUCN 3 1.svg Data deficient [52]
Korean mackerel S. koreanus
(Kishinouye, 1915)
150 cm60 cm15 kgyears4.2 [53] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [54]
Streaked Spanish mackerel S. lineolatus
(Cuvier, 1829)
80 cm70 cmkgyears4.5 [55] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [56]
Atlantic Spanish mackerel S. maculatus
(Mitchill, 1815)
91 cmcm5.89 kg5 years4.5 [57] [58] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [59]
Papuan Spanish mackerel S. multiradiatus
Munro, 1964
35 cmcm0.5 kgyears4.0 [60] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [61]
Australian spotted mackerel S. munroi
(Collette & Russo, 1980)
104 cmcm10.2 kgyears4.3 [62] NT IUCN 3 1.svg Near threatened [63]
Japanese Spanish mackerel S. niphonius
(Cuvier, 1832)
100 cmcm7.1 kgyears4.5 [64] [65] DD IUCN 3 1.svg Data deficient [66]
Queen mackerel S. plurilineatus
Fourmanoir, 1966
120 cm cm12.5 kgyears4.2 [67] DD IUCN 3 1.svg Data deficient [68]
Queensland school mackerel S. queenslandicus
(Munro, 1943)
100 cm80 cm12.2 kgyears4.5 [69] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [70]
Cero mackerel S. regalis
(Bloch, 1793)
183 cm cm7.8 kgyears4.5 [71] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [72]
Broadbarred king mackerel S. semifasciatus
(Macleay, 1883)
120 cmcmkg10 years4.5 [73] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [74]
Pacific sierra S. sierra
(Cuvier, 1832)
99 cm60 cm8.2 kgyears4.5 [75] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [76]
Chinese mackerel S. sinensis
(Cuvier, 1832)
247 cm100 cmkgyears4.5 [77] DD IUCN 3 1.svg Data deficient [76]
West African Spanish mackerel S. tritor
(Cuvier, 1832)
cmcmkgyears4.26 [78] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [76]

Other mackerel

In addition, a number of species with mackerel-like characteristics in the families Carangidae, Hexagrammidae and Gempylidae are commonly referred to as mackerel. Some confusion had occurred between the Pacific jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus) and the heavily harvested Chilean jack mackerel (T. murphyi). These have been thought at times to be the same species, but are now recognised as separate species. [79]

Other mackerel species
FamilyCommon nameScientific nameMaximum
length
Common
length
Maximum
weight
Maximum
age
Trophic
level
FishBase FAO IUCN status
Scombridae
Gasterochisma
Butterfly mackerel Gasterochisma melampus Richardson, 1845175 cm153 cm kgyears4.4 [80] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [81]
Carangidae
Jack mackerel
Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus(Linnaeus, 1758)70 cm22 cm2.0 kgyears3.64 [82] [83] Not assessed
Blue jack mackerel T. picturatus(Bowdich, 1825)60 cm25 cmkgyears3.32 [84] DD IUCN 3 1.svg Data deficient [85]
Cape horse mackerel T. capensis(Castelnau, 1861)60 cm30 cmkgyears3.47 [86] [87] Not assessed [88]
Chilean jack mackerel T. murphyi(Nichols, 1920)70 cm45 cmkg16 years3.49 [89] [90] DD IUCN 3 1.svg Data deficient [85]
Cunene horse mackerel T. trecae(Cadenat, 1950)35 cmcm2.0 kgyears3.49 [91] [92] Not assessed
Greenback horse mackerel T. declivis(Jenyns, 1841)64 cm42 cmkg25 years3.93 [93] [94] Not assessed [95]
Japanese horse mackerel T. japonicus(Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)50 cm35 cm0.66 kg12 years3.4 [96] [97] Not assessed
Mediterranean horse mackerel T. mediterraneus(Steindachner, 1868)60 cm30 cmkgyears3.59 [98] [99] Not assessed
Pacific jack mackerel T. symmetricus(Ayres, 1855)81 cm55 cmkg30 years3.56 [100] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern [101]
Yellowtail horse mackerel T. novaezelandiae(Richardson, 1843)50 cm35 cmkg25 years4.5 [102] Not assessed
Gempylidae
Snake mackerel
Black snake mackerel Nealotus tripes(Johnson, 1865)25 cm15 cmkgyears4.2 [103] Not assessed
Blacksail snake mackerel Thyrsitoides marleyi(Fowler, 1929)200 cm100 cmkgyears4.19 [104] Not assessed
Snake mackerel Gempylus serpens(Cuvier, 1829)100 cm60 cmkgyears4.35 [105] Not assessed
Violet snake mackerel Nesiarchus nasutus(Johnson, 1862)130 cm80 cmkgyears4.33 [106] Not assessed
* White snake mackerel Thyrsitops lepidopoides(Cuvier, 1832)40 cm25 cmkgyears3.86 [107] Not assessed
Hexagrammidae Okhotsk atka mackerel Pleurogrammus azonus(Jordan & Metz, 1913)62 cmcm1.6 kg12 years3.58 [108] [109] Not assessed
Atka mackerel P. monopterygius(Pallas, 1810)56.5 cmcm2.0 kg14 years3.33 [110] Not assessed
Still life with mackerel, lemon and tomato, Van Gogh, 1886 Van Gogh - Stillleben mit Makrelen, Zitronen und Tomaten.jpeg
Still life with mackerel, lemon and tomato, Van Gogh, 1886

