West Coast of the United States

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West Coast of the United States
Coastline
US Pacific States.svg
Location of the West Coast (red)

in the United States  (tan)

as defined by the Census Bureau.
Country Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States
Principal cities Los Angeles
San Diego
San Jose
San Francisco
Sacramento
Portland (Oregon)
Seattle
Anchorage
Honolulu
Largest city Los Angeles
Largest metropolitan area Greater Los Angeles
Area
 • Total1,009,688 sq mi (2,615,080 km2)
 • Land895,287 sq mi (2,318,780 km2)
 • Water21,433 sq mi (55,510 km2)
 • Coastal28,913 sq mi (74,880 km2)
Highest elevation
(Denali)
20,310 ft (6,190.5 m)
Lowest elevation
[1] (Badwater Basin)
−282 ft (−86 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total53,669,422 [lower-alpha 1]
Time zone
Mountain UTC−7:00
 • Summer (DST) UTC−6:00
Pacific UTC−8:00
 • Summer (DST) UTC−7:00
Alaska UTC−9:00
 • Summer (DST) UTC−8:00
Hawaii UTC−10:00

The West Coast of the United States, also known as the Pacific Coast and the Western Seaboard, is the coastline along which the Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean. The term typically refers to the contiguous U.S. states of California, Oregon, and Washington, but it occasionally includes Alaska and Hawaii in bureaucratic usage. For example, the U.S. Census Bureau considers both states to be part of a larger U.S. geographic division.

Contents

Definition

There are conflicting definitions of which states comprise the West Coast of the United States, but the West Coast always includes California, Oregon, and Washington as part of that definition. Under most circumstances, however, the term encompasses the three contiguous states and Alaska, as they are all located in North America. For census purposes, Hawaii is part of the West Coast, along with the other four states. [3] Encyclopædia Britannica refers to the North American region as part of the Pacific Coast, including Alaska and British Columbia. Although the encyclopedia acknowledges the inclusion of Hawaii in some capacity as part of the region, the editors wrote that "it has little in common geologically with the mainland states." [4]

Several dictionaries offer different definitions of the West Coast. Lexico restricts the West Coast's definition to "the western seaboard of the U.S. from Washington to California." [5] However, Macmillan Dictionary provides a less specific definition as "the western coast of the U.S., along the Pacific Ocean." [6] As for the Cambridge Dictionary, the West Coast is "the area of the Pacific coast in the U.S. that includes California." [7]

History

The history of the West Coast begins with the arrival of the earliest known humans of the Americas, Paleo-Indians, crossing the Bering Strait from Eurasia into North America over a land bridge, Beringia, that existed between 45,000 BCE and 12,000 BCE (47,000–14,000 years ago). Small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska. Between 16,500 BCE and 13,500 BCE (18,500–15,500 years ago), ice-free corridors developed along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America and possibly by sea. [8]

Alaska Natives, Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, and California indigenous peoples eventually descended from the Paleo-Indians. They developed various languages and established trade routes.[ citation needed ]

Later, Spanish, British, French, Russian, and American explorers and settlers began colonizing the area.[ citation needed ]

Climaxing A Century Of Progress In Transportation (NBY 415278).jpg

On May 10, 1869, the first transcontinental railroad was completed joining the West Coast to the East of the United States.

Climate

The West Coast of the United States has an oceanic climate in its Northwestern, Northern, and Eastern edge towards the U.S.-Canada border, but from Northern California, towards the U.S.-Mexico border the climate is Mediterranean. While the northern half of the west coast, particularly coastal Washington and Oregon has moderate rainfall, particularly during the winter months, much of coastal California is drier year-round.

The coastline sees significantly milder temperatures compared to inland areas during summer. In far Northern California there is a difference of 17 °C (30 °F) between Eureka and Willow Creek in spite of only 25 miles (40 km) separating the locations and Willow Creek being located at a 500 metres (1,600 ft) elevation. Slightly narrower fluctuations can be seen all through the coastline, and could partially be explained by the cold currents in the Pacific Ocean moderating coastal temperatures and the mountain ranges blocking the maritime air from moving farther inland than its foothills during summer.[ citation needed ]

Coastal fog is also prevalent in keeping shoreline temperatures cool. While famous in the San Francisco Bay Area, coastal fog also affects Santa Monica in Los Angeles, Southern California, leading to May gray and June gloom conditions. Coastal California has very little yearly temperature differences with cool summers similar to those expected in parts of Northern Europe in San Francisco but warmer temperatures year-round further south. A short journey inland and summer temperatures are comparable with the rest of the United States on the same latitudes, sometimes warmer due to prevailing winds from the Nevada and Arizona hot desert climate.[ citation needed ]

Government and politics

With the exception of Alaska, the Democratic Party has dominated West Coast politics in contemporary history, with the states consistently voting for Democrats in elections at various levels. Four out of five West Coast states have voted for Democrats in presidential elections since 1992, three of which have done so since 1988.

