Early proposals to build a public aquarium in Monterey County were not successful until a group of four marine biologists affiliated with Stanford University revisited the concept in the late 1970s. Monterey Bay Aquarium was built at the site of a defunct sardine cannery and has been recognized for its architectural achievements by the American Institute of Architects. Along with its architecture, the aquarium has won numerous awards for its exhibition of marine life, ocean conservation efforts, and educational programs.
Monterey Bay Aquarium receives around two million visitors each year. It led to the revitalization of Cannery Row, and produces hundreds of millions of dollars for the economy of Monterey County. In addition to being featured in two PBS Nature documentaries, the aquarium has appeared in film and television productions.
Founding and design
In the early 1960s, scientists at Stanford University's Hopkins Marine Station grew wary of the growing industry on Cannery Row. The station succeeded in convincing the university of their concerns in 1967, and Stanford University purchased the property on Cannery Row that housed the Hovden Cannery, a sardine cannery on the border of Monterey and Pacific Grove. Hovden Cannery closed in 1973 when its parent company moved the plant, and Hopkins used the facility as a warehouse. In the late 1970s, however, Chuck Baxter and Robin Burnett—both faculty members at Hopkins—along with Nancy Burnett, a graduate of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, and Steve Webster, faculty at San Jose State University, thought of building an aquarium on the Hovden Cannery site.[lower-alpha 3] Three separate proposals for an aquarium in Monterey County had already occurred in 1914, 1925, and 1944, but financial backing and public support for the idea was not sufficient.[2] Nancy Burnett brought the group's interest to her parents, Lucile and David Packard (co‑founder of Hewlett-Packard), and their foundation commissioned a feasibility study. An aquarium was predicted to attract 300,000 paying visitors annually with a potential future increase to 500,000 so, in April 1978, the Packards created the Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation, which purchased the Hovden property from Stanford for nearly US$1 million. Around this time, Julie Packard—also a daughter of David and Lucile—joined the planning group. David Packard funded construction with an initial donation of $7 million with the caveat that the private nonprofit would be financially self-supporting after it opened.[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 3] Due to an expansion of its planned exhibits—after visits to public aquariums in Japan—and the design and creation of exhibits in‑house, the Packards paid a final sum of $55 million.[lower-alpha 5][3]
General contracting firm Rudolph and Sletten predicted the building would take 31 months (two and a half years) to construct, but project manager Linda Rhodes and architectural firm Esherick, Homsey, Dodge, and Davis (EHDD)[lower-alpha 5] first had to design the facility to fit Cannery Row. Those involved intended to reconstruct Hovden Cannery rather than destroy it, and EHDD acknowledged that the latter would be "a big disservice to our visiting public and to the community".[lower-alpha 6] Concrete sections of the building were able to be kept, but other areas were repurposed; the cannery's old warehouse was converted into administrative offices, and a seawater system for the aquatic exhibits replaced the cannery's pump house that brought fish to the warehouse from floating storage tanks in the bay.[lower-alpha 7] The facility was constructed around the cannery's boiler house, which is preserved as a non-functioning public exhibit.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 8] As the building would reside partially over water, unique challenges occurred throughout construction. Nearly half of the aquarium would be located over the bay in depths of up to 120ft (37m), requiring foundational elements to be installed during low tide, which often occurred at night. According to a project manager with Rudolph and Sletten, excavations were sometimes lost as the composition of the ground underneath beach sand was inconsistent.[lower-alpha 9]
Various elements of the building mirrored that of Hovden Cannery, including its windows (to let in sunlight), plain cement walls, structural protection from waves and storms, and its many roofs.[note 1] Exposed pipes and ducts along the ceiling also contributed to the industrial style of buildings on Cannery Row. The ironic transition from a plant that processed fish to an aquarium which would display them did not prevent the facility from appearing like a cannery, according to multiple journalists. The aquarium's successful representation of the cannery was acknowledged by the California Historical Society with a historical preservation award.[lower-alpha 10]
When Monterey Bay Aquarium opened on October 20, 1984,[lower-alpha 11] it was the largest public aquarium in the United States.[4] On opening day, 11,000 visited it and around 30,000 people attended the day's festivities. In reference to the disappearance of sardines (through overfishing), which caused the canneries to close, the aquarium said that "the fish are back!"[lower-alpha 11] Throughout the following year, 2.4 million people visited,[lower-alpha 12] which influenced assumptions about "the ability of marine life to entertain, educate, and promote a city."[lower-alpha 4] Within five years, it was reported in the Los Angeles Times that it was among California's most popular visitor attractions. By 1994, it was the most attended aquarium in the United States.[5][6] For its design, EHDD was awarded a National Honor Award from the American Institute of Architects in 1988.[7] The institute's state chapter in California gave the facility its Twenty-five Year Award in 2011[8] and, in 2016, it was awarded the national Twenty-five Year Award, described as "a benchmark and role model for aquariums everywhere."[lower-alpha 2]
