Alaska pollock

Last updated

Alaska pollock
Theragra chalcogramma.png
Alaska Pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) - GRB.jpg
In the Oarai Aquarium, Japan
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Gadiformes
Family: Gadidae
Genus: Gadus
Species:
G. chalcogrammus
Binomial name
Gadus chalcogrammus
Pallas, 1814
Synonyms [2]
  • Pollachius chalcogrammusPallas, 1814
  • Theragra chalcogrammaPallas, 1814
  • Gadus periscopus Cope, 1873
  • Gadus minor Döderlein, 1887
  • Theragra fucensis Jordan & Gilbert, 1893
  • Theragra finnmarchica Koefoed, 1956

The Alaska pollock or walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) is a marine fish species of the cod genus Gadus and family Gadidae.

Contents

It is a semi-pelagic schooling fish widely distributed in the North Pacific, with largest concentrations found in the eastern Bering Sea. [3]

Name and differentiation

Alaska pollock was in 1956 put in its own genus, Theragra, and classified as Theragra chalcogramma, but research in 2008 has shown it is rather closely related to the Atlantic cod and should therefore be moved back to Gadus, where it was originally placed. [4] [5] In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced that the official scientific name for the fish was changed from Theragra chalcogramma back to its original taxon Gadus chalcogrammus, highlighting its close genetic relationship to the other species of the cod genus Gadus. [6] Since 2014, registries of scientific names for fish species (e.g. the United Nations' ASFIS list and the World Registry of Marine Species (WoRMS) have largely adopted the Gadus chalcogrammus name. [7] [8]

The change of the official scientific name was followed by a discussion to change the common name as well, to highlight the fish as a member of the cod genus. [6] [9] The common names "Alaska pollock" and "walleye pollock", both used as trade names internationally, are considered misleading by scientific and trade experts, as the names do not reflect the scientific classification. [10] [11] [12] While belonging to the same family as the Atlantic pollock, the Alaska pollock is not a member of the genus Pollachius , but of the cod genus Gadus. Nevertheless, alternative trade names highlighting its placement in the cod genus, such as "snow cod", [13] [14] [15] "bigeye cod", [14] or direct deductions from the scientific names such as "copperline cod" (gadus meaning 'cod', Latin : chalco- from Greek : khalkós meaning 'copper', and Greek : grammí meaning 'line' [16] ) or "lesser cod" (from the synonymous taxon Gadus minor) have yet to find widespread acceptance. [9] The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration even states that "[the common name] might never change, as common names are separate from scientific names". [9]

In addition, Norwegian pollock (Theragra finnmarchica), a rare fish of Norwegian waters, is likely the same species as the Alaska pollock. [4]

Ecology

The speckled coloring of Alaska pollock makes it more difficult for predators to see them when they are near sandy ocean floors. [17] They are a relatively fast-growing and short-lived species, currently representing a major biological component of the Bering Sea ecosystem. [3] It has been found that catches of Alaska pollock go up three years after stormy summers. The storms stir up nutrients, and this results in phytoplankton being plentiful for longer, which in turn allows more pollock hatchlings to survive. [18] The Alaska pollock has well-developed drumming muscles [19] that the fish use to produce sounds during courtship, like many other gadids. [20] [21]

Foraging behavior

The primary factor in determining the foraging behavior of the Alaskan pollock is age. Young pollocks can be divided into two sub-groups, fish with lengths below 60 mm (2+1⁄2 in) and fish greater than 60 mm. Both groups mainly feed on copepods. [22] However, the latter group will also forage for krill. [22] Therefore, food depletion has a larger effect on smaller pollock. [22]

The variation in size of each subgroup also affects seasonal foraging behavior. During the winter, when food is scarce, foraging can be costly due to the fact that longer hunting time increases the risk of meeting a predator. The larger young pollocks have no need to hunt during the winter because they have a higher capacity for energy storage, while smaller fish do not, and have to continue foraging, putting them at greater risk. To maximize their chances of survival, large pollock increase their calorie intake in autumn to gain weight, while smaller ones focus solely on growing in size. [23]