State governments

Governors of the West Coast
StateGovernorPartyTerm
StartEnd
 RepublicanDecember 3, 20182026
Gavin Newsom  DemocraticJanuary 7, 20192027
 DemocraticDecember 5, 20222026
 DemocraticJanuary 9, 20232027
 DemocraticJanuary 16, 20132025

Ideology and party strength

In politics, the West Coast usually refers to the contiguous coastal states of California, Oregon, and Washington because of their similar political leanings. In 2017, The Oregonian columnist David Sarasohn described the West Coast as a "blue wall" of shared values on immigration, abortion, climate change, and civil liberties. [9] By 2016, the West Coast states legalized marijuana after California voted to do so. [10] According to a 2019 Pew Research Center poll, 72% of adults in Pacific states said that "climate change is affecting their local community at least some", higher than in any other region in the country. [11]

Since 1992, the three states have voted for Democrats in presidential elections without interruption, but Oregon and Washington also voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in 1988. [12]

After the 2022 elections, the Democratic Party controlled every single Western coastal seat in the United States House of Representatives. US House 2022.svg
After the 2022 elections, the Democratic Party controlled every single Western coastal seat in the United States House of Representatives.

In the 2010s, Democrats strengthened their political power along the West Coast. After winning a special election for a seat in the Washington state senate in 2017, Democrats built a government trifecta in all three West Coast states. [13] After the 2022 U.S. House of Representatives elections, Democrats controlled all congressional districts touching the Pacific. [14]

Hawaii is not usually considered part of the West Coast in the political definition, though it is considered a Democratic stronghold. Before achieving statehood in 1959, Hawaii became a state favorable to Democrats to the point that they sought statehood for the territory. Southern Democrats opposed the move because it would mean additional votes against their region on several issues. [15] Since achieving statehood, Hawaii consistently voted for Democrats in presidential elections, except in 1972 and 1984. [16] [17]

Unlike the other West Coast states, Alaska has been a reliable state for Republicans in presidential elections. Since achieving statehood, Alaska has voted for the Democratic presidential candidate only once in 1964. In 1960, the state narrowly voted for Republican Richard Nixon over Democrat John F. Kennedy and had voted for Republicans uninterrupted since 1968. [18]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1900 2,634,285—
1910 4,448,53468.9%
1920 5,877,78832.1%
1930 8,622,01146.7%
1940 10,228,55618.6%
1950 15,114,96447.8%
1960 21,198,04440.2%
1970 26,524,13125.1%
1980 31,799,70519.9%
1990 39,127,30623.0%
2000 45,025,63715.1%
2010 49,880,10210.8%
2020 53,669,4227.6%
Source: 1910–2020 [19]
Ethnic origins in Pacific states Ethnic Origins in the Pacific United States.png
Ethnic origins in Pacific states

According to the results of the 2020 United States Census, 16 of the 20 largest cities on the West Coast exist in California. Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose, all among the top 10 most populous cities in the country, lead the West Coast in population with more than a million people in each city, with Los Angeles being nearly three times the size of San Diego's population. Behind these three cities, San Francisco, Seattle and Portland are respectively fourth, fifth and sixth in population. Hawaii's capital and largest city, Honolulu, is the 13th largest city, and Alaska's largest city, Anchorage, is 17th on the West Coast. [20]

Top 10 largest cities on the West Coast
CityPopulation (2020)
LA Skyline Mountains2.jpg
Los Angeles 		3,898,747
San Diego, CA USA - View from Coronado - panoramio.jpg
San Diego 		1,386,932
SAN JOSE CALIFORNIA BAYAREA01 (cropped).jpg
San Jose 		1,013,240
SanFranciscoFinancialDistrict.jpg
San Francisco 		873,965
Space Needle002.jpg
Seattle 		737,015
Portland and Mt. Hood from Pittock Mansion.jpg
Portland 		652,503
Downtown Fresno Skyline.jpg
Fresno 		542,107
Sacramento Skyline (cropped).jpg
Sacramento 		524,943
Long Beach 07.jpg
Long Beach 		466,742
OAKLAND, CA, USA - Skyline and Bridge.JPG
Oakland 		440,646

[21] [22] [23] [24] [25]

Culture

California's history first as a major Spanish colony, and later Mexican territory, has given the lower West Coast a distinctive Hispanic American tone, which it also shares with the rest of the Southwest. Similarly, two of the three cities in which Asian Americans have concentrated, San Francisco and Los Angeles, [26] [27] [28] are located on the West Coast, with significant populations in other West Coast cities. San Francisco's Chinatown, the oldest in North America, is a noted cultural center.