The aquarium's 20,000 square feet (1,900m2) of decks allow visitors to look out over the bay.[lower-alpha 10] According to the national Twenty-five Year Award jury, the inclusion of broad windows "blurs the line between museum and natural habitat".[9]
In discussing the aquarium's conservation and education programs, its track record for entertaining visitors, and its reputation for collaboration, the head of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums described it as "a definite leader" in 2009 to the Los Angeles Times.[lower-alpha 13] Since it opened in 1984, Julie Packard has been the aquarium's executive director.[10]
Aquarium exhibits
According to a progress report during the aquarium's planning phase in 1980, the founders' efforts to build an aquarium developed from an interest in sharing marine life of the region with the public. This would be accomplished through its exhibits, featuring the aquatic habitats of Monterey Bay and central California.[lower-alpha 14] The idea to display marine habitats was inspired by the work of ecologist Ed Ricketts in his 1939 book on intertidal ecology, Between Pacific Tides. In the early 1980s this was a unique approach to the design of public aquariums, as the two largest public aquariums at the time in the United States—Boston's New England Aquarium (1969) and Baltimore's National Aquarium (1981)—focused on "magnificent coral reef exhibits or big sharks", and displayed few local species.[lower-alpha 15]
Seawater system
Main viewing area of the 320,000-US-gallon (1,200,000L) Kelp Forest exhibit, seen from ground level
Monterey Bay Aquarium displays 35,000 animals[note 2] belonging to over 550 species[lower-alpha 18][2] in 2.3million U.S. gallons (8,700,000L) of water.[11] Filtered seawater from Monterey Bay is pumped into the Kelp Forest and other exhibits at 2,000 US gallons (7,600L) per minute.[lower-alpha 19] At night, unfiltered seawater (or "raw seawater") is used for the Kelp Forest exhibit to maintain its realistic appearance. The use of unfiltered seawater allows animals to grow in the aquarium's plumbing so it must occasionally be cleaned with tools called pigs, which blast through the pipes under pressure to remove organisms and debris.[lower-alpha 20]Control systems that maintain this seawater system and other life support components for the animals are mostly automated, tracking various chemical parameters and reducing the likelihood for human error during repetitive tasks such as filter media backwashing.[12] The seawater system is controlled by more than 10,000 data points.[lower-alpha 19]
Kelp Forest exhibit
At 28 feet (8.5m) tall and 65 feet (20m) long, the Kelp Forest exhibit is the focal point of Monterey Bay Aquarium's Ocean's Edge wing.[lower-alpha 21] Nearly three stories high, the exhibit is regarded as the first successful attempt to maintain a living kelp forest in an artificial setting.[lower-alpha 22][lower-alpha 12][13][14] During the facility's planning and construction, professionals doubted that kelp could be grown in an aquarium at this scale. And, even if it could be grown, critics of the project did not think the public would be interested in seeing this representation of Monterey Bay.[lower-alpha 23] During the design phase, kelp scientists Wheeler North at the California Institute of Technology and Mike Neushal at the University of California, Santa Barbara informed the aquarium of the kelp's needs.[lower-alpha 22] The exhibit's success at sustaining giant kelp and its realistic appearance are attributed to the availability of direct sunlight, the use of natural seawater from Monterey Bay, and a surge machine (a large plunger) that replicates California's pulsing water currents.[lower-alpha 24] The 5-foot (1.5m) surge machine, which plunges every 6 seconds,[lower-alpha 22] allows the kelp in the exhibit to grow an average of 4 inches (10cm) per day and was designed and constructed by David Packard.[13][lower-alpha 16] Kelp forests are important ecosystems along California's coast—comparable to tropical rainforests in their biodiversity—and, alongside giant kelp, the exhibit contains species of fish indigenous to Monterey Bay, including rockfishes and leopard sharks.[lower-alpha 2]
Open Sea wing
In 1996, Monterey Bay Aquarium opened a second wing of aquatic exhibits, focusing on the pelagic habitats found 60 miles (97km) offshore in Monterey Bay. Costing US$57 million and taking seven years to develop, the wing almost doubled the aquarium's public exhibit space.[lower-alpha 25][15] It consists of three separate galleries: various jellyfish and other plankton found in the bay; a pelagic, large community exhibit; and "ocean travelers", which features tufted puffins and sea turtles.[lower-alpha 26] When the exhibition opened, the San Francisco Chronicle reported the aquarium had the most jellyfish on exhibit in the world.[lower-alpha 27] In 1997, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums awarded the wing its Exhibit Award.[16]
The million-gallon Open Sea community exhibit contains a school of Pacific sardines that, in 2011, numbered 14,000 individuals.