Alaskan pollock exhibit diel vertical migration, following the seasonal movement of their food. Although pollocks exhibit vertical movement during the day, their average depth changes with the seasons. Originally, the change in depth was attributed to the amount of light or water temperature, but in fact, it follows the movement of food species. [24] In August, when food is abundantly available near the surface, pollocks will be found at shallower depths. In November, they are found deeper along with their planktonic food source. [24]

Distribution

Alaska pollock in the Pacific Ocean

The Alaska pollock's main habitats are the coastal areas of the Northern Pacific, especially the waters off Alaska (Eastern Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands) as well as off Russia, Japan and Korea (Western Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk). The largest concentrations of Alaska pollock are found in the eastern Bering Sea. [3]

Small populations in the Arctic Ocean (Barents Sea)

Fish from the Barents Sea that was initially described as own species Theragra finnmarchica (Norway pollock), but is now known to be genetically identical to Gadus chalcogrammus (Alaska pollock). Theragra finnmarchica.jpg
Fish from the Barents Sea that was initially described as own species Theragra finnmarchica (Norway pollock), but is now known to be genetically identical to Gadus chalcogrammus (Alaska pollock).

Very small populations of fish genetically identical to Gadus chalcogrammus are found in the Barents Sea waters of northern Norway and Russia. [25] This fish was initially described as its own species under the taxon Theragra finnmarchica by Norwegian zoologist Einar Koefoed in 1956. [26] The common name used for the fish was "Norway pollock". Genetic analyses have shown that the fish is genetically identical to the Alaska pollock. It is therefore considered to be conspecific with the Pacific species and is attributed to Gadus chalcogrammus. The history of the species in the Barents Sea is unknown. [27]

The initial specification as an own species by Koefoed was based on two specimens landed in Berlevåg, northern Norway, in 1932 (hence the Norwegian name, Berlevågfisk). Based on morphological differences, Koefoed considered Theragra finnmarchica a new species, related to but separate from the Alaska pollock. [26] Just seven specimens of the fish are known to have been caught between 1957 and early 2002 in the Arctic Ocean. [28] In 2003 and 2004, 31 new specimens were caught. All specimens were large (465–687 mm (18+1⁄4–27 in) in total length) and caught in the coastal waters between Vesterålen in the west and Varangerfjord in the east. By 2006, 54 individuals had been recorded. [4] Sequencing of mitochondrial DNA of two specimens of Theragra finnmarchica and 10 Theragra chalcogramma (today: Gadus chalcogrammus) revealed no significant genetic differences, leading Ursvik et al. [29] to suggest that T. finnmarchica and T. chalcogramma are the same species. An analysis of a much larger sample size (44 T. finnmarchica and 20 T. chalcogramma) using both genetic and morphological methods led to similar conclusions. [4] While the putative species could not be separated genetically, they showed some consistent differences in morphology. Only one characteristic showed no overlap. Byrkjedal et al. [4] conclude that T. finnmarchica should be considered a junior synonym of T. chalcogramma. These analyses also suggest that T. finnmarchica is a near relative of the Atlantic cod, and that both Alaska and Norway pollock should be moved to genus Gadus. [4]

Norway pollock (Theragra finnmarchica) was listed as Near Threatened in the 2010 Norwegian Red List for Species [30] based on criteria D1: "Very small or geographically very restricted population: Number of mature individuals". The IUCN Red List currently lists Alaskan pollock as Near Threatened in Europe. [1]

Fisheries

Global capture production of Alaska pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) in million tonnes from 1950 to 2022, as reported by the FAO Alaska pollock(=walleye poll.), capture production, million tonnes, 1950-2022.svg
Global capture production of Alaska pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) in million tonnes from 1950 to 2022, as reported by the FAO

