Director of National Intelligence | |
---|---|
Office of the Director | |
Style | Madam Director (informal) The Honorable (formal) |
Member of | Cabinet National Security Council Homeland Security Council |
Reports to | President |
Seat | Washington, D.C. |
Appointer | President with Senate advice and consent |
Constituting instrument | 50 U.S.C. § 3023 |
Precursor | Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) |
Formation | December 17, 2004 |
First holder | John Negroponte |
Deputy | Principal Deputy Director |
Website | www |
The director of national intelligence (DNI) is a senior cabinet-level United States government official, required by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 to serve as executive head of the United States Intelligence Community (IC) and to direct and oversee the National Intelligence Program (NIP). All 18 IC agencies, including the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA), report directly to the DNI.
The DNI also serves, upon invitation, as the principal advisor to the president of the United States, the National Security Council, and the Homeland Security Council on all intelligence matters. The DNI, supported by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), produces the President's Daily Brief (PDB), a classified document including intelligence from all IC agencies, handed each morning to the president of the United States. [1]
President George W. Bush strengthened the role of the DNI on July 30, 2008, with Executive Order 13470, [2] which, among other things, solidified the DNI's legal authority to direct intelligence gathering and analysis, and to set policy for intelligence sharing with foreign agencies and for the hiring and firing of senior intelligence officials. [3] The DNI was given further responsibility for the entire IC's whistleblowing and source protection by President Obama via Presidential Policy Directive 19 on October 10, 2012.
Under 50 U.S.C. § 3026, "under ordinary circumstances, it is desirable" that either the director or the principal deputy director of national intelligence be an active-duty commissioned officer in the armed forces or have training or experience in military intelligence activities and requirements. Only one of the two positions can be held by a military officer at any given time. The statute does not specify what rank the commissioned officer will hold during their tenure in either position. The DNI, who is appointed by the president of the United States and is subject to confirmation by the United States Senate, serves at the pleasure of the president.
The position was elevated to a cabinet-level role during the first presidency of Donald Trump, a status it has retained under President Joe Biden. Currently, the DNI attends all Cabinet meetings and liaises with the Executive Office of the President of the United States and other Cabinet secretaries in the execution of their duties. President-elect Donald Trump has nominated former Congresswoman and U.S. Army reserve lieutenant-colonel Tulsi Gabbard to the position after his election. [4]
Before the DNI was formally established, the head of the United States Intelligence Community was the director of central intelligence (DCI), who concurrently served as the director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
The 9/11 Commission recommended establishing the DNI position in its 9/11 Commission Report , not released until July 22, 2004, as it had identified major intelligence failures that called into question how well the intelligence community was able to protect U.S. interests against foreign terrorist attacks.
Senators Dianne Feinstein, Jay Rockefeller and Bob Graham introduced S. 2645 on June 19, 2002, to create the position of Director of National Intelligence. Other similar legislation soon followed. After considerable debate on the scope of the DNI's powers and authorities, the United States Congress passed the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 by votes of 336–75 in the House of Representatives, and 89–2 in the Senate. President George W. Bush signed the bill into law on December 17, 2004. Among other things, the law established the DNI position as the designated leader of the United States Intelligence Community and prohibited the DNI from serving as the CIA director or the head of any other intelligence community element at the same time. In addition, the law required the CIA Director to report their agency's activities to the DNI.
Critics say compromises during the bill's crafting led to the establishment of a DNI whose powers are too weak to adequately lead, manage and improve the performance of the intelligence community. [5] In particular, the law left the United States Department of Defense in charge of the National Security Agency (NSA), the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA).
The first director of national intelligence was former U.S. ambassador to Iraq John Negroponte who was appointed on February 17, 2005, by President George W. Bush, subject to confirmation by the U.S. Senate. It was reported that President Bush's first choice for DNI was former director of central intelligence Robert M. Gates, who was serving as president of Texas A&M University, but who declined the offer. [6] Negroponte was confirmed by a Senate vote of 98–2 on April 21, 2005, and he was sworn in by President Bush the same day.
On February 13, 2007, Mike McConnell became the second director of national intelligence, after Negroponte was appointed Deputy Secretary of State. Donald M. Kerr was confirmed by the U.S. Senate to be Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence on October 4, 2007, and sworn in on October 9, 2007. Kerr, from Virginia, was previously the director of the National Reconnaissance Office and the deputy director for science and technology at the CIA before that. Earlier in his career, he was an assistant director at the FBI, in charge of their Laboratory Division from 1997 to 2001.