A 10-month, US$19 million renovation of the wing concluded in July 2011 to refurbish the community exhibit.[note 4] Turbulent swimming patterns of 300-pound (140kg) tunas were dismantling the exhibit's structural glass tiles, which the sea turtles were subsequently eating, so the exhibit was drained after all 10,000 animals were caught. Supplemental exhibits were added as part of this renovation featuring artwork that highlights current issues in ocean conservation, including overfishing and marine plastic pollution.[lower-alpha 26]
Other permanent exhibits
Monterey Bay Aquarium opened in 1984 with 83 tanks in 12 galleries,[lower-alpha 29] which more than doubled by 2014 into 200 live animal exhibits.[23] In addition to the large Kelp Forest and Open Sea exhibits, the Monterey Bay Habitats tank is 90 feet (27m) long, the shape of a figure eight, and holds over 300,000 US gallons (1,100,000L), a similar volume of seawater to the Kelp Forest. As its name suggests, it represents various habitats in Monterey Bay, from wharfs to the sandy seafloor to deep rocky reefs.[lower-alpha 29] Many aquariums in this exhibit contain man-made structures that were left in the bay to accumulate living organisms prior to the aquarium's opening; in Monterey Bay Habitats, real pilings were obtained from the city's harbor department for the exhibit's wharf section. In others, artificial rocks tricked visitors and fish alike. With the aquarium's debut, this "nature-faking" via human manipulation did not trick some, but the "'fakeness' did not necessarily detract from the aquarium's intrinsic value."[lower-alpha 30]
Rescued sea otters live in a habitat holding 55,000 US gallons (210,000L), and are the only marine mammals exhibited.[lower-alpha 29] In 2014, the aquarium stated to the Vancouver Courier that it takes no official position on the controversy of captive killer whales or other cetaceans. The facility was not constructed to house cetaceans, and instead utilizes the 27 species of marine mammals that live in or travel through Monterey Bay as one of its "exhibits", as guests can view the bay and marine mammals from decks along the back of the building.[lower-alpha 31][24]
Monterey Bay Aquarium was the first public aquarium to have its interior mapped on Google Street View, creating a virtual walking tour.[23]
Monterey Bay Aquarium began creating temporary exhibitions (or "special exhibitions") in the 1980s to display animals that are found outside of Monterey Bay. The first of these, titled "Mexico's Secret Sea", focused on the Sea of Cortez in 1989.[5] Most exhibitions since then have focused on animal groups, including deep-sea animals (1999),[25] sharks (2004), otters (2007), seahorses (2009),[26]cephalopods (2014),[27] and jellyfish. The 1997 "Fishing for Solutions" exhibition led to the development of the sustainable seafood program, Seafood Watch.[lower-alpha 32] In 2010, an exhibition titled "Hot Pink Flamingos" was one of the first aquarium exhibitions in the United States to explicitly discuss the effects of global warming on habitats and animals.[28] Its content was successfully accessible and compelling to the public, but the exhibition was criticized for its narrow "consumerist approach" to climate change communication—promoting individual, marketplace-based actions rather than collective political ones.[29]
At least three exhibitions have been devoted entirely to displaying jellyfish. In 1989, the aquarium's second temporary exhibition, titled "Living Treasures of the Pacific", included three jellyfish tanks following the successful display of one tank of moon jellies four years earlier in 1985. In 1992, the first temporary exhibition for jellyfish opened, called "Planet of the Jellies", the success of which prompted a permanent jellyfish gallery within the Open Sea wing in 1996. Within 20 years of opening Planet of the Jellies, the aquarium created two more temporary exhibitions centered on jellyfish. The final one of the three exhibitions opened in 2012, and displayed around 16 species of jellyfish from around the world in "a psychedelic theme from the 1960s". Staff members attribute the organization's fascination with jellyfish to their visual appeal, primitive biology, and reputed calming effect on visitors.[lower-alpha 33]
Terrestrial animals were displayed for the first time—including a tarantula, a snake, and a scorpion—in a US$3.8 million exhibit on ecosystems of Baja California that opened in 2016.[30]
Research and conservation
A purple-striped jelly (Chrysaora colorata), which the aquarium has been recognized for breeding, in the Open Sea wing
Monterey Bay Aquarium helped create momentum for the establishment of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary in 1992, one of the largest marine protected areas in the United States.[lower-alpha 34] In 2004, the aquarium created a formal division to become involved in United States ocean policy and law, working with the Pew Charitable Trusts and the United States Commission on Ocean Policy at the onset.[lower-alpha 35] Staff scientists have authored scientific publications involving sea otters, great white sharks, and bluefin tunas, which are important species in the northern Pacific Ocean.[lower-alpha 32] In addition to other animals,[31][32] work has been published in the areas of veterinary medicine,[33] visitor studies, and museum exhibition development.[34][35][36] Among over 200 institutions accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Monterey Bay Aquarium ranked 10th in scientific publication activity between 1993 and 2013.[37]