The Alaska pollock has been said to be "the largest remaining source of palatable fish in the world". [32] Around 3 million metric tons (3,000,000 long tons; 3,300,000 short tons) of Alaska pollock are caught each year in the North Pacific, from Alaska to northern Japan. Alaska pollock is the world's second most important fish species, after the Peruvian anchoveta, in terms of total catch. [33]

Alaska pollock landings are the largest of any single fish species in the U.S, with the average annual Eastern Bering Sea catch between 1979 and 2022 being 1.26 million metric tons. [34] Alaska pollock catches from U.S. fisheries have been relatively consistent at approximately 1.3 million tons a year, on average 92 percent from the Bering Sea and 8 percent from the Gulf of Alaska. [35] [36] Each year's quota is adjusted based on stock assessments conducted by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center to prevent overfishing. [37] For example quotas were reduced from 2008 to 2010 in the Bering Sea due to stock declines. [33] [38]

Independent certification groups have hailed the fishery as an example of good management. For example, the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands fisheries were separately certified as "sustainable" by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) in 2005, and were certified in 2010 and 2016. [39]   The fisheries received a combined re-certification in 2020. [40] The Marine Conservation Society rates Alaska pollock harvested from the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Aleutian Islands as sustainable, but not those from the Western Bering Sea in Russian waters. [41]

In 2021, the MSC awarded the U.S. trade associations Association of Genuine Alaska Pollock Producers (GAPP) and At-Sea Processors Association with its Ocean Champion Award that recognizes organizations for meeting MSC's commitment to a healthier ocean and a more transparent supply chain. The MSC recognized Alaska pollock from U.S. fisheries as one of the "healthiest" and "most sustainable sources" of protein. [42] [43]

As food

Compared to other cod species and pollock, Alaska pollock has a milder taste, whiter color and lower oil content.

Fillets

High-quality, single-frozen whole Alaska pollock fillets may be layered into a block mold and deep-frozen to produce fish blocks that are used throughout Europe and North America as the raw material for high-quality breaded and battered fish products. Lower-quality, double-frozen fillets or minced trim pieces may also be frozen in block forms and used as raw material for lower-quality, low-cost breaded and battered fish sticks and portions.

Alaska pollock is commonly used in the fast food industry in products such as McDonald's Filet-O-Fish sandwich, [44] [45] Burger King Big Fish Sandwich, Wendy's Crispy Panko Fish Sandwich, [46] Arby's King's Hawaiian Fish Deluxe, [47] Arby's Crispy Fish Sandwich, [48] Arby's Spicy Fish Sandwich, [49] Long John Silver's Baja Fish Taco, [50] Bojangles Bojangular, [51] Birds Eye's Fish Fingers in Crispy Batter, [52] 7-Eleven's Fish Bites, [53] White Castle's Panko Breaded Fish Sliders, [54] and Captain D's Seafood Kitchen. [55] Some of these items are seasonal offerings to coincide with the Lent calendar where seafood demand is higher.

Surimi

Imitation crab meat is often made from pulverized Alaska pollock Japanese Sugiyo Kanikama Kaoribako2.JPG
Imitation crab meat is often made from pulverized Alaska pollock

Single-frozen Alaska pollock is considered to be the premier raw material for surimi . The most common use of surimi in the United States is "imitation crabmeat", though it is often seen labeled in retailers and grocers as "surimi seafood" sticks, flakes, or chunks. [56] [57] There are five main forms of surimi seafood: chunk, leg, flake, salad, and shred. [58] Surimi made from minced Alaska Pollock retains the aforementioned carbon footprint advantage. [59] [58]

Pollock roe

Canned Alaska pollock roe, served on rye cracker (Russia) Alaska pollock roe Russia.jpg
Canned Alaska pollock roe, served on rye cracker (Russia)

Pollock roe is a popular culinary ingredient in Korea, Japan, and Russia. In Korea, the roe is called myeongnan (명란, literally 'Alaska pollock's roe'), and the salted roe is called myeongnan-jeot (명란젓, literally 'pollock roe jeotgal '). The food was introduced to Japan after World War II, and since has been called mentai-ko (明太子) in Japanese. A milder, less spicy version is usually called tarako (鱈子, literally 'cod's roe'), which is also the Japanese name for pollock roe itself. In Russia, pollock roe is consumed as a sandwich spread. The product, resembling liquid paste due to the small size of eggs and oil added, is sold canned.

