Terrorism in the United States

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The September 11 attacks, which killed nearly 3,000 people. It was the deadliest terrorist attack in human history. Explosion following the plane impact into the South Tower (WTC 2) - B6019~11.jpg
The September 11 attacks, which killed nearly 3,000 people. It was the deadliest terrorist attack in human history.
Members of the Mississippi branch of the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist terrorist group, who were charged with the conspiracy to murder three civil rights activists in 1964. 1st row: Cecil R. Price, Travis M. Barnette, Alton W. Roberts, Jimmy K. Arledge, Jimmy Snowden. 2nd Row: Jerry M. Sharpe, Billy W. Posey, Jimmy L. Townsend, Horace D. Barnette, James Jordan. Mississippi KKK Conspiracy Murders June 21 1964 Lynch Mob.jpg
Members of the Mississippi branch of the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist terrorist group, who were charged with the conspiracy to murder three civil rights activists in 1964. 1st row: Cecil R. Price, Travis M. Barnette, Alton W. Roberts, Jimmy K. Arledge, Jimmy Snowden. 2nd Row: Jerry M. Sharpe, Billy W. Posey, Jimmy L. Townsend, Horace D. Barnette, James Jordan.

Map of 2,872 terrorist incidents in the contiguous United States from 1970 to 2017.
KEY: Orange: 2001-2017; Green: 1970-2000 Terrorist incidents map of the United States.png
Map of 2,872 terrorist incidents in the contiguous United States from 1970 to 2017.
KEY: Orange: 2001–2017; Green: 1970–2000
Terrorism deaths in the United States Terrorism-deaths-in-the-USA.png
Terrorism deaths in the United States

In the United States, a common definition of terrorism is the systematic or threatened use of violence in order to create a general climate of fear to intimidate a population or government and thereby effect political, religious, or ideological change. [2] [3] This article serves as a list and a compilation of acts of terrorism, attempts to commit acts of terrorism, and other such items which pertain to terrorist activities which are engaged in by non-state actors or spies who are acting in the interests of state actors or persons who are acting without the approval of foreign governments within the domestic borders of the United States.

Contents

During the American Civil War, pro-Confederate Bushwhackers and pro-Union Jayhawkers in Missouri and Kansas respectively engaged in cross border raids, committed acts of violence against civilians and soldiers, stole goods and burned down farms. The most infamous event occurred in Lawrence, Kansas on August 21, 1863, when Quantrill's Raiders led by William Quantrill ransacked the town and murdered about 190 civilians because of the town's anti-slavery sentiment. [4] Other acts of terrorism occurring during the war included the 1863 Chesapeake Affair [5] and the 1864 St. Albans Raid, [6] [7] the former being committed by British subjects.

Since the end of the Civil War, organized groups or lone wolf white supremacists have committed many acts of domestic terrorism against African-Americans. [8] [9] This form of terrorism has consisted of lynchings, hate crimes, shootings, bombings and other acts of violence. Such acts of violence overwhelmingly occurred in the Southern United States, and they included acts of violence which were committed by the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). [10] White supremacist terrorist incidents include the Tulsa race massacre of 1921, [11] the Rosewood massacre of 1923, and the Wilmington insurrection of 1898. [12] [13] [14]

On November 19, 2019, according to remarks which were made by Matthew Alcoke, Deputy Assistant Director of the FBI Counterterrorism Division, Alcoke defines domestic terrorists as "individuals who commit violent criminal acts in furtherance of ideological goals stemming from domestic issues." [15] Although acts of violence by domestic extremists consistently meet the definition, no US criminal charge for domestic terror exists. Rather, the phrase is an FBI investigative category which is used to classify four types of extremism: "racially motivated violent extremism, anti-government/anti-authority extremism, animal rights/environmental extremism, and abortion extremism." [15] A 2017 report by the U.S. Government Accountability Office found that out of the 85 deadly extremist incidents which had occurred since September 11, 2001, white supremacist extremist groups were responsible for 73%, while radical Islamist extremists were responsible for 27%. The total number of deaths which was caused by each group was about the same, though 41% of the deaths were attributable to radical Islamists and they all occurred in a single event — the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting in which 49 people were killed by a lone gunman. No deaths were attributed to left-wing groups. [16] [17] A 2017 report by Type Media Center and The Center for Investigative Reporting analyzed a list of the terrorist incidents which occurred in the US between 2008 and 2016 and included the 2014 killings of NYPD officers and the 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers (a total of seven deaths saying that they could "plausibly be attributed to a perpetrator with such sympathies"). [18]

In 2018, most ideologically motivated murders in the United States of America were linked to right-wing extremism. [19] As of 2020, right-wing extremist terrorism accounted for the majority of terrorist attacks and plots in the US [20] [21] and has killed more people in the continental United States since the September 11 attacks than Islamic terrorism. [22] The United States Department of Homeland Security reported in October 2020 that white supremacists posed the top domestic terrorism threat, which FBI director Christopher Wray confirmed in March 2021, noting that the bureau had elevated the threat to the same level as ISIS. [23] [24] [25]

Totals in the U.S.