For Monterey Bay Aquarium's captive animal propagation efforts, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums has granted two awards, including one for the aquarium's work with purple-striped jellies in 1992. It has also received the association's general conservation award for its Sea Otter Research and Conservation Program.[16] In October 2017, the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums conferred its Conservation Award to the aquarium for its "commitment to ocean protection and public awareness".[38]
Marine life
Rehabilitated sea otters on exhibit
Monterey Bay Aquarium's Sea Otter Research and Conservation program began in 1984 to research and rehabilitate wild southern sea otters. As of October2017,[update] more than 800 individuals had completed the rehabilitation program and researchers have collected data on wild sea otter populations using electronic tags. An otter rescued in 2001 began the program's surrogacy efforts, in which adult female sea otters that have been rehabilitated but cannot be released act as surrogate mothers to stranded sea otter pups. The aquarium was the only sea otter rehabilitation site in California until The Marine Mammal Center began expanding a program for sea otters in 2017.[39] Its work with sea otters is featured in the PBS Nature episode titled "Saving Otter 501", which aired in October 2013.[40]
Shorebirds, such as the threatened western snowy plover, are also rehabilitated and released. Since around 1998, the aquarium has worked with Point Blue Conservation Science to rescue western snowy plover eggs. The eggs hatch after being artificially incubated, and are raised until they are independent enough for release. The two organizations released 180 individuals in 2012, and about 100 individuals in 2013.[41] The aquarium's endangered African penguins are part of an Association of Zoos and Aquariums species survival plan, a program that identifies genetically important birds and allows specific breeding activity to occur. Five chicks have hatched in the penguin colony as of 2014 and some of those have been sent to other accredited institutions.[17][42] Beginning in June 2007, the aquarium operates a public presentation with its rehabilitated Laysan albatross that has a wingspan of 6 feet (1.8m). The program's goal is to inform visitors of the dangers that ocean plastic pollution causes for animals, especially the 21 species of albatrosses.[43][lower-alpha 34]
Pacific bluefin and yellowfin tunas have been historically displayed in the Open Sea community exhibit, some reaching more than 300 pounds (140kg). In 2011, three dozen fishes of the two species were on exhibit.[lower-alpha 26] Prior to opening the Open Sea wing in 1996, the aquarium established the Tuna Research and Conservation Center in 1994 in partnership with Stanford University's Hopkins Marine Station. Staff scientists and Barbara Block—professor of marine sciences at Stanford University—have tagged wild Pacific bluefin tunas to study predator-prey relationships, and have also investigated tuna endothermy with captive tunas at the center.[44][lower-alpha 36] To improve international collaboration of bluefin tuna management, Monterey Bay Aquarium and Stanford University hosted a symposium in January 2016 in Monterey. Over 200 scientists, fisheries managers, and policy makers gathered to discuss solutions to the decline of Pacific bluefin tuna populations.[45]
Aquarists also propagate animals behind-the-scenes for the public exhibits. Since 1985, the aquarium has been deeply involved in jellyfish propagation,[note 5] creating three temporary exhibitions and one permanent gallery (within the Open Sea wing). The organization's jellyfish collections have been the largest in the world,[lower-alpha 27][lower-alpha 37] and its pioneering work with the animals resulted in a trend of jellyfish exhibitions in the United States.[lower-alpha 38][lower-alpha 39][46] In August 2016, aquarists culturedcomb jellies for the first time in a laboratory, which may allow them to become a model organism.[47] Beginning in 2012, the aquarium began to breed many species of cephalopods in preparation for a temporary exhibition that opened in 2014. For the duration of the exhibition, half of the animals were cultured because of their short life cycles. A display in the exhibition showcased how aquarists rear different species of cephalopods, including bigfin reef squid, which live for only about six months.[27][48] In partnership with Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, at least two deep-sea cephalopod species were displayed in the exhibition, including flapjack octopuses and the vampire squid.[49]
Great white sharks
A juvenile great white shark swims in the aquarium's Open Sea exhibit in 2006.