Use as food in Korea

Drying hwangtae in winter Hwangtae (Gadus chalcogrammus).jpg
Drying hwangtae in winter

Alaska pollock is considered the "national fish" of Korea. [60] [61] The Korean name of the fish, myeongtae (명태,明太), has also spread to some neighbouring countries: it is called mintay (минтай) in Russia and its roe is called mentaiko (明太子) in Japan, although the Japanese name for the fish itself is suketōdara (介党鱈). In Korea, myeongtae is called thirty-odd additional names, including saengtae (생태, fresh), dongtae (동태, frozen), bugeo (북어, dried), hwangtae (황태, dried in winter with repeated freezing and thawing), nogari (노가리, dried young), and kodari (코다리, half-dried young). [61]

Koreans have been eating Alaska pollock since the Joseon era. One of the earliest mentions is from Seungjeongwon ilgi (Journal of the Royal Secretariat), where a 1652 entry stated: "The management administration should be strictly interrogated for bringing in pollock roe instead of cod roe." [62] Alaska pollocks were the most commonly caught fish in Korea in 1940, when more than 270,000 tonnes were caught from the Sea of Japan. [63] It outnumbers the current annual consumption of Alaska pollock in South Korea, estimated at 260,000 tonnes in 2016. [64] Nowadays, however, Alaska pollock consumption in South Korea rely heavily on import from Russia, due to rises in sea water temperatures. [65] In 2019, South Korea imposed a total ban on pollock fishing "to help replenish depleted stocks" of the fish. [66]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cod</span> Common name for the demersal fish genus Gadus

Cod is the common name for the demersal fish genus Gadus, belonging to the family Gadidae. Cod is also used as part of the common name for a number of other fish species, and one species that belongs to genus Gadus is commonly not called cod.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantic cod</span> Species of fish

The Atlantic cod is a fish of the family Gadidae, widely consumed by humans. It is also commercially known as cod or codling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whitefish (fisheries term)</span> Several species of demersal fish with fins

Whitefish or white fish is a fisheries term for several species of demersal fish with fins, particularly Atlantic cod, whiting, haddock, hake (Urophycis), and pollock (Pollachius), among others. Whitefish (Coregonidae) is also the name of several species of Atlantic freshwater fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pollock</span> North Atlantic marine fish in the genus Pollachius

Pollock or pollack is the common name used for either of the two species of North Atlantic marine fish in the genus Pollachius. Pollachius pollachius is referred to as "pollock" in North America, Ireland and the United Kingdom, while Pollachius virens is usually known as saithe or coley in Great Britain and Ireland. Other names for P. pollachius include the Atlantic pollock, European pollock, lieu jaune, and lythe or lithe; while P. virens is also known as Boston blue, silver bill, or saithe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bering Sea</span> Sea of the northern Pacific Ocean off the coast of Alaska and Russia

The Bering Sea is a marginal sea of the Northern Pacific Ocean. It forms, along with the Bering Strait, the divide between the two largest landmasses on Earth: Eurasia and the Americas. It comprises a deep water basin, which then rises through a narrow slope into the shallower water above the continental shelves. The Bering Sea is named after Vitus Bering, a Danish-born Russian navigator, who, in 1728, was the first European to systematically explore it, sailing from the Pacific Ocean northward to the Arctic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roe</span> Egg masses of fish and seafood

Roe, or hard roe, is the fully ripe internal egg masses in the ovaries, or the released external egg masses, of fish and certain marine animals such as shrimp, scallop, sea urchins and squid. As a seafood, roe is used both as a cooked ingredient in many dishes, and as a raw ingredient for delicacies such as caviar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haddock</span> Species of fish