Terrorist incidents in the United States [26] [27]
YearNumber of
incidents
DeathsInjuries
20176595932
20166468139
2015385458
2014292619
20132023436
20122077
20111002
201017417
2009111841
200818213
2007800
20066114
20052100
2004900
20033300
200233411
2001413,00816,515
20003207
1999532040
19983143
199740218
1996352119
199560178738
1994551016
199336101,005
19923223
19913024
19903257
198942314
19882711
19873411
198649136
198540313
1984633780
19834485
1982781137
198174815
1980671522
1979691858
19788788
1977130417
1976105441
197514924158
1974941654
1973584533
1972681035
19712472055
197046833160
Total2,8723,78121,707

A 2017 report by The Nation Institute and the Center for Investigative Reporting analyzed a list of the terrorist incidents which occurred in the US between 2008 and 2016. [28] It found: [29]

According to a report which is based on Justice Department figures which were released by the U.S. government in January 2018, about three out of four people who were convicted on charges of international terrorism between September 11, 2001, to December 31, 2016, were foreign-born. According to the Justice Department, 549 people were convicted on charges of international terrorism, including 254 people who were citizens of other countries, 148 people were naturalized citizens and 148 people were natural-born-citizens. [31] In a speech which he made before a joint session of Congress on February 28, 2017, President Donald Trump incorrectly attributed these findings to domestic terrorism, in actuality, these findings were based on cases in which international terrorists may have been brought to the United States for prosecution. [32]

In 2015, the Triangle Center on Terrorism and Homeland Security and the Police Executive Research Forum conducted a nationwide survey of 382 police and sheriff departments. Nearly 74% of respondents stated that anti-government violence was their top concern with regard to threats from violent extremists, while about 39% of respondents stated that "Al Qaeda-inspired" violence was their top concern. [33] [34]

For the past decade, the national conversation on terrorism has largely focused on Islamic extremist acts, however, law enforcement groups have made it clear that Muslim extremists perpetrate a minute percentage of the ideologically based terrorist attacks which are perpetrated in the United States. [35] Since November 9, 2001, only about 9 American Muslims per year have taken part in terrorist plots in the United States, in total, 20 incidents resulted in about 50 deaths. A 2012 study showed that in about the same time period right-wing extremists were responsible for about 337 attacks per year, in total, they killed more than 5 times the number of people killed by Muslims in the United States. [36]

The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism maintains Profiles of Individual Radicalization in the United States, a database which contains over 1,800 profiles of individuals who have been radicalized by ideologies since 1948. [37] The database shows that from 1948 through 2016, 40.0% of identified extremists were far-right, 24.5% of identified extremists were Islamist and 17.4% of identified extremists were far-left, while 18.2% of identified extremists were "single issue" individuals. [38]

In May 2019 and for the first time in its history, the FBI identified fringe conspiracy theories as a potential source of domestic terrorism, it specifically cited QAnon. [39]

A June 2020 study of domestic terrorist incidents by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) reported that during the previous 25 years, the majority of attacks and plots were perpetrated and hatched by far-right attackers. This trend has accelerated in recent years, with this sector being responsible for about 66% of all of the attacks and plots which were perpetrated in 2019, and it was also responsible for 90% of all of those attacks which were perpetrated in 2020. The next most potentially dangerous group has been "religious extremists", the majority "Salafi jihadists inspired by the Islamic State and al-Qaeda", while the number planned by the far left has reduced to a minute fraction since the mid-2000s. [40] [41]

In October 2020, the Department of Homeland Security released the Homeland Threat Assessment, a report detailing various domestic threats to US national security. It states that, out of all domestic terror attacks resulting in lethal threats to life between 2018 and 2019, "WSEs [white supremacist extremists] conducted half of all lethal attacks (8 of 16), resulting in the majority of deaths (39 of 48)". [42]

Attacks by type

Anti-abortion violence

Since 1997 there have been 8 murders, 17 attempted murders, 42 bombings, and 186 arson attacks aimed at abortion clinics and multiple providers across the US. In some cases small groups of clinics have been attacked multiple times. [43]

Antisemitism

Environmental terrorism

Islamic extremism

Left-wing and anti-government extremism

Palestinian and anti-Israel militancy

Puerto Rican nationalism

Right-wing and anti-government extremism

White nationalism and white supremacy

Organized KKK violence

George W. Ashburn assassinated for his pro-black sentiments. George W. Ashburn.jpg
George W. Ashburn assassinated for his pro-black sentiments.
DateTypeDeadInjuredLocationDetails
1865–1877Campaign of violence3,000+ Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg Southern United States Over 3,000 Freedmen and their Republican Party allies were killed by a combination of the Ku Klux Klan and well-organized campaigns of violence by local whites in a campaign of terrorist violence that overthrew Reconstructionist governments in the south and established segregationist regimes that lasted until