The term "mackerel" is also used as a modifier in the common names of other fish, sometimes indicating the fish has vertical stripes similar to a scombroid mackerel:

By extension, the term is applied also to other species such as the mackerel tabby cat, [111] and to inanimate objects such as the altocumulus mackerel sky cloud formation. [112] [113]

Characteristics

Like other scombroids, mackerel such as this Atlantic mackerel are superb swimmers, and can retract their fins into grooves on their bodies for streamlining. They have deeply forked tails and are smaller and slimmer than tuna. Scomber scombrus illustration.png
Like other scombroids, mackerel such as this Atlantic mackerel are superb swimmers, and can retract their fins into grooves on their bodies for streamlining. They have deeply forked tails and are smaller and slimmer than tuna.

Most mackerel belong to the family Scombridae, which also includes tuna and bonito. Generally, mackerel are much smaller and slimmer than tuna, though in other respects, they share many common characteristics. Their scales, if present at all, are extremely small. Like tuna and bonito, mackerel are voracious feeders, and are swift and manoeuvrable swimmers, able to streamline themselves by retracting their fins into grooves on their bodies. Like other scombroids, their bodies are cylindrical with numerous finlets on the dorsal and ventral sides behind the dorsal and anal fins, but unlike the deep-bodied tuna, they are slim. [114]

The type species for scombroid mackerels is the Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus. These fish are iridescent blue-green above with a silvery underbelly and near-vertical wavy black stripes running along their upper bodies. [28] [116] [ failed verification ]

The prominent stripes on the back of mackerels seemingly are there to provide camouflage against broken backgrounds. That is not the case, though, because mackerel live in midwater pelagic environments which have no background. [117] However, fish have an optokinetic reflex in their visual systems that can be sensitive to moving stripes. [118] For fish to school efficiently, they need feedback mechanisms that help them align themselves with adjacent fish, and match their speed. The stripes on neighbouring fish provide "schooling marks", which signal changes in relative position. [117] [119]

Mackerel, such as these Pacific jack mackerel, usually have vertical stripes on their sides which provide "schooling marks", visual clues that help them stay in formation as they school. Pacific Jack Mackerel School, 2007.jpg
Mackerel, such as these Pacific jack mackerel, usually have vertical stripes on their sides which provide "schooling marks", visual clues that help them stay in formation as they school.

A layer of thin, reflecting platelets is seen on some of the mackerel stripes. In 1998, E J Denton and D M Rowe argued that these platelets transmit additional information to other fish about how a given fish moves. As the orientation of the fish changes relative to another fish, the amount of light reflected to the second fish by this layer also changes. This sensitivity to orientation gives the mackerel "considerable advantages in being able to react quickly while schooling and feeding." [120]

Mackerel range in size from small forage fish to larger game fish. Coastal mackerel tend to be small. [121] The king mackerel is an example of a larger mackerel. Most fish are cold-blooded, but exceptions exist. Certain species of fish maintain elevated body temperatures. Endothermic bony fishes are all in the suborder Scombroidei and include the butterfly mackerel, a species of primitive mackerel. [122]

Mackerel are strong swimmers. Known in the latin family as "punctualis piscis" which translates to "punctual fish." This is due to its punctuality of migration during mating season as it moves from warm to cold waters. Atlantic mackerel can swim at a sustained speed of 0.98 m/sec with a burst speed of 5.5 m/sec, [123] [124] while chub mackerel can swim at a sustained speed of 0.92 m/sec with a burst speed of 2.25 m/sec. [114]

Distribution

Sccav u0.gif
King mackerels cruise on long migrations at 10 kilometres per hour. [125] [126]