The haddock is a saltwater ray-finned fish from the family Gadidae, the true cods. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Melanogrammus. It is found in the North Atlantic Ocean and associated seas, where it is an important species for fisheries, especially in northern Europe, where it is marketed fresh, frozen and smoked; smoked varieties include the Finnan haddie and the Arbroath smokie. Other smoked versions include long boneless, the fileted side of larger haddock smoked in oak chips with the skin left on the fillet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific cod</span> Species of fish

The Pacific cod is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Gadidae. It is a bottom-dwelling fish found in the northern Pacific Ocean, mainly on the continental shelf and upper slopes, to depths of about 900 m (3,000 ft). It can grow to a length of a meter or so and is found in large schools.They feed on clams, worms, crabs, shrimp, and juvenile fish. It is an important commercial food species and is also known as gray cod or grey cod, and grayfish or greyfish. Fishing for this species is regulated with quotas being allotted for hook and line fishing, pots, and bottom trawls. Fossils have been found in Canada near a Steller Sea lion fossil dating to the Pleistocene.

<i>Gadus</i> Genus of fishes

Gadus is a genus of demersal fish in the family Gadidae, commonly known as cod, although there are additional cod species in other genera. The best known member of the genus is the Atlantic cod.

<i>Chikuwa</i> Japanese fishcake

Chikuwa (竹輪) is a Japanese fishcake product made from fish surimi. After being mixed well, they are wrapped around a bamboo or metal stick and steamed or broiled. The word chikuwa comes from the shape when it is sliced.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pollock roe</span> Eggs of the pollock fish

Pollock roe, also pollack roe is the roe of Alaska pollock which, despite its name, is a species of cod. Salted pollock roe is a popular culinary ingredient in Korean, Japanese, and Russian cuisines.

<i>Satsuma-age</i> Fried fishcake originating from Kagoshima, Japan

Satsuma-age (薩摩揚げ) is a fried fishcake originating from Kagoshima, Japan. Surimi and flour is mixed to make a compact paste that is solidified through frying. It is a specialty of the Satsuma region. It is known by a variety of regional names throughout Japan.

A number of Actinopterygiian fish have been given the common name whiting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crab meat</span>

Crab meat or crab marrow is the meat found within a crab, or more specifically in the leg of a crab. It is used in many cuisines around the world for its soft, delicate and sweet flavor. Crab meat is low in fat and provides approximately 340 kilojoules (82 kcal) of food energy per 85-gram (3 oz) serving. Brown crab, blue crabs, blue swimming crabs, and red swimming crabs are among the most commercially available species of crabmeat globally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Seafoods</span> American seafood catcher/processor

American Seafoods Group, LLC (ASG) is an American seafood company. Based in Seattle, Washington, ASG owns and operates six large catcher-processor vessels that harvest and process onboard fish caught in the U.S. waters of Alaska and the Pacific Northwest. American Seafoods Company is the largest harvester in the U.S. Bering Sea Alaska pollock fishery with approximately 45% of the catcher-processor market share.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamchatka flounder</span> Species of fish

The Kamchatka flounder, Atheresthes evermanni, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives at depths of between 20 metres (66 ft) and 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). Its native habitat is the temperate waters of the northern Pacific. It can grow as long as 100 centimetres (39 in) in length, and can weigh up to 8.5 kilograms (19 lb).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cod as food</span> Gadidae fishes in human nutrition and cooking

Cod and other cod-like fish have been widely used as food through history. Other cod-like fish come from the same family (Gadidae) that cod belong to, such as haddock, pollock, and whiting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crab stick</span> Type of seafood made of starch and finely pulverized white fish

Crab sticks, krab sticks, snow legs, imitation crab meat, or seafood sticks are a Japanese seafood product made of surimi and starch, then shaped and cured to resemble the leg meat of snow crab or Japanese spider crab. It is a product that uses fish meat to imitate shellfish meat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alaska pollock as food</span> Eating species of cod globally

Alaska pollock, a species of cod (Gadus) found in the North Pacific Ocean, is used as food globally. Compared with common pollock, Alaska pollock is milder in taste, whiter in color, and lower in oil content.

