Sardine

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Sardines
Sardines - Ruo (iwashi).jpg
Sardines are small epipelagic fish that sometimes migrate along the coast in large schools. They are an important forage fish for larger forms of marine life.
Time series for global capture of all sardines.png
Global commercial capture of sardines in tonnes reported by the FAO 1950–2009 [1]

Sardine and pilchard are common names for various species of small, oily forage fish in the herring family Clupeidae. [2] The term 'sardine' was first used in English during the early 15th century; a somewhat dubious etymology says it comes from the Italian island of Sardinia, around which sardines were once supposedly abundant. [3] [4] [5]

Contents

The terms 'sardine' and 'pilchard' are not precise, and what is meant depends on the region. The United Kingdom's Sea Fish Industry Authority, for example, classifies sardines as young pilchards. [6] One criterion suggests fish shorter in length than 15 cm (6 in) are sardines, and larger fish are pilchards. [7]

The FAO/WHO Codex standard for canned sardines cites 21 species that may be classed as sardines. [8] FishBase, a database of information about fish, calls at least six species pilchards, over a dozen just sardines, and many more with the two basic names qualified by various adjectives.

Etymology

The word 'sardine' first appeared in English in the 15th century, a loanword from French sardine, derived from Latin sardina, from Ancient Greek σαρδίνη (sardínē) or σαρδῖνος (sardĩnos), [9] possibly from the Greek Σαρδώ (Sardō) 'Sardinia'. Athenaios quotes a fragmentary passage from Aristotle mentioning the fish σαρδῖνος (sardĩnos), referring to the sardine or pilchard. [10] However, Sardinia is over 1000 km from Athens, so it seems "hardly probable that the Greeks would have obtained fish from so far as Sardinia at a time relatively so early as that of Aristotle." [11]

The flesh of some sardines or pilchards is a reddish-brown colour similar to some varieties of red sardonyx or sardine stone; this word derives from σαρδῖον (sardĩon) with a root meaning 'red' and possibly cognate with Sardis, the capital of ancient Lydia (now western Turkey) where it was obtained. However, the name may refer to the reddish-pink colour of the gemstone sard (or carnelian) known to the ancients. [12] [13]

The phrase "packed like sardines" (in a tin) is recorded from 1911. [11] The phrase "packed up like sardines" appears in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction from 1841, [14] and is a translation of "encaissés comme des sardines", which appears in La Femme, le mari, et l'amant from 1829. [15] Other early appearances of the idiom are "packed together ... like sardines in a tin-box" (1845), [16] and "packed ... like sardines in a can" (1854). [17]

Genera

Sardines occur in several genera.

Although they are not true sardines, sprats are sometimes marketed as sardines. For example, the european sprat, Sprattus sprattus, is sometimes marketed as the 'brisling sardine'.

Species

Commercially significant species
GenusCommon nameScientific nameMax. lengthTyp. lengthMax. massMax. age
years		 Trophic
level 		Fish-
Base 		FAO ITIS IUCN
status
cmincmingoz
Sardina European pilchard Sardina pilchardus(Walbaum, 1792)27.510.820.07.9153.05 [18] [19] [20] LC IUCN 3 1.svg
[21]
Sardinops South American pilchard Sardinops sagax(Jenyns, 1842)39.515.620.07.949017252.43 [22] [23] [24] LC IUCN 3 1.svg
[25]
Japanese pilchard [note 1] Sardinops melanostictus(Schlegel, 1846) [27] [28] [29]
NE
Californian pilchard [note 1] Sardinops caeruleus(Girard, 1854) [30] [31] [32]
NE
southern African pilchard [note 1] Sardinops ocellatus(Pappe, 1854) [33] [34] [35]
NE
Sardinella Bali sardinella Sardinella lemuru(Bleeker, 1853)239.1207.9 [36] [37] [38] NT IUCN 3 1.svg
[39]
Brazilian sardinella Sardinella brasiliensis(Steindachner, 1879)3.10 [40] [41] [42] DD IUCN 3 1.svg
[43]
Japanese sardinella Sardinella zunasi(Bleeker, 1854)3.12 [44] [45] [46] LC IUCN 3 1.svg
[47]
Indian oil sardine Sardinella longiceps(Valenciennes, 1847)2.41 [48] [49] [50] LC IUCN 3 1.svg
[51]
Goldstripe sardinella Sardinella gibbosa(Bleeker, 1849)2.85 [52] [53] [54] LC IUCN 3 1.svg
[55]
Round sardinella Sardinella aurita(Valenciennes, 1847)3.40 [56] [57] [58] LC IUCN 3 1.svg
[59]
Madeiran sardinella Sardinella maderensis(Lowe, 1839)3.20 [60] [61] [62] VU IUCN 3 1.svg
[63]
Marquesan sardinella Sardinella marquesensis(Berry & Whitehead, 1968)166.3103.92.90 [64] LC IUCN 3 1.svg
Dussumieria Rainbow sardine Dussumieria acuta(Valenciennes, 1847)207.93.40 [65] [66] [67] LC IUCN 3 1.svg
[68]
  1. 1 2 3 There are four distinct stocks in the genus Sardinops, widely separated by geography. The FAO treats these stocks as separate species, while FishBase treats them as one species, Sardinops sagax. [26]