The West Coast also has a proportionally large share of green cities within the United States, which manifests itself in different cultural practices such as bicycling and organic gardening. [29]

Greater Los Angeles, in particular, has immense global influence due to the presence of the Hollywood film industry, and is considered the creative capital of the world [30] due to the proportion of its population involved in the entertainment industry. Meanwhile, parts of the San Francisco Bay Area are also known as Silicon Valley, due to the tremendous presence of software companies in the area, including tech giants like Apple, Meta, and Alphabet Inc.

In the Pacific Northwest, Portland and Seattle are both considered among the coffee capitals of the world. [31] While Starbucks originated in Seattle, both cities are known for small-scale coffee roasters and independent coffeeshops. The culture has also been significantly shaped by the environment, especially by its forests, mountains, and rain. This may account for the fact that the Northwest has many high-quality libraries and bookshops (most notably Powell's Books and the Seattle Central Library) and a "bibliophile soul". [32] The region also has a marginal, but growing independence movement based on bioregionalism and a Cascadian identity. [33] The Cascadian flag has become a popular image at Seattle Sounders FC and Portland Timbers games.[ citation needed ]

Alaska is widely known for its outdoors and its inhabitants engage in a range of activities that are unique to the state. Some of these activities can be experienced through the state's annual events, such as the Iron Dog snowmobile race from Anchorage to Nome and on to Fairbanks. Other events include the World Ice Art Championships (Fairbanks) and the Sitka Whalefest (Sitka).[ citation needed ]

Transportation

The Coast Starlight, an Amtrak passenger train that traverses most of the West Coast Bishops peak from the Coast Starlight.jpg
The Coast Starlight , an Amtrak passenger train that traverses most of the West Coast

The Coast Starlight is the main interstate passenger railroad route provided by Amtrak along the coast. BNSF Railway and the Union Pacific Railroad own and operate railroads that connect cities on the coast. Interstate travel is also served by roads such as Interstate 5, the main high-speed north–south freeway along the West Coast.

Interstate 5 follows the coast only as far north as Dana Point, California, before turning inland for much of its route. The main coastal scenic route throughout most of California is California State Route 1. From the end of SR 1 at Leggett, California, U.S. Route 101 serves as the main scenic route along the coast in far Northern California, Oregon, and Washington state. Sierra High Route is a popular trekking route.

Several of the most important international airports in the United States are located along the West Coast, including Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, San Francisco International Airport, and Los Angeles International Airport. Seattle, San Francisco, and Los Angeles all connect numerous destinations around the Pacific Ocean to points throughout North America, and are often described as gateways to the Pacific Rim.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The population total consists of the combined population of Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington, according to the 2020 United States census. [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">U.S. Route 101</span> U.S. Numbered Highway on the West Coast

U.S. Route 101, or U.S. Highway 101 (US 101), is a north–south highway that traverses the states of California, Oregon, and Washington on the West Coast of the United States. It is part of the United States Numbered Highway System and runs for over 1,500 miles (2,400 km) along the Pacific Ocean. The highway is also known by various names, including El Camino Real in parts of California, the Oregon Coast Highway, and the Olympic Highway in Washington. Despite its three-digit number, normally used for spur routes, US 101 is classified as a primary route.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific Northwest</span> Region of northwestern North America

The Pacific Northwest, sometimes referred to as Cascadia, is a geographic region in Western North America bounded by its coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean to the west and, loosely, by the Rocky Mountains to the east. Though no official boundary exists, the most common conception includes the U.S. states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and the Canadian province of British Columbia. Some broader conceptions reach north into Alaska and Yukon, south into northern California, and east into western Montana. Other conceptions may be limited to the coastal areas west of the Cascade and Coast mountains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alameda County, California</span> County in California, United States

Alameda County is a county located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,682,353, making it the 7th-most populous county in the state and 21st most populous nationally. The county seat is Oakland. Alameda County is in the San Francisco Bay Area, occupying much of the East Bay region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Del Norte County, California</span> County in California, United States