In 1984, Monterey Bay Aquarium's first attempt to display a great white shark lasted 11 days, ending when the shark died because it did not eat.[50] Through a later program named Project White Shark, six white sharks were exhibited between 2004 and 2011 in the Open Sea community exhibit,[lower-alpha 34] which was constructed in the 1990s. Researchers at universities in California attributed the aquarium's success at exhibiting white sharks to the use of a 4-million-US-gallon (15,000,000L)net pen, which gave the sharks time to recover from capture prior to transport. A 3,200-US-gallon (12,000L) portable tank used to transport the fish to the exhibit allowed the sharks to swim continuously, which they must do in order to respire.[lower-alpha 40][21] These endeavors led to the first instance of a white shark eating in an aquarium.[lower-alpha 41]
At least one organization—the Pelagic Shark Research Foundation based in Santa Cruz, California—criticized the aquarium for attempting to keep white sharks in captivity, questioning the significance of possible scientific research and the ability to educate visitors.[51] However, several independent biologists expressed approval for Project White Shark because of its logistical design, educational impact, and scientific insights. Regarding its educational impact, a white shark researcher from Australia stated in 2006 that "the fact people can come and see these animals and learn from them is of immeasurable value."[lower-alpha 40] The first captive white shark—on exhibit in 2004 for more than six months—was seen by one million visitors, and another million visitors saw either the second or third white sharks on display.[52] In 198 days, the first white shark grew more than 17 inches (43cm) and gained over 100 pounds (45kg) prior to its release.[lower-alpha 42]As of 2016,[update] Monterey Bay Aquarium is the only public aquarium in the world to have successfully exhibited a white shark for longer than 16 days.[lower-alpha 43][53]
The effort to display captive white sharks ended in 2011 due to the project's high resource intensity. Captive white sharks also incurred injuries and killed other animals in the exhibit after becoming increasingly aggressive,[lower-alpha 44] and the final shark died due to unknown reasons immediately following its release.[50][54] Although no longer on exhibit for the public, aquarium researchers have continued to conduct research on white sharks. Collaborating with Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in June 2016, staff scientists created cameras attached to harmless dorsal fin tags in an attempt to study the behavior of white sharks during their gathering known as the White Shark Café.[55][56]
Monterey Bay Aquarium's consumer-based Seafood Watch program encourages sustainable seafood purchasing from fisheries that are "well managed and caught or farmed in ways that cause little harm to habitats or other wildlife."[57] It began in 1999 as a result of a popular component of a temporary exhibition and has grown to consist of a website, six regional pocket guides, and mobile apps that allow consumers to check the sustainability ratings of specific fisheries. The program has expanded to include business collaborations, local and national restaurant and grocer partnerships, and outreach partnerships—primarily other public aquariums and zoos. Large-scale business and grocer affiliations include Aramark, Compass Group, Target, and Whole Foods Market.[58] In both 2009 and 2015, Seafood Watch was reportedly playing an influential role in the discussion regarding seafood sustainability.[lower-alpha 45][lower-alpha 46] According to the aquarium, the program's efficacy is driven by its work with both businesses and consumers, and is supported by the organization's expanding science and ocean policy programs.[lower-alpha 47]
In the late 2000s, Seafood Watch was likely the most known and most widely distributed sustainable seafood guide out of around 200 internationally.[59] By 2014, fifteen years after its inception, the program had produced more than 52 million printed pocket guides. Its mobile apps were downloaded over one million times between 2009 and 2015.[lower-alpha 45] In 2003, the program's website was granted a MUSE Award from the American Alliance of Museums for use of media and technology in science. Bon Appétit magazine awarded its Tastemaker of the Year award to Seafood Watch in 2008 and, in 2013, Sunset magazine described it as one of "the most effective consumer-awareness programs".[60][61]
Monterey Bay Aquarium plays an active role in federal and state politics, from sponsoring governmental legislation about the ocean[63] to persuading voter action from its visitors and online followers. The aquarium was a leading sponsor for the statewide shark fin ban in 2011.[lower-alpha 26] After the ban's success its efforts shifted to focus on marine plastic pollution,[61] supporting successful legislation which restricted the use of microbeads in personal care products.[lower-alpha 48] In support of California Proposition 67 (2016), the organization produced advertisements, web pages, and podcasts in favor of a statewide ban on single-use plastic grocery bags.[64] The aquarium is a founding member of a partnership between 20 public aquariums for collaborating on policy-based conservation efforts. This partnership, called the Aquarium Conservation Partnership, hosted a plastic pollution conference at Monterey Bay Aquarium in December 2016.[65] In July 2017, the aquarium and other members of the partnership began eliminating their own plastic products, such as plastic bags, straws, and bottles.[66]
The aquarium is a founding partner of the Ocean Project, which conducts national public opinion surveys about aquariums and environmental issues.[lower-alpha 49] And, along with Stanford University, it runs an organization involved in ocean science, policy, and law called the Center for Ocean Solutions.[67][68] The aquarium has participated in several international conferences that focus on ocean policy, including the 2017 United Nations Ocean Conference.[lower-alpha 35][69][70] In March 2017, Monterey Bay Aquarium publicly endorsed the March for Science—a series of rallies and marches that occurred around the world on Earth Day the following April—and its penguins marched in their own miniature demonstration.[71][72]
Educational efforts
Each year approximately 75,000 students, teachers, and chaperones from California access Monterey Bay Aquarium for free. An additional 1,500 low-income students, 350 teenagers, and 1,200 teachers participate in structured educational programs throughout the year. Between 1984 and 2014, the aquarium hosted more than 2 million students.[lower-alpha 34] In 2009, the aquarium and others collaborated to create an online resource called "Climate Interpreter", which is used by other zoological institutions, government agencies, and academic institutions to share materials for interpreting climate change to the public.[lower-alpha 50]
A 13,000-square-foot (1,200m2), US$30 million education center being developed by the aquarium is expected to open in 2018, and will double the number of students and teachers it is able to work with each year.[73][lower-alpha 51][needs update] Monterey Bay Aquarium received a Webby Award in 2000 for "distributing information related to scientific exploration"[74] and has won four awards from the Association of Zoos and Aquariums for its programs in the categories of education and diversity.[16] In 2015, the Silicon Valley Business Journal awarded the aquarium with a Community Impact Award for its efforts to "shape a new generation of ocean conservation leaders."[lower-alpha 51]
Community and economic influence
The aquarium revitalized Monterey's Cannery Row when it opened in 1984, following the decline of the sardine canning industry in the United States.