References

  1. 1 2 Cook, R.; Fernandes, P.; Florin, A.; Lorance, P.; Nedreaas, K. (2015). "Gadus chalcogrammus (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T18258863A45097315. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
  2. ↑ "Taxonomy - Gadus chalcogrammus (Alaska pollock) (Theragra chalcogramma)". UniProt.
  3. 1 2 3 "Walleye Pollock Research". Alaska Fisheries Science Center. NOAA. 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Byrkjedal, I.; Rees, D. J.; Christiansen, Jørgen S.; Fevolden, Svein-Erik (2008-10-01). "The taxonomic status of Theragra finnmarchica Koefoed, 1956 (Teleostei: Gadidae): perspectives from morphological and molecular data". Journal of Fish Biology. 73 (5): 1183–1200. Bibcode:2008JFBio..73.1183B. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01958.x. ISSN   1095-8649.
  5. ↑ Carr, Steven M.; Marshall, H. Dawn (2008). "Phylogeographic analysis of complete mtDNA genomes from walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus Pallas, 1811) shows an ancient origin of genetic biodiversity". Mitochondrial DNA. 19 (6): 490–496. doi:10.1080/19401730802570942. PMID   19489135. S2CID   11001548.
  6. 1 2 Sackton, John (4 March 2014). "FDA Changes Scientific Name of Walleye Pollock, but Has Not Ruled on Market Name Change to 'Pollock'". Seafood News.
  7. ↑ "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
  8. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Gadus chalcogrammus Pallas, 1814". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
  9. 1 2 3 "Pollock is Pollock". FishWatch. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 14 March 2024.
  10. ↑ Valanes, Øystein. "Alaska pollock versus cod. An outline of the genus Gadus and possible consequences for the market" (PDF). Norwegian Seafood Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2020-05-17.
  11. ↑ "NOAA says Alaska pollock now a cod – name officially changed from Theragra spp. to Gadus". SavingSeafood.com. 21 January 2014.
  12. ↑ "FDA changes cod listing, still calls it Alaska pollock". SeafoodSource.com. 4 March 2015.
  13. ↑ "Whitefish Buyers Guide". Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute. 2005. Archived from the original on 26 September 2006.
  14. 1 2 "Alaska pollock". SeafoodSource.com. 23 January 2014.
  15. ↑ Doré, Ian (1991). The New Fresh Seafood Buyer's Guide: A manual for distributors, restaurants, and retailers. Boston, MA: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 126. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-5990-7. ISBN   978-1-4757-5990-7.
  16. ↑ "Alaska Pollock". FishBase .
  17. ↑ "Alaska Pollock". FishWatch. NOAA. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  18. ↑ Pearson, Aria (6 January 2009). "Why storms are good news for fishermen". New Scientist . Reed Business Information. Archived from the original on 27 January 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  19. ↑ Hawkins, A. D.; Rasmussen, K. J. (1978). "The calls of gadoid fish". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 58 (4): 891–911. Bibcode:1978JMBUK..58..891H. doi:10.1017/s0025315400056848. S2CID   84514769.
  20. ↑ Yong-Seok Park; Yasunori Sakurai; Tohru Mukai; Kohji Iida; Noritatsu Sano (2004). "Sound production related to the reproductive behavior of captive walleye pollock". Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi (in Japanese and English). 60 (4): 467–472. doi: 10.2331/suisan.60.467 . hdl: 2115/35562 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-06.
  21. ↑ Skjæraasen, Jon Egil; Meager, JustinJ.; Heino, Mikko (2012). "Secondary sexual characteristics in codfishes (Gadidae) in relation to sound production, habitat use and social behaviour". Marine Biology Research. 8 (3): 201–209. Bibcode:2012MBioR...8..201S. doi: 10.1080/17451000.2011.637562 . Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  22. 1 2 3 Ciannelli, L.; Brodeur, R. D.; Napp, J. M. (2004). "Foraging impact on zooplankton by age-0 walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) around a front in the southeast Bering Sea". Marine Biology. 144 (3): 515–526. Bibcode:2004MarBi.144..515C. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1215-4. S2CID   3447513.