Feeding

Sardines feed almost exclusively on zooplankton, (lit. "animal plankton"), and congregate wherever this is abundant.

Fisheries

Global capture of sardines in tonnes reported by the FAO
Time series for global capture of Sardinops sardines.png
Sardines of the genus Sardinops, 1950–2010 [1]
Time series for global capture of non-Sardinops sardines.png
Sardines not of the genus Sardinops, 1950–2010 [1]

Typically, sardines are caught with encircling nets, particularly purse seines. Many modifications of encircling nets are used, including traps or fishing weirs. The latter are stationary enclosures composed of stakes into which schools of sardines are diverted as they swim along the coast. The fish are caught mainly at night, when they approach the surface to feed on plankton. After harvesting, the fish are submerged in brine while they are transported to shore.

Sardines are commercially fished for a variety of uses: for bait; for immediate consumption; for drying, salting, or smoking; and for reduction into fish meal or oil. The chief use of sardines is for human consumption, but fish meal is used as animal feed, while sardine oil has many uses, including the manufacture of paint, varnish, and linoleum.

Food and nutrition

Pacific sardines canned in tomato sauce, drained solids with bone
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 774 kJ (185 kcal)
0.54 g
Fat
10.4 g
20.9 g
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins Quantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
4%
0.044 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
18%
0.233 mg
Niacin (B3)
26%
4.2 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
15%
0.73 mg
Vitamin B6
7%
0.123 mg
Folate (B9)
6%
24 μg
Vitamin B12
375%
9 μg
Minerals Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
18%
240 mg
Iron
13%
2.3 mg
Magnesium
8%
34 mg
Manganese
9%
0.206 mg
Phosphorus
29%
366 mg
Potassium
11%
341 mg
Sodium
18%
414 mg
Zinc
13%
1.4 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water66.9 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [69] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [70]

Sardines are commonly consumed by humans as a source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and micronutrients. [71] Sardines may be grilled, pickled, smoked, or preserved in cans.

Canned sardines are 67% water, 21% protein, 10% fat, and contain negligible carbohydrates (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), canned sardines supply 185 calories of food energy and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin B12 (375% DV), phosphorus (29% DV), and niacin (26% DV) (table). Sardines are a moderate source (10-19% DV) of the B vitamins, riboflavin and pantothenic acid, and several dietary minerals, including calcium and sodium (18% DV each) (table). A 100 g serving of canned sardines supplies about 7 g combined of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (USDA source in table).

Because they are low in the food chain, sardines are low in contaminants, such as mercury, relative to other fish commonly eaten by humans, [71] [72] and have a relatively low impact in production of greenhouse gases. [71]

History

History of sardine fishing in the UK

Pilchard fishing and processing became a thriving industry in Cornwall, England from around 1750 to around 1880, after which it went into decline. Catches varied from year to year, and in 1871, the catch was 47,000 hogsheads, while in 1877, only 9,477 hogsheads. A hogshead contained 2,300 to 4,000 pilchards, and when filled with pressed pilchards, weighed 476 lbs. The pilchards were mostly exported to Roman Catholic countries such as Italy and Spain, where they are known as fermades. The chief market for the oil was Bristol, where it was used on machinery. [73]

Since 1997, sardines from Cornwall have been sold as 'Cornish sardines', and since March 2010, under EU law, Cornish sardines have Protected Geographical Status. [74] The industry has featured in numerous works of art, particularly by Stanhope Forbes and other Newlyn School artists.