Monterey Bay Aquarium employed over 500 people and had 1,200 active volunteers in 2015.[lower-alpha 18] Between 1984 and 2014, 8,500 volunteers donated 3.2 million community service hours.[lower-alpha 34] The aquarium attracts around 2 million visitors each year and, through 2016, over 50 million people had visited.[lower-alpha 2] Out of the 51 accredited public aquariums in the United States in 2015, Monterey Bay Aquarium's 2.08 million visitors ranked it second by number of visits, behind Georgia Aquarium's 2.2 million.[75] In 2015, it served 290,000 annual members.[lower-alpha 51]
Free admission programs are offered for Monterey County residents including "Shelf to Shore", with the county's free library system, and "Free to Learn", with local nonprofit organizations and Monterey–Salinas Transit.[76][77] Additionally, the aquarium offers free admission to Monterey County residents during a weeklong event in December, which grew from almost 17,000 visitors in 1998 to 50,000 visitors in 2013. In 2014, the program was expanded to include neighboring Santa Cruz and San Benito counties.[78] An annual event called "Día del Niño" offers bilingual feeding presentations (in Spanish), activities, and free admission for children under the age of 13.[79] Between 2002 and 2014, over 700,000 people visited for free through outreach programs.[80]
In 2013, the aquarium's operational spending and its 2 million visitors generated US$263 million to the economy of Monterey County.[lower-alpha 18] In August 2016, an event during one evening raised over US$110,000 for the Community Foundation for Monterey County's drive to provide relief for the Soberanes Fire.[81]
In December 2020, Natividad Medical Center in Salinas was loaned a deep-freeze fridge from the Aquarium in order to allow the hospital to store the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine at -94 degrees Fahrenheit. Normally the aquarium uses the freezer for preserving "biological and veterinary samples". Prior to the loan, the hospital had planned on keeping the vaccine on dry ice which would have meant changing the dry ice every five days.[82] Due to the aquarium's closure during the COVID-19 pandemic, between April 2020 and January 2021 a total of 243 staff were laid off or furloughed.[83][84]
In media and popular culture
Monterey Bay Aquarium has been featured in two documentaries on the wildlife television program Nature; filmmakers were given behind-the-scenes access for "Oceans in Glass" in 2006, and "Saving Otter 501" followed the aquarium's sea otter rehabilitation program in 2013.[40] It also heavily supported and was featured in BBC's Big Blue Live, a 2015 live television miniseries about Monterey Bay that won a BAFTA TV Award in 2016.[85] The aquarium served as the filming location for the fictitious Cetacean Institute in the 1986 film Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home.[86] In the 2016 Disney/Pixar animated film Finding Dory, the aquarium inspired the design of the fish hospital that the characters visit, and its animals served as models for the film's animated characters.[87] A scene from the HBO miniseries Big Little Lies, which aired in 2017, was filmed there.[88]
After comparing the aquarium's visitor feedback to the feedback of other attractions, the media and the travel industry have given it top awards. In 2014, TripAdvisor ranked it as the number one public aquarium in the world and, in 2015, it ranked second.[89][90] In 2015, it was listed by Parents magazine as the top public aquarium in the United States and the highest rated destination on the West Coast.[91]Frommer's travel guide lists Monterey Bay Aquarium as "exceptional", the highest rating on its three-tier system.[92]
Each year, since 2019, content creator DougDoug has held a Twitchlivestream on the birthday of Monterey Bay Aquarium's oldest sea otter, Rosa. The livestreams have raised a significant amount of money for the aquarium, including $320.18 in 2019, $2,676.00 in 2020, $14,172.00 in 2021, $104,326.89 in 2022, and $302,292.69 in 2023.[93][94][95][96]
Notes and references
Notes
↑ Charles Davis (with architectural firm EHDD) called it a "hodgepodge of roofs" and a journalist described it as a "jumble of rooflines".[lower-alpha 10]
↑ This represents the most widely-used figure. In a 1995 census of the aquarium's exhibits, more than 340,000 individual creatures were counted, of which 106,000 were strawberry anemones.[lower-alpha 17]
↑ According to the aquarium, it was the first to display the ocean sunfish in the United States in August 1986. The first sunfish's name was Tweedledum and it ate 1 pound (0.45kg) of prawns each day.[19]
↑ The wing's name was changed from "Outer Bay" to "Open Sea" during this renovation.[22]
↑ In 2009, the jellyfish expert at the aquarium expected "three good stings" every week.[lower-alpha 19]
↑ Reynolds 2009: "'They are a definite leader,' says Kristin Vehrs, executive director of the Maryland-based Assn. of Zoos & Aquariums, which accredits aquariums. 'They do a great job of balancing the crowd-pleasing with the rigor of the education and conservation programs. They've also been good at sharing' expertise with other institutions."