Most mackerel species have restricted distribution ranges. [114]

Some mackerel species migrate vertically. Adult snake mackerel conduct a diel vertical migration, staying in deeper water during the day and rising to the surface at night to feed. The young and juveniles also migrate vertically, but in the opposite direction, staying near the surface during the day and moving deeper at night. [127]

Lifecycle

Gannets and other seabirds fuel themselves with mackerel Scramble^^ A Gannet begins its take off run. - geograph.org.uk - 1368991.jpg
Gannets and other seabirds fuel themselves with mackerel

Mackerel are prolific broadcast spawners, and must breed near the surface of the water because the eggs of the females float. Individual females lay between 300,000 and 1,500,000 eggs. [114] Their eggs and larvae are pelagic, that is, they float free in the open sea. The larvae and juvenile mackerel feed on zooplankton. As adults, they have sharp teeth, and hunt small crustaceans such as copepods, forage fish, shrimp, and squid. In turn, they are hunted by larger pelagic animals such as tuna, billfish, sea lions, sharks, and pelicans. [26] [43] [128]

Off Madagascar, spinner sharks follow migrating schools of mackerel. [129] Bryde's whales feed on mackerel when they can find them. They use several feeding methods, including skimming the surface, lunging, and bubble nets. [130]

Fisheries

Global capture of mackerel in tonnes reported by the FAO 1950–2009
Global capture of true mackerel 1950-2009.png
  Scombroid mackerels [1]
Global capture of other mackerel 1950-2009.png
  Non-scombroid mackerels [1]
Main commercial species
Scjap u0.gif
The chub mackerel is the most intensively fished mackerel in the scombroid family.
Chilean purse seine.jpg
Chilean jack mackerel have been overfished and the population may be in danger of collapsing. Here an entire school of about 400 tons is encircled by a purse seiner.
A fresh catch from an African beach A bunch of Mackerel freshly caught on a African beach.jpg
A fresh catch from an African beach

Chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, are the most intensively fished scombroid mackerel. They account for about half the total capture production of scombroid mackerels. [1] As a species, they are easily confused with Atlantic mackerel. Chub mackerel migrate long distances in oceans and across the Mediterranean. They can be caught with drift nets and suitable trawls, but are most usually caught with surround nets at night by attracting them with lampara lamps. [131]

The remaining catch of scombroid mackerels is divided equally between the Atlantic mackerel and all other scombroid mackerels. Just these two species (Chub mackerel and Atlantic mackerel) account for about 75% of the total catch of scombroid mackerels. [1]

Chilean jack mackerel are the most commonly fished nonscombroid mackerel, fished as heavily as chub mackerel. [1] [90] The species has been overfished, and its fishery may now be in danger of collapsing. [132] [133]

Smaller mackerel behave like herrings, and are captured in similar ways. [134] Fish species like these, which school near the surface, can be caught efficiently by purse seining. Huge purse-seine vessels use spotter planes to locate the schooling fish. Then they close in using sophisticated sonar to track the shape of the school, which is then encircled with fast auxiliary boats that deploy purse seines as they speed around the school. [135] [136]

Suitably designed trollers can also catch mackerels effectively when they swim near the surface. Trollers typically have several long booms which they lift and drop with "topping lifts". They haul their lines with electric or hydraulic reels. [137] Fish aggregating devices are also used to target mackerel. [138]

Management

The North Sea has been overfished to the point where the ecological balance has become disrupted and many jobs in the fishing industry have been lost. [139]

The Southeast US region spans the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the US Southeast Atlantic. Overfishing of king and Spanish mackerel occurred in the 1980s. Regulations were introduced to restrict the size, fishing locations, and bag limits for recreational fishers and commercial fishers. Gillnets were banned in waters off Florida. By 2001, the mackerel stocks had bounced back. [140]

As food

Atlantic mackerel on ice at a fish store Maquereaux etal.jpg
Atlantic mackerel on ice at a fish store
Three freshly caught and gutted Mackerel from Mount's Bay in Cornwall Mackerel freshly caught.jpg
Three freshly caught and gutted Mackerel from Mount's Bay in Cornwall

Mackerel is an important food fish that is consumed worldwide. [141] As an oily fish, it is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids. [142] The flesh of mackerel spoils quickly, especially in the tropics, and can cause scombroid food poisoning. Accordingly, it should be eaten on the day of capture, unless properly refrigerated or cured. [143]