The traditional "Toast to Pilchards" refers to the lucrative export of the fish to Catholic Europe:

Here's health to the Pope, may he live to repent
And add just six months to the term of his Lent
And tell all his vassals from Rome to the Poles,
There's nothing like pilchards for saving their souls! [75]

History of sardine fishing in the United States

In the United States, the sardine canning industry peaked in the 1950s. Since then, the industry has been on the decline. The canneries in Monterey Bay, in what was known as Cannery Row in Monterey County, California (where John Steinbeck's novel of the same name was set), failed in the mid-1950s. The last large sardine cannery in the United States, the Stinson Seafood plant in Prospect Harbor, Maine, closed its doors on 15 April 2010 after 135 years in operation. [76]

In April 2015 the Pacific Fishery Management Council voted to direct NOAA Fisheries Service to halt the current commercial season in Oregon, Washington and California, because of a dramatic collapse in Pacific sardine stocks. The ban affected about 100 fishing boats with sardine permits, although far fewer were actively fishing at the time. The season normally would end 30 June. [77] The ban was expected to last for more than a year, and was still in place as of May 2019. [78]

The manner in which sardines can be packed in a can has led to the popular English language saying "packed like sardines", which is used metaphorically to describe situations where people or objects are crowded closely together. [79]

'Sardines' is also the name of a children's game, where one person hides and each successive person who finds the hidden one packs into the same space until only one is left out, who becomes the next one to hide. [80]

Among the residents of the Mediterranean city of Marseille, the local tendency to exaggerate is linked to a folk tale about a sardine that supposedly blocked the city's port in the 18th century. It was actually blocked by a ship called the Sartine .

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herring</span> Forage fish, mostly belonging to the family Clupeidae

Herring are forage fish, mostly belonging to the family of Clupeidae.

<i>Gadus</i> Genus of fishes

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sprat</span> Common name for several kinds of forage fish

Sprat is the common name applied to a group of forage fish belonging to the genus Sprattus in the family Clupeidae. The term also is applied to a number of other small sprat-like forage fish. Like most forage fishes, sprats are highly active, small, oily fish. They travel in large schools with other fish and swim continuously throughout the day.

<i>Sardinops</i> Genus of fishes

Sardinops is a monotypic genus of sardines of the family Alosidae. The only member of the genus is Sardinops sagax. It is found in the Indo-Pacific and East Pacific oceans. Its length is up to 40 cm (16 in). It has numerous common or vernacular names, some of which more appropriately refer to subspecies, including blue pilchard, Australian pilchard, blue-bait, Californian pilchard, Peruvian Pacific sardine, South American pilchard, Chilean sardine, Japanese pilchard, Pacific sardine, and Southern African pilchard.

<i>Sardinella</i> Genus of fishes

Sardinella is a genus of fish in the family Dorosomatidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. They are abundant in warmer waters of the tropical and subtropical oceans. Adults are generally coastal, schooling, marine fish but juveniles are often found in lagoons and estuaries. These species are distinguished by their ranges and by specific body features, but they are often confused with one another. Fish of the genus have seven to 14 striped markings along the scales of the top of the head. The paddle-shaped supramaxilla bones are characteristic; they separate Sardinella from other genera and their shapes help distinguish species. They have paired predorsal scales and enlarged fin rays.

The Peruvian Pacific sardine is a subspecies of the South American pilchard found in Peru. Related subspecies and species of international importance include Sardinops sagax caeruleus (USA), Sardinops sagax melanosticta (Japan), and Sardina pilchardus (Spain). Its geographical distribution extends from the Gulf of Guayaquil (Ecuador) up to Talcahuano (Chile). The most important location of the fish in Peru is Paita, Parachique, Santa Rosa, and Chimbote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anchovy</span> Family of fishes

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Sardinella richardsoni is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Sardinella from the South China Sea in the northwest Pacific.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European pilchard</span> Species of fish

The European pilchard is a species of ray-finned fish in the monotypic genus Sardina. The young of the species are among the many fish that are sometimes called sardines. This common species is found in the northeast Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the Black Sea at depths of 10–100 m (33–328 ft). It reaches up to 27.5 cm (10.8 in) in length and mostly feeds on planktonic crustaceans. This schooling species is a batch spawner where each female lays 50,000–60,000 eggs.