↑ "Oceans in Glass" 2006 (at 9:45): "This is a living kelp forest, and its creation flew in the face of professionals who thought it was a losing proposition. Nobody had ever successfully grown kelp on this scale, but there were also more pressing concerns. The exhibit was intended to recreate a key habitat of the Monterey Bay, and critics scoffed that nobody would be interested. The public rendered its verdict quickly: they were enthralled."
1 2 McCabe 1996: "The aquarium holds the largest permanent collection of jellyfish species in the United States and displays more of them than does any other facility in the world."
↑ "Oceans in Glass" 2006 (at 5:23): "The jelly collection at the aquarium is the largest in the world."
↑ Yollin 2012: "The Monterey Bay Aquarium pioneered the display of jellyfish in North America and spawned a trend of jelly exhibits around the United States."
↑ Reynolds 2009: "...and it has pioneered the display of jellyfish and..."
↑ Reynolds 2009: "with its advice on what seafoods consumers should eat and chefs should serve, the aquarium has taken an influential role in the debate over sustainable fishing practices."
↑ Duggan 2013: "The area went into decline until the 1984 opening of the Monterey Bay Aquarium, which brought new life to Cannery Row."
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The Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan is an aquarium located in the ward of Minato in Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, near Osaka Bay. When it first opened, it was the largest public aquarium in the world. It is a member of the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums.
Shedd Aquarium is an indoor public aquarium in Chicago. Opened on May 30, 1930, the 5 million US gal aquarium holds about 32,000 animals and is the third largest aquarium in the Western Hemisphere, after the Georgia Aquarium and Monterey Bay Aquarium.
The Vancouver Aquarium is a public aquarium located in Stanley Park in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In addition to being a major tourist attraction for Vancouver, the aquarium is a centre for marine research, ocean literacy education, climate activism, conservation and marine animal rehabilitation.
The Aquarium of the Pacific is a public aquarium on a 5-acre (20,000 m2) site on Rainbow Harbor in Long Beach, California, United States. It is situated across the water from the Long Beach Convention Center, Shoreline Village, and the Queen Mary Hotel and Attraction.
The Maritime Aquarium at Norwalk is an aquarium located in the South Norwalk section of Norwalk, Connecticut.
The Two Oceans Aquarium is an aquarium located at the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront in Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa. The aquarium was opened on the 13 November 1995 and comprises several exhibition galleries with large viewing windows: The aquarium is named for its location, where the Indian and Atlantic Ocean meet.
Seafood Watch is a sustainable seafood advisory list, and has influenced similar programs around the world. It is best known for developing science-based seafood recommendations that consumers, chefs, and business professionals use to inform their seafood purchasing decisions.
A public aquarium or public water zoo is the aquatic counterpart of a zoo, which houses living aquatic animal and plant specimens for public viewing. Most public aquariums feature tanks larger than those kept by home aquarists, as well as smaller tanks.
Shark Reef Aquarium is a public aquarium on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. It is located at and owned by the Mandalay Bay resort. The attraction opened on June 20, 2000. Its main tank is 1,300,000 US gallons (4,900,000 L), one of the largest in North America. The facility is 105,000 sq ft (9,800 m2), and displays numerous species of sharks, rays, fish, reptiles, and marine invertebrates. It also features a shark tunnel. The reef was developed in consultation with the Vancouver Aquarium.
The Pacific bluefin tuna is a predatory species of tuna found widely in the northern Pacific Ocean, but it is migratory and also recorded as a visitor to the south Pacific.