Del Norte County is a county located at the far northwest corner of the U.S. state of California, along the Pacific Ocean adjacent to the Oregon border. Its population is 27,743 as of the 2020 census, down from 28,610 from the 2010 census. The county seat and only incorporated city is Crescent City. Del Norte was pioneered and populated by Azorean Portuguese settlers and dairy farmers, which may account for the local pronunciation of the county name. Locals pronounce the county name as Del Nort, not Del Nor-teh as would be expected in Spanish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Luis Obispo County, California</span> County in California, United States

San Luis Obispo County, officially the County of San Luis Obispo, is a county on the Central Coast of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 282,424. The county seat is San Luis Obispo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solano County, California</span> County in California, United States

Solano County is a county located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, its population was 453,491. The county seat is Fairfield.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern California</span> American geographic and cultural region

Northern California is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises the northern portion of the U.S. state of California, spanning the northernmost 48 of the state's 58 counties. Northern California in its largest definition is determined by dividing the state into two regions, the other being Southern California. The main northern population centers include the San Francisco Bay Area, the Greater Sacramento area, the Redding, California, area south of the Cascade Range, and the Metropolitan Fresno area. Northern California also contains redwood forests, along with most of the Sierra Nevada, including Yosemite Valley and part of Lake Tahoe, Mount Shasta, and most of the Central Valley, one of the world's most productive agricultural regions. Northern California is also home to Silicon Valley, the global headquarters for some of the most powerful tech and Internet-related companies in the world, including Meta, Apple, Google, and Nvidia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western United States</span> One of the four census regions of the US

The Western United States is one of the four census regions defined by the United States Census Bureau.

Pacific Highway is the name of several north–south highways in the Pacific Coast region of the Western United States, either by legislation officially designating it as such or by common usage.

The human history of the west coast of North America is believed to stretch back to the arrival of the earliest people over the Bering Strait, or alternately along the ice free coastal islands of British Columbia (See, through the development of significant pre-Columbian cultures and population densities, to the arrival of the European explorers and colonizers. The west coast of North America today is home to some of the largest and most important companies in the world, as well as being a center of world culture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Portland metropolitan area, Oregon</span> Metropolitan statistical area in the US

The Portland metropolitan area is a metro area with its core in the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington. It has 5 principal cities the largest being Portland, Oregon. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) identifies it as the Portland–Vancouver–Hillsboro, OR–WA Metropolitan Statistical Area, a metropolitan statistical area used by the United States Census Bureau (USCB) and other entities. The OMB defines the area as comprising Clackamas, Columbia, Multnomah, Washington, and Yamhill Counties in Oregon, and Clark and Skamania Counties in Washington. The area had a population of 2,512,859 at the 2020 census, an increase of over 12% since 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Left Coast</span> American pejorative political expression

Left Coast is a political expression that implies that the West Coast of the United States leans politically to the left. The implication is that with the exception of Alaska, the states of California, Oregon, Washington, and Hawaii tend to vote for the Democratic Party, particularly in Coastal California, the Eugene and Portland metropolitan areas in Oregon, the Puget Sound region in Washington, and most of Hawaii. It also suggests that most people who live in the West Coast region have a generally more liberal or progressive attitude than the rest of the country. The phrase plays on the fact that the West Coast is on the left of the United States when viewing a map with north oriented at the top. The term also applies to British Columbia's place in Canada, for the same reasons.

Samoan Americans are Americans of Samoan origin, including those who emigrated from the United States Territory of American Samoa and immigrants from the Independent State of Samoa to the United States. Samoan Americans are Pacific Islanders in the United States Census, and are the second largest Pacific Islander group in the U.S., after Native Hawaiians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific Islander Americans</span> People of Pacific Islander descent in the United States

Pacific Islander Americans are Americans who are of Pacific Islander ancestry. For its purposes, the United States census also counts Aboriginal Australians as part of this group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Coast (California)</span> Region of California, United States

The North Coast of California is a region in Northern California that lies on the Pacific coast between San Francisco Bay and the Oregon border. It commonly includes Mendocino, Humboldt, and Del Norte counties and sometimes includes Lake and two counties from the San Francisco Bay area, Marin and Sonoma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cascadia movement</span> Bioregion, proposed country in North America

The Cascadia movement is a bioregional independence movement based in the Cascadia bioregion of western North America. Potential boundaries differ, with some drawn along existing political state and provincial lines, and others drawn along larger ecological, cultural, political, and economic boundaries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Washington (state)</span> U.S. state

Washington, officially the State of Washington, is the northernmost state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is often referred to as Washington state to distinguish it from the national capital, both named for George Washington. Washington borders the Pacific Ocean to the west, Oregon to the south, Idaho to the east, and shares an international border with the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. Olympia is the state capital, and the most populous city is Seattle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific Coast Steamship Company</span> American shipping company