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<i>Clupea</i> Genus of fishes

Clupea is genus of planktivorous bony fish belonging to the family Clupeidae, commonly known as herrings. They are found in the shallow, temperate waters of the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans, including the Baltic Sea. Two main species of Clupea are currently recognized: the Atlantic herring and the Pacific herring, which have each been divided into subspecies. Herrings are forage fish moving in vast schools, coming in spring to the shores of Europe and America, where they form important commercial fisheries.

<i>Ilisha elongata</i> Species of ray-finned fish

The elongate ilisha, also known as the Chinese herring or slender shad, is a species of longfin herring native to the coastal waters and estuaries of North Indian Ocean and Northwest Pacific. It is a relatively large species, up to 45–60 centimetres (18–24 in) in total length. It is an important fishery species.

<i>Sardinella tawilis</i> Species of fish

Sardinella tawilis is a freshwater sardine found exclusively in the Philippines. It is the only member of the genus Sardinella known to exist entirely in fresh water. Locally, they are known in Filipino as tawilis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alosidae</span> Family of fishes

The Alosidae, or the shads, are a family of clupeiform fishes. The family currently comprises four genera worldwide, and about 32 species.

<i>Amblygaster leiogaster</i> Species of fish

Amblygaster leiogaster, the smoothbelly sardinella, also known as blue sardine, blue sprat, bluebait, is a reef-associated marine species of sardinella in the herring family Clupeidae. It is one of the three species of genus Amblygaster. It is found in the marine waters along Indo-West Pacific regions south towards western Australia. The fish has 13 to 21 dorsal soft rays and 12 to 23 anal soft rays. It grows up to a maximum length of 23 cm. The flank is gold in fresh fish but becomes black while preservation. Belly is more rounded and scutes are not prominent. It is rather closely resemble Amblygaster clupeoides, but the latter has very few lower gill rakers than smoothbelly sardinella. The fish feeds on minute organisms like zooplankton.

<i>Amblygaster sirm</i> Species of fish

Amblygaster sirm, the spotted sardinella, also known as the northern pilchard, spotted pilchard, spotted sardine, and trenched sardine, is a reef-associated marine species of sardinellas in the herring family Clupeidae.

Thryssa rastrosa, the Fly River thryssa, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Engraulidae. It is found in Oceania.

Thryssa kammalensoides, the Godavari thryssa, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Engraulidae. It is found in the western Indian Ocean.