Mackerel preservation is not simple. Before the 19th-century development of canning and the widespread availability of refrigeration, salting and smoking were the principal preservation methods available. [144] Historically in England, this fish was not preserved, but was consumed only in its fresh form. However, spoilage was common, leading the authors of The Cambridge Economic History of Europe to remark: "There are more references to stinking mackerel in English literature than to any other fish!" [134] In France, mackerel was traditionally pickled with large amounts of salt, which allowed it to be sold widely across the country. [134]

For many years mackerel was regarded as 'unclean' in the UK and other places due to folklore which suggested that the fish fed on the corpses of dead sailors. [145] A 1976 survey of housewives in Britain undertaken by the White Fish Authority indicated a reluctance to departing from buying the traditional staples of cod, haddock or salmon. Less than 10% of the survey's 1,931 respondents had ever bought mackerel and only 3% did so regularly. As a result of this trend many UK fishmongers during the 1970s did not display or even stock mackerel. [145]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tuna</span> Tribe of fishes

A tuna is a saltwater fish that belongs to the tribe Thunnini, a subgrouping of the Scombridae (mackerel) family. The Thunnini comprise 15 species across five genera, the sizes of which vary greatly, ranging from the bullet tuna up to the Atlantic bluefin tuna, which averages 2 m (6.6 ft) and is believed to live up to 50 years.

Indo-Pacific king mackerel, also known as the spotted seer fish or spotted Spanish mackerel, is a sea fish among the mackerel variety of fishes. It is found in around the Indian Ocean and adjoining seas. It is a popular game fish, growing up to 45 kg (99 lb), and is a strong fighter that has on occasion been seen to leap out of the water when hooked.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Streaked Spanish mackerel</span> Species of fish

The streaked Spanish mackerel is found mainly in and around India, especially along the Maharashtra and Gujarat coasts. The peak season for fishing this fish is from October to December. It is also known by other names, such as streaked seer, hazard (French), sawara, and carite (Spanish). It is found off Asian coasts from the west coast of India and Sri Lanka east to Java and does not extend east of Wallace's Line. It is an important quarry species for fisheries where it occurs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Double-lined mackerel</span> Species of fish

The double-lined mackerel, is a species of Spanish mackerel in the family Scombridae. This species is sometimes also called the scad mackerel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Billfish</span> Group of fishes

The billfish are a group of saltwater predatory fish characterised by prominent pointed bills (rostra), and by their large size; some are longer than 4 m (13 ft). Extant billfish include sailfish and marlin, which make up the family Istiophoridae; and swordfish, sole member of the family Xiphiidae. They are often apex predators which feed on a wide variety of smaller fish, crustaceans and cephalopods. These two families are sometimes classified as belonging to the order Istiophoriformes, a group which originated around 71 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous, with the two families diverging around 15 million years ago in the Late Miocene. However, they are also classified as being closely related to the mackerels and tuna within the suborder Scombroidei of the order Perciformes. However, the 5th edition of the Fishes of the World does recognise the Istiophoriformes as a valid order, albeit including the Sphyraenidae, the barracudas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian bonito</span> Species of fish

The Australian bonito, horse mackerel or little bonito, Sarda australis is a fish of the family Scombridae and is found in eastern Australia and New Zealand. They swim at depths reaching depths of approximately 30 m (98 ft), in open water. Its length is commonly at around 40–45 centimetres (16–18 in) fork length and 1.8–2.3 kilograms (4.0–5.1 lb) weight. Its maximum length and weight are about 100 centimetres (39 in) and 9.4 kilograms (21 lb), respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue mackerel</span> Species of fish

The blue mackerel, also called Japanese mackerel, Pacific mackerel, slimy mackerel or spotted chub mackerel, is a fish of the family Scombridae. It typically reaches 30 cm (12 in) in length and 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) in weight.

The Papuan seerfish also called the Papuan Spanish mackerel, is a species of fish in the family Scombridae. It is endemic to the Gulf of Papua off the mouth of the Fly River. It is the smallest species in the genus Scomberomorus. Sexual maturity is attained at much less than 30 cm fork length.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian spotted mackerel</span> Species of fish

The Australian spotted mackerel is a species of fish in the family Scombridae. Common fork length ranges between 50 and 80 cm. Specimens have been recorded at up to 104 cm in length, and weighing up to 10.2 kg. It is found in the western Pacific, along the northern coast of Australia, from the Abrolhos Islands region of Western Australia to Coffs Harbour and Kempsey in central New South Wales. It is also found in southern Papua New Guinea from Kerema to Port Moresby. It feeds largely on fishes, particularly anchovies and sardines, with smaller quantities of shrimps and squids. It is sometimes confused with Japanese Spanish mackerel, S. niphonius. Conservation status of the species has been evaluated as Near Threatened by the IUCN. This species was described in 1980 and was previously confused with the Japanese Spanish mackerel of the north western Pacific but S. munroi has a different visceral structure, more vertebrae and fewer gill rakers.