On January 29, 2009, retired Navy admiral Dennis C. Blair became the third DNI on after being nominated by newly inaugurated President Barack Obama. [7] President Obama dismissed Blair whose resignation became effective May 28, 2010. [8]
On July 20, 2010, President Barack Obama nominated retired Air Force lieutenant general James Clapper as the fourth DNI. Clapper was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August 5, and replaced acting director David C. Gompert.
The fifth DNI, Dan Coats, the sixth DNI, John Ratcliffe, and acting DNIs Joseph Maguire, Richard Grenell and Lora Shiao, all served between March 16, 2017, and January 21, 2021, during the first administration of President Donald Trump.
The seventh and current DNI is Avril Haines, who took office on January 21, 2021. The first woman to hold the office, she was nominated by President-elect Joe Biden on November 23, 2020 [9] and confirmed by the Senate on January 20, 2021. [10]
On November 13, 2024, President-elect Donald Trump announced his intention to nominate Tulsi Gabbard for Director of National Intelligence upon returning to the Presidency in January 2025.
Declan McCullagh at News.com wrote on August 24, 2007, that the DNI site was configured to repel all search engines to index any page at DNI.gov. This effectively made the DNI website invisible to all search engines and in turn, any search queries. [11] Ross Feinstein, Spokesman for the DNI, said that the cloaking was removed as of September 3, 2007. "We're not even sure how (the robots.txt file) got there" –but it was again somehow hidden the next day. On September 7, McCullagh reported that the DNI appeared to be open to web searches again. [12]
In September 2007, the Office of the DNI released "Intelligence Community 100 Day & 500 Day Plans for Integration & Collaboration". These plans include a series of initiatives designed to build the foundation for increased cooperation and reform of the U.S. Intelligence Community. [13]
The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 established the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) as an independent agency to assist the DNI. The ODNI's goal is to effectively integrate foreign, military and domestic intelligence in defense of the homeland and of United States interests abroad. [14] The ODNI has about 1,750 employees. [15] Its headquarters are in McLean, Virginia.
On March 23, 2007, DNI Mike McConnell announced organizational changes, which included:
The ODNI continued to evolve under succeeding directors, culminating in an organization focused on intelligence integration across the community.[ citation needed ]
The ODNI leadership includes the director, principal deputy director and chief operating officer. [16] In addition, the Director of Defense Intelligence reports to the DNI.
There are two directorates, each led by a Deputy Director of National Intelligence: [16] [17]
There are five mission centers, each led by a director of that center: [16] [17]
There are also four oversight offices: [16] [17]
The USIC comprises 17 intelligence agencies and organizations:
Position succeeded the Director of Central Intelligence.
No. | Image | Name | Start | End | Duration | President(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | John Negroponte | April 21, 2005 | February 13, 2007 | 1 year, 298 days | George W. Bush | ||
2 | Mike McConnell | February 13, 2007 | January 27, 2009 | 1 year, 349 days | |||
– | Ronald Burgess Acting | January 27, 2009 | January 29, 2009 | 2 days | Barack Obama | ||
3 | Dennis Blair | January 29, 2009 | May 28, 2010 | 1 year, 119 days | |||
– | David Gompert Acting | May 28, 2010 | August 5, 2010 | 69 days | |||
4 | James Clapper | August 5, 2010 | January 20, 2017 | 6 years, 168 days | |||
– | Mike Dempsey Acting | January 20, 2017 | March 16, 2017 | 55 days | Donald Trump | ||
5 | Dan Coats | March 16, 2017 | August 15, 2019 | 2 years, 152 days | |||
– | Joe Maguire Acting | August 15, 2019 | February 20, 2020 | 189 days | |||
– | Rick Grenell Acting | February 20, 2020 | May 26, 2020 | 96 days | |||
6 | John Ratcliffe | May 26, 2020 | January 20, 2021 | 239 days | |||
– | Lora Shiao Acting | January 20, 2021 | January 21, 2021 | 1 day | Joe Biden | ||
7 | Avril Haines | January 21, 2021 | Incumbent | 3 years, 320 days | |||
8 | Tulsi Gabbard | Nominee | Donald Trump |
The line of succession for the director of national intelligence is as follows: [19]
Name | Term of office | President(s) served under |
---|---|---|
Michael Hayden | April 21, 2005 – May 26, 2006 | George W. Bush |