References

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  2. ↑ "What's an oily fish?". Food Standards Agency. 24 June 2004. Archived from the original on 10 December 2010.
  3. ↑ "Sardine | Origin and meaning of sardine by Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  4. ↑ "Sardine". The Good Food Glossary. BBC Worldwide. 2009. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
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  6. ↑ "FAQs". Seafish. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
  7. ↑ Stummer, Robin (17 August 2003). "Who are you calling pilchard? It's 'Cornish sardine' to you..." The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
  8. ↑ "Codex standard for canned sardines and sardine-type products codex stan 94 –1981 REV. 1–1995" (PDF). Codex Alimentarius. FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. pp. 1–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
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  10. ↑ "σαρδίνη". The Online Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek-English Lexicon. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  11. 1 2 "sardine (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  12. ↑ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : "Sard". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
  13. ↑ "Sardius, Sardine". Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words (1940), hosted at StudyLight.org. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  14. ↑ "The Cottage Bonnet". The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction: Containing Original Papers (1075): 155. 4 September 1841.
  15. ↑ de Kock, Paul (1879) [1829]. La femme, le mari, et l'amant (in French). Sceaux, Paris: Imprimerie de Charaire et fils. p. 1.
  16. ↑ Lippard, George (1849) [1845]. The Quaker City, Or, The Monks of Monk-Hall: A Romance of Philadelphia Life, Mystery, and Crime. Philadelphia: T. B. Peterson & Brothers. p. 222.
  17. ↑ Canot, Théodore (September 1854). Mayer, Brantz (ed.). "Revelations of a slave trader; or Twenty years' adventures of Captain Canot". London: Richard Bentley. p. 61., although this is a free rendering from the French original "...il fallut...les entassér commes des sardines." (Canot, Théodore (1860) [1854]. Le capitaine Canot, ou vingt années de la vie d'un négrier (in French). Paris: Amyot. p. 88.) where 'entassér' can mean 'to cram together.
  18. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sardina pilchardus". FishBase . April 2012 version.
  19. ↑ "Species Fact Sheet: Sardina pilchardus". FAO. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  20. ↑ "Sardina pilchardus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  21. ↑ Tous P, Sidibé A, Mbye E, de Morais L, Camara YH, Adeofe TA, Munroe T, Camara K, Cissoko K, Djiman R, Sagna A, Sylla M (2015). "European Pilchard – Sardina pilchardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T198580A15542481. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T198580A15542481.en .
  22. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sardinops sagax". FishBase . April 2012 version.
  23. ↑ "Species Fact Sheet: Sardinops sagax". FAO. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  24. ↑ "Sardinops sagax". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  25. ↑ Gaughan D, Di Dario F, Hata H (2018). "Sardinops sagax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T183347A15602965. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  26. ↑ Grant, W. S.; et al. (1998). "Why restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of mitochondrial DNA failed to resolve sardine (Sardinops) biogeography: insights from mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 55 (12): 2539–47. doi:10.1139/f98-127.
  27. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sardinops melanostictus". FishBase . April 2012 version.
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  29. ↑ "Sardinops melanostictus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  30. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sardinops caeruleus". FishBase . April 2012 version.
  31. ↑ "Species Fact Sheet: Sardinops caeruleus". FAO. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  32. ↑ "Sardinops caeruleus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  33. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sardinops ocellatus". FishBase . April 2012 version.
  34. ↑ "Species Fact Sheet: Sardinops ocellatus". FAO. Archived from the original on 13 December 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  35. ↑ "Sardinops ocellatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  36. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sardinella lemuru". FishBase . April 2012 version.
  37. ↑ "Species Fact Sheet: Sardinella lemuru". FAO. Archived from the original on 13 December 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  38. ↑ "Sardinella lemuru". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  39. ↑ Santos M (2018). "Bali sardinella – Sardinella lemuru". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T75154879A75154994. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  40. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sardinella brasiliensis". FishBase . April 2012 version.
  41. ↑ "Species Fact Sheet: Sardinella brasiliensis". FAO. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  42. ↑ "Sardinella brasiliensis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  43. ↑ Di Dario F (2018). "Brazilian Sardinella – Sardinella brasiliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T16466246A16510172. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  44. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sardinella zunasi". FishBase . April 2012 version.
  45. ↑ "Species Fact Sheet: Sardinella zunasi". FAO. Archived from the original on 13 December 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  46. ↑ "Sardinella zunasi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  47. ↑ Hata H, Munroe TA, Gaughan D, Mohd Arshaad W (2017). "Sardinella zunasi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T75155119A75155131. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T75155119A75155131.en .
  48. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sardinella longiceps". FishBase . April 2012 version.
  49. ↑ "Species Fact Sheet: Sardinella longiceps". FAO. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  50. ↑ "Sardinella longiceps". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  51. ↑ Munroe TA; Priede IG (2010). "Sardinella longiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2010: e.T154989A55159768. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T154989A55159768.en . Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  52. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sardinella gibbosa". FishBase . April 2012 version.
  53. ↑ "Species Fact Sheet: Sardinella gibbosa". FAO. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  54. ↑ "Sardinella gibbosa". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  55. ↑ Santos M, Villarao MC, Tambihasan AM, Villanueva JA, Parido L, Lopez G, Deligero R, Alcantara M, Doyola MC, Gatlabayan LV, Buccat FGA, Lanzuela N, Belga PB, Gapuz AV, Al-Khalaf K, Kaymaram F (2018). "Goldstripe Sardinella – Sardinella gibbosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T46075248A46664239. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  56. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sardinella aurita". FishBase . April 2012 version.
  57. ↑ "Species Fact Sheet: Sardinella aurita". FAO. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  58. ↑ "Sardinella aurita". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  59. ↑ Munroe T, Brown J, Aiken KA, Grijalba Bendeck L (2017) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Round Sardinella – Sardinella aurita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T198581A115340607. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T198581A15542908.en .
  60. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sardinella maderensis". FishBase . April 2012 version.
  61. ↑ "Species Fact Sheet: Sardinella maderensis". FAO. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
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