Aquarium of the Bay is a public aquarium located at The Embarcadero and Beach Street, at the edge of Pier 39 in San Francisco, California. The aquarium is focused on local aquatic animals from the San Francisco Bay and neighboring rivers and watersheds as far as the Sierra Mountains. Since 2005 the Aquarium has focused its mission on enabling ocean conservation and climate action both locally and globally. It is one of seven institutions under parent company Bay Ecotarium, the largest watershed conservation organization in the Bay Area
Asilomar State Marine Reserve (SMR) is one of four small marine protected areas (MPAs) located near the cities of Monterey and Pacific Grove, at the southern end of Monterey Bay on California’s central coast. The four MPAs together encompass 2.96 square miles (7.7 km2). The SMR protects all marine life within its boundaries. Fishing and take of all living marine resources is prohibited.
Edward F. Ricketts State Marine Conservation Area is one of four small marine protected areas located near the cities of Monterey and Pacific Grove, at the southern end of Monterey Bay on California’s central coast. The four areas together encompass 2.96 square miles (7.7 km2). Within SMCAs fishing and take of all living marine resources is prohibited except the recreational take of finfish by hook-and-line and the commercial take of giant and bull kelp under certain conditions.
Lovers Point State Marine Reserve (SMR) is one of four small marine protected areas located near the cities of Monterey and Pacific Grove, at the southern end of Monterey Bay on California’s central coast. The four MPAs together encompass 2.96 square miles (7.7 km2). The SMR protects all marine life within its boundaries. Fishing and take of all living marine resources is prohibited.
Pacific Grove Marine Gardens State Marine Conservation Area is one of four small marine protected areas located near the cities of Monterey and Pacific Grove, at the southern end of Monterey Bay on California’s central coast. The four MPAs together encompass 2.96 square miles (7.7 km2). Within the SMCA fishing and take of all living marine resources is prohibited except the recreational take of finfish and the commercial take of giant and bull kelp by hand under certain conditions. According to the Frommer's guide, the Marine Gardens area is "renowned for ocean views, flowers, and tide-pool seaweed beds."
Barbara Block is an American marine biologist and Charles & Elizabeth Prothro Professor of Biology in Marine Sciences at the Stanford University Hopkins Marine Station and a co-director of Stanford University's Tuna Research and Conservation Center, with the Monterey Bay Aquarium. She has published numerous bodies of work throughout her career in marine biology and chemistry, mainly focusing on the biology and chemistry of metabolism in different tuna and shark species. Additionally, she has helped develop two new types of electronic tags for large pelagic predators in order to track the migrations of large oceanic predator species.
Saltwater fish, also called marine fish or sea fish, are fish that live in seawater. Saltwater fish can swim and live alone or in a large group called a school.
Tokyo Sea Life Park is a public aquarium located in Edogawa Ward, Tokyo. It is located in Kasai Rinkai Park in Edogawa Ward, Tokyo, and Kasai Rinkai Bird Garden is also located in the park. It can be accessed from Kasai-Rinkai Park Station. The Predecessor is the Ueno Aquarium, which was set up in the Ueno Zoo. The building was designed by Yoshio Taniguchi.
Julie E. Packard is an American ocean conservationist and philanthropist. She helped create the Monterey Bay Aquarium in the early 1980s and is its executive director, a position she has held since its opening in 1984. She speaks at conferences and symposia related to ocean conservation, and writes online about current issues. She is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and is a recipient of the Audubon Medal.
↑ Kingsley, Eric; Phillips, Roger; Mansergh, Sarah (August 24–27, 2008). "Ozone Use at the Monterey Bay Aquarium: A Natural Seawater Facility"(PDF). Orlando, Florida: Proceedings of the International Ozone Association – Pan American Group. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
Propagation: "About the Edward H. Bean Award". Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
↑ Widmer, Chad L. (2005). "Effects of temperature on growth of north-east Pacific moon jellyfish ephyrae, Aurelia labiata (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 85 (3): 569–573. doi:10.1017/s0025315405011495. ISSN1469-7769. S2CID85002565.
↑ Murray, Michael J. (2002). "Fish Surgery". Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine. 11 (4): 246–257. doi:10.1053/saep.2002.126571.
↑ Rand, Judy (1990). Fish Stories that Hook Readers: Interpretive Graphics at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Jacksonville, Alabama: Center for Social Design.
↑ Ramberg, Jenny Sayre; Rand, Judy; Tomulonis, Jaci (2002). "Mission, Message, and Visitors: How Exhibit Philosophy Has Evolved at the Monterey Bay Aquarium". Curator: The Museum Journal. 45 (4): 302–320. doi:10.1111/j.2151-6952.2002.tb00067.x. ISSN2151-6952.
1 2 PBS Nature documentaries featuring the aquarium:
"Introduction". Oceans in Glass: Behind the Scenes of the Monterey Bay Aquarium. PBS. June 20, 2011. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
↑ Knowles, Thomas (2016). "The History of Jelly Husbandry at the Monterey Bay Aquarium". Der Zoologische Garten. 85 (1–2): 42–51. doi:10.1016/j.zoolgart.2015.09.008.
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