Ronald L. Burgess Jr. Acting | June 2006 – October 5, 2007 | |
Donald Kerr | October 5, 2007 – January 20, 2009 | |
Ronald L. Burgess Jr. Acting | January 20, 2009 – February 2009 | Barack Obama |
David C. Gompert | November 10, 2009 – February 11, 2010 | |
Stephanie O'Sullivan | February 18, 2011 – January 20, 2017 | |
Susan M. Gordon | August 7, 2017 – August 15, 2019 | Donald Trump |
Andrew P. Hallman a Acting | October 30, 2019 – February 21, 2020 | |
Neil Wiley a | May 13, 2020 – February 2021 | Donald Trump, Joe Biden |
Stacey Dixon | August 4, 2021 – present [20] | Joe Biden |
Name | Term of office | President(s) served under |
---|---|---|
Deirdre Walsh | February 2018 – May 2020 | Donald Trump |
Lora Shiao | October 2020 – present | Donald Trump, Joe Biden |
Name | Term of office | President(s) served under |
---|---|---|
Ronald L. Burgess Jr. | May 2007 – February 2009 | George W. Bush, Barack Obama |
John Kimmons | February 2009 – October 2010 | Barack Obama |
Mark Ewing[ citation needed ] | November 2010 – n/a | Barack Obama, Donald Trump |
Name | Term of office | President(s) served under |
---|---|---|
Charles McCullough | October 7, 2010 – March 2017 [22] | Barack Obama, Donald Trump |
Michael Atkinson | May 17, 2018 – May 3, 2020 [23] [24] [25] | Donald Trump |
Thomas Monheim | April 3, 2020 [26] [27] a – present | Donald Trump, Joe Biden |
Name | Office | Term of office | President(s) served under |
---|---|---|---|
Beth Sanner | Mission Integration | May 2019 [28] – March 2021 | Donald Trump, Joe Biden |
Kevin Meiners [29] | Enterprise Capacity | n/a – present | Donald Trump |
Karen Gibson | National Security Partnerships | April 2019 [30] – 2020 | Donald Trump |
Corin Stone [31] | Strategy & Engagement | n/a – present | Donald Trump |
Name | Office | Term of Office | President(s) served under |
---|---|---|---|
Dr. Ronald Sanders | ADNI for Human Capital | June 2005 - March 2010 | George W Bush, Barack Obama |
Deborah Kircher | ADNI for Human Capital | October 2011 [32] – present | Barack Obama, Donald Trump |
John Sherman | Intelligence Community Chief Information Officer | September 2017 [33] – June 2020 [34] | Donald Trump |
Trey Treadwell [35] | Chief Financial Officer | n/a – present | Donald Trump |
Catherine Johnston | ADNI for Systems and Resource Analyses | May 2018 [36] – present | Donald Trump |
Roy Pettis [37] | ADNI for Acquisition, Procurement and Facilities | n/a – present | Donald Trump |
James Smith [38] | ADNI for Policy and Strategy (Acting) | n/a – present | Donald Trump |
John Dimitri Negroponte is an American diplomat. In 2018, he was a James R. Schlesinger Distinguished Professor at the Miller Center for Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. He is a former J.B. and Maurice C. Shapiro Professor of International Affairs at the George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs. Prior to this appointment, he served as a research fellow and lecturer in international affairs at Yale University's Jackson Institute for Global Affairs, United States Deputy Secretary of State (2007–2009), and the first ever Director of National Intelligence (2005–2007).
J. Michael "Mike" McConnell is a former vice admiral in the United States Navy. He served as Director of the National Security Agency from 1992 to 1996 and as the United States Director of National Intelligence from February 2007 to January 2009 during the Bush administration and first week of the Obama administration. As of January 2024, he is the Vice Chairman at Booz Allen Hamilton.
The United States Intelligence Community (IC) is a group of separate U.S. federal government intelligence agencies and subordinate organizations that work both separately and collectively to conduct intelligence activities which support the foreign policy and national security interests of the United States. Member organizations of the IC include intelligence agencies, military intelligence, and civilian intelligence and analysis offices within federal executive departments.
The Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) is an intelligence agency in the United States Department of State. Its central mission is to provide all-source intelligence and analysis in support of U.S. diplomacy and foreign policy. INR is the oldest civilian element of the U.S. Intelligence Community and among the smallest, with roughly 300 personnel. Though lacking the resources and technology of other U.S. intelligence agencies, it is "one of the most highly regarded" for the quality of its work.