The broadbarred king mackerel or grey mackerel is a species of fish in the family Scombridae found in tropical waters of the western Pacific, along the northern coast of Australia and the southern coast of Papua New Guinea, from Shark Bay, Western Australia to northern New South Wales, in waters from the surface down to 100 m (330 ft). Specimens have been recorded at up to 120 cm in length, and weighing up to 10 kg. They are pelagic predators, feeding on small fishes such as sardines and herring.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kanadi kingfish</span> Species of fish

The Kanadi kingfish is a species of ray-finned bony fish in the family Scombridae, the mackerel family. Also known as the Kanadi seerfish, queen mackerel, or spotted mackerel, it is found in subtropical waters of the western Indian Ocean, Seychelles, Kenya and Zanzibar to South Africa and along the west coast of Madagascar. Kanadi kingfish commonly occur in depths of 50 to 200 m. Specimens have been recorded at up to 120 cm (47 in) in length, and weighing up to 12.5 kg (28 lb). They feed mainly on small fishes such as anchovies and clupeids, squids, and mantis shrimps.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Queensland school mackerel</span> Species of fish

The Queensland school mackerel is a species of fish in the family Scombridae. It is found in tropical waters of the western Pacific, largely confined to inshore coastal waters of southern Papua New Guinea and northern and eastern Australia, from Shark Bay and Onslow, Western Australia to Sydney, New South Wales. Queensland school mackerel commonly occur in waters down to 100 m, usually to 30 m, in depth. Specimens have been recorded at up to 100 cm in length, and weighing up to 12.2 kg.

<i>Euthynnus</i> Genus of fishes

Euthynnus is a genus of ray-finned bony fish in the family Scombridae, or mackerel family, and in the tribe Thunnini, more commonly known as the tunas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Japanese Spanish mackerel</span> Species of fish

The Japanese Spanish mackerel, also known as the Japanese seer fish, is a species of true mackerel in the scombrid family (Scombridae). Their maximum reported length is 100 cm, and the maximum reported weight is 10.57 kg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Island mackerel</span> Species of fish

The island mackerel is a species of true mackerel in the scombrid family (Scombridae) from the Indo-Pacific. Their maximum reported length is 20 cm, and the maximum reported weight is 0.75 kg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neothunnus</span> Subgenus of fishes

Thunnus (Neothunnus) is a subgenus of ray-finned bony fishes in the Thunnini, or tuna, tribe. More specifically, Neothunnus is a subgenus of the genus Thunnus, also known as the "true tunas". Neothunnus is sometimes referred to as the yellowfin group, and comprises three species:

<i>Thunnus</i> (subgenus) Subgenus of fishes

Thunnus (Thunnus) is a paraphyletic subgenus of ray-finned bony fishes in the Thunnini, or tuna, tribe. More specifically, Thunnus (Thunnus) is a subgenus of the genus Thunnus, also known as the "true tunas". Thunnus (Thunnus) is sometimes referred to as the bluefin group and comprises five species:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Korean mackerel</span> Species of fish

The Korean mackerel also known as the Korean seerfish, is a ray-finned bony fish in the family Scombridae, better known as the mackerel family. Within that family, this fish is a member of the tribe Scomberomorini, the Spanish mackerels. It has an Indo-Pacific distribution which extends from the east coast of India and Sri Lanka along the Asian continental shelf to Sumatra, then north to Korea and Wakasa Bay in the Sea of Japan. This species is of minor commercial importance in some parts of its range, where it is caught using gill nets and is marketed either fresh or dried-salted. The Korean mackerel is an important quarry species for the drift net fishery in Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar in India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese mackerel</span> Species of fish

The Chinese mackerel, also known as the Chinese seerfish, is a ray-finned bony fish in the family Scombridae, better known as the mackerel family. More specifically, this fish is a member of the tribe Scomberomorini, the Spanish mackerels. It is a marine species occurring in the Western Pacific Ocean, but it also enters the Mekong River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific sierra</span> Species of fish

The Pacific sierra also known as the Mexican sierra, is a ray-finned bony fish in the family Scombridae, better known as the mackerel family. More specifically, this fish is a member of the tribe Scomberomorini, the Spanish mackerels. It occurs in the eastern Pacific Ocean from southern California to Antofagasta in Chile.

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Further reading