The Pacific Coast Steamship Company was an important early shipping company that operated steamships on the west coast of North America. It was first organized in 1867 under the name Goodall, Nelson and Perkins. The Goodall, Nelson & Perkins Steamship Company was formed in 1875, but a year later was reorganized as the Pacific Coast Steamship Company. In 1916 the Admiral Line bought the shipping interests of the company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tongan Americans</span> Americans of Tongan origin or descent

Tongan Americans are Americans who can trace their ancestry to Tonga, officially known as the Kingdom of Tonga. There are approximately 57,000 Tongans and Tongan Americans living in the United States, as of 2012. Tongans are considered to be Pacific Islanders in the United States Census, and are the country's fourth largest Pacific Islander American group in terms of population, after Native Hawaiians, Samoan Americans, and Guamanian/Chamorro Americans.

References

  1. ↑ "Highest and Lowest Elevations". United States Geological Survey . Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  2. ↑ "Change in Resident Population of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 1910 to 2020" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  3. ↑ Kiprop, Victor (January 11, 2019). "Which States Are on the West Coast?". World Atlas. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  4. ↑ "Pacific Coast". Encyclopædia Britannica. December 28, 2015. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  5. ↑ "West Coast". Lexico. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  6. ↑ "the West Coast". Macmillan Dictionary. Macmillan Education. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  7. ↑ "the West Coast". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on August 23, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  8. ↑ "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover – Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News" . Retrieved November 18, 2009. Archaeological evidence, in fact, recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40,000 years ago, but rapid expansion into North America did not occur until about 15,000 years ago, when the ice had literally broken.
  9. ↑ Sarasohn, David (December 3, 2017). "David Sarasohn: Trump batters against West coast blue wall". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  10. ↑ Fuller, Thomas; Healy, Jack; Johnson, Kirk (November 11, 2016). "Amid Tide of Red on Electoral Map, West Coast Stays Defiantly Blue". The New York Times. San Francisco. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  11. ↑ Hefferon, Meg (December 2, 2019). "Most Americans say climate change impacts their community, but effects vary by region". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  12. ↑ Monkovic, Toni (August 22, 2016). "50 Years of Electoral College Maps: How the U.S. Turned Red and Blue". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  13. ↑ Weigel, David (November 9, 2017). "Democrats now control all branches of state government along the West Coast". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  14. ↑ Mishanec, Nora (November 22, 2022). "Democrats now control all House seats along the Pacific Ocean for the first time in memory". San Francisco Chronicle.
  15. ↑ Sprunt, Barbara (August 21, 2020). "Simmering Disputes Over Statehood Are About Politics And Race. They Always Have Been". NPR News. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  16. ↑ Eagle, Nathan (August 7, 2018). "The Hawaii Republican Party's Slow Path To Extinction". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  17. ↑ Bussewitz, Cathy (November 9, 2016). "Chang wins seat, securing all-Democrat Hawaii Senate". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  18. ↑ Martinson, Erica (November 5, 2016). "Alaska has a long history of voting strongly Republican for president. Will it continue?". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  19. ↑ "Change in Resident Population of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 1910 to 2020" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  20. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2019". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  21. ↑ "U.S. Census". United States Census Bureau . Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  22. ↑ "U.S. Census Region Map". August 17, 2000. Archived from the original on August 17, 2000. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  23. ↑ "California Cities by Population". www.california-demographics.com. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  24. ↑ "Oregon Cities by Population". www.oregon-demographics.com. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  25. ↑ "Washington Cities by Population". www.washington-demographics.com. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  26. ↑ "Selected Population Profile in the United States". United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
  27. ↑ Lee, Sharon M. (1998). "Asian Americans: Diverse and Growing" (PDF). Population Bulletin. 53 (2). Population Reference Bureau: 1–40. PMID   12321628 . Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  28. ↑ Ng, Franklin (1998). The History and Immigration of Asian Americans. Taylor & Francis. p. 211. ISBN   978-0-8153-2690-8 . Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  29. ↑ "Top ten green U.S. cities". Mother Nature Network. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  30. ↑ "Is Los Angeles really the creative capital of the world? Report says yes". ZDNET. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  31. ↑ "World's 10 best cities for coffee". USA Today. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Pacific Northwest: bicycles, bookshops, weirdness, and coffee". The Guardian. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  33. ↑ "The People Who Wouldn't Mind if the Pacific Northwest Were Its Own Country". Vice . September 3, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
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