The director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA) is a statutory office that functions as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency, which in turn is a part of the United States Intelligence Community.
The National Intelligence Board (NIB), formerly the National Foreign Intelligence Board and before that the United States Intelligence Board is a body of senior U.S. Intelligence Community leaders currently led by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The Board is tasked with reviewing and approving National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs).
The under secretary of defense for intelligence and security or USD(I&S) is a high-ranking civilian position in the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) within the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) that acts as the principal civilian advisor and deputy to the secretary of defense (SecDef) and deputy secretary of defense (DepSecDef) on matters relating to military intelligence and security. The under secretary is appointed as a civilian by the president and confirmed by the Senate to serve at the pleasure of the president.
Lieutenant General Ronald Lee Burgess Jr., United States Army is a retired United States Army lieutenant general. His last military assignment was as the 17th director of the Defense Intelligence Agency and commander of the Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (JFCC-ISR). Prior to that, he was Director of the Intelligence Staff in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
The United States government's Information Sharing and Customer Outreach office or ISCO was one of five directorates within the office of the chief information officer (CIO) under the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). ISCO changed its name and function to Information Technology Policy, Plans, and Requirements (ITPR) in July 2007. Established by at least February 2006, ISCO is led by the Deputy Associate Director of National Intelligence for Information Sharing and Customer Outreach, which is currently Mr. Richard A. Russell. ISCO's information sharing and customer outreach responsibilities extend beyond the United States Intelligence Community and cross the entire U.S. government.
The National Counterintelligence and Security Center (NCSC) leads national counterintelligence (CI) for the United States government. It is part of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI).
The National Counterproliferation and Biosecurity Center (NCBC) is the primary organization within the United States Intelligence Community for combating the spread of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems.
In the United States the Associate Director of National Intelligence and Chief Information Officer is charged with directing and managing activities relating to information technology for the Intelligence Community (IC) and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). The IC CIO reports directly to the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). As of January 24, 2022, Dr. Adele Merritt has assumed duties as the IC Chief Information Officer.
The Boren-McCurdy intelligence reform proposals were two legislative proposals from Senator David Boren and Representative Dave McCurdy in 1992. Both pieces of legislation proposed the creation of a National Intelligence Director. Neither bill passed into law.
Stephanie O'Sullivan is a former Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence (PDDNI) who was appointed to that position on February 18, 2011. She worked to assist the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) in managing the day-to-day operations of the intelligence community. Prior to serving as PDDNI, she served as a senior leader at the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), rising to the Associate Deputy Director of the CIA before being confirmed as the PDDNI.
Susan M. Gordon served as Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence until August 15, 2019. Prior to assuming that role, she was the Deputy Director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), having assumed the position on January 1, 2015. Before joining the NGA, she served as director of the Central Intelligence Agency's Information Operations Center and senior cyber adviser to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Gordon worked for the CIA for over 25 years.
Dawn Eilenberger became the Deputy Director of National Intelligence in April 2017. Previously she was the Assistant Director of National Intelligence for Policy & Strategy, Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). In this role, she oversees the formulation and implementation of Intelligence community (IC)-wide policy and strategy on the full range of intelligence issues, including collection, analysis, requirements, management and information sharing, and provides leadership for ODNI and IC initiatives on information sharing and the closure and disposition of detainees at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.
John Bradley Sherman is an American intelligence official who had served as the chief information officer at the Department of Defense from December 17, 2021 to June 2024. Prior to that, he served from June 2020 to January 2021 as the Principal Deputy DOD Chief Information Officer. Between 2017 and 2020 he served as Associate Director and Chief Information Officer of the Intelligence Community (IC) at the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
Andrew Paul Hallman is an American intelligence official who served as acting Principal Executive in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence from October 2019 to February 2020. He previously served in the CIA as head of digital innovation.
Neil Wiley is an American intelligence official and military veteran who served as Principal Executive in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) performing the duties of Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence from May 13, 2020 until February 2021.
Stacey Angela Dixon is an American mechanical engineer and intelligence official and Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence in the Biden Administration since August 4, 2021.
John Sherman, Chief Information Officer (CIO) of the Intelligence Community (IC), today announced that he will depart the Office of the Director of National Intelligence in June to serve as the Principal Deputy CIO for the U.S. Department of Defense.