  23. ↑ Heintz, Ron A.; Vollenweider, Johanna J. (2010-09-30). "Influence of size on the sources of energy consumed by overwintering walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 393 (1–2): 43–50. Bibcode:2010JEMBE.393...43H. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2010.06.030.
  24. 1 2 Adams, Charles F.; Foy, Robert J.; Kelley, John J.; Coyle, Kenneth O. (2009-08-08). "Seasonal changes in the diel vertical migration of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the northern Gulf of Alaska". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 86 (2): 297–305. Bibcode:2009EnvBF..86..297A. doi:10.1007/s10641-009-9519-y. ISSN   0378-1909. S2CID   11143793.
  25. ↑ Privalikhin, A. M.; Norvillo, G. V. (2010). "On the finding of a rare species—Norwegian pollock Theragra finnmarchica Koefoed, 1956 (Gadidae)—in the Barents Sea". Journal of Ichthyology. 50 (2): 143–147. doi:10.1134/S0032945210020013. S2CID   34014444.
  26. 1 2 Koefoed, Einar (1956). "'Theragra finnmarchica' n. sp. A fish caught off Berlevåg allied to the Alaskan pollack, 'Theragra chalcogramma' Pallas from the Bering Sea". Fiskeridirektoratets Skrifter, Serie Havundersøkelser. 11 (5): 3–11.
  27. ↑ Christiansen, Jørgen S.; Svein-Erik Fevolden; Ingvar Byrkjedal (2009). "Berlevågfisken - en nordnorsk torskefisk med aner i Stillehavet (The Gadoid Fish Berlevågfisk)". In Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt; et al. (eds.). Kyst og havbruk 2009. Fisken og havet. Bergen, Norway: Institute of Marine Research. pp. 54–55.
  28. ↑ Christiansen, Jørgen S.; Svein-Erik Fevolden; Ingvar Byrkjedal (2005-04-01). "The occurrence of Theragra finnmarchica Koefoed, 1956 (Teleostei, Gadidae), 1932–2004". Journal of Fish Biology. 66 (4): 1193–1197. Bibcode:2005JFBio..66.1193C. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00682.x. ISSN   1095-8649.
  29. ↑ Ursvik, Anita; Breines, Ragna; Christiansen, Jørgen S.; Fevolden, Svein-Erik; Coucheron, Dag H.; Johansen, Steinar D. (2007-06-07). "A mitogenomic approach to the taxonomy of pollocks: 'Theragra chalcogramma' and 'T. finnmarchica' represent one single species". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 86. Bibcode:2007BMCEE...7...86U. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-86 . ISSN   1471-2148. PMC   1894972 . PMID   17555567.
  30. ↑ "Theragra finnmarchica". Artsdatabanken.no. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  31. ↑ "Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  32. ↑ Clover, Charles (2004). The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat. Ebury Press. ISBN   978-0-09-189780-2.
  33. 1 2 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2010. ISBN   978-92-5-106675-1.
  34. ↑ Ianelli, James; Stienessen, Sarah; Honkalehto, Taina; Siddon, Elizabeth; Allen-Akselrud, Caitlin (December 2022). Chapter 1: Assessment of the Walleye Pollock Stock in the Eastern Bering Sea (PDF) (Report). p. 6. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  35. ↑ Ianelli, James; Fissel, Ben; Stienessen, Sarah; Honkalehto, Taina; Siddon, Elizabeth; Allen-Akselrud, Caitlin (December 4, 2021). "Assessment of the Walleye Pollock Stock in the Eastern Bering Sea" (PDF). National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  36. ↑ "Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands; Final 2021 and 2022 Harvest Specifications for Groundfish". Federal Register. February 25, 2021.
  37. ↑ "North Pacific Groundfish Stock Assessments". Alaska Fisheries Science Center. 12 May 2022.
  38. ↑ Ianelli, James; Honkalehto, Taina; Barbeaux, Steve; Kotwicki, Stan (December 2014). "Assessment of the walleye pollock stock in the Eastern Bering Sea" (PDF). Alaska Fisheries Science Center and National Marine Fisheries Service.
  39. ↑ "Assessments BSAI and GOA Alaska pollock - MSC Fisheries". fisheries.msc.org. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
  40. ↑ "WWF - Alaskan & Russian Pollock". World Wildlife Fund. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  41. ↑ "Good Fish Guide". Marine Conservation Society UK. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  42. ↑ "Wild Alaska Pollock Named a 2021 MSC US Ocean Champion". Marine Stewardship Council . January 20, 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
  43. ↑ "Wild Alaska Pollock Awarded 2021 Ocean Champion Award". Genuine Alaska Pollock Producers . 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
  44. ↑ "Filet-O-Fish®: Fish Sandwich | McDonald's". www.mcdonalds.com. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  45. ↑ "What Type of Fish do You use in the Filet-O-Fish®?". www.mcdonalds.com. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
  46. ↑ "Welcome to Wendy's". order.wendys.com. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  47. ↑ "King's Hawaiian® Fish Deluxe - Order Online | Arby's Menu". www.arbys.com. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  48. ↑ "Crispy Fish Sandwich - Order Online | Arby's Menu". www.arbys.com. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  49. ↑ "Spicy Fish Sandwich - Order Online | Arby's Menu". www.arbys.com. Archived from the original on 2022-04-13. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  50. ↑ "Ingredient Statements" (PDF). Ljsilvers.com. June 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  51. ↑ Overdeep, Meghan (February 9, 2021). "Bojangles' Beloved Fish Sandwich Returns". Southern Living. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  52. ↑ "Fish Fingers in Crispy Batter". Birdseye.co.uk. 2014. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  53. ↑ "Tuesday, March 09, 2021 PR: It's O-FISH-AL! 7-Eleven Launches New Fish Bites". sites.7-eleven.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  54. ↑ "White Castle". www.whitecastle.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  55. ↑ "Pollock". Captain D's. Archived from the original on 2017-09-17. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  56. ↑ "Instacart - Search Results for "surimi"". www.instacart.com. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  57. ↑ "Dyna Sea Crab Flavored Surimi Seafood Sticks". www.walmart.com. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  58. 1 2 "Surimi Seafood". www.alaskapollock.org. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  59. ↑ Zhang, Xinyue; Kotin, Adam; Zgola, Melissa (July 2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Wild Alaska Pollock Final ISO LCA Report (PDF) (Report). Quantis. pp. 42–52.
  60. ↑ 정, 빛나 (11 October 2016). "국민생선 명태가 돌아온다...세계최초 '완전양식' 성공" [Return of the national fish: the first success in the world in completely controlled culture of Alaska pollock]. Yonhap (in Korean). Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  61. 1 2 박, 효주 (6 January 2017). "동태·북어·노가리, 겨울엔 황태·코다리로... '국민생선' 제철만났네" [Dongtae, bugeo, and nogari; as hwangtae and kodari in winter... the 'national fish' is in season]. Bridgenews (in Korean). Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  62. ↑ Cha, Sang-eun (12 September 2015). "A hit abroad, pollock roe is rallying at home". Korea Joongang Daily . Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  63. ↑ 박, 구병. "명태" [myeongtae]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies . Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  64. ↑ Gergen, Eugene (21 November 2016). "South Korea Facing Pollock Shortage, Aims to Rebuild Imports and Trade Ties to Russia". SeafoodNews. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  65. ↑ Lee, Hyo-sik (19 January 2012). "PyeongChang: birthplace of yellow dried pollack". The Korea Times . Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  66. ↑ "S. Korea to impose year-round fishing ban on pollock". Yonhap News Agency . 2019-01-15. Retrieved 2019-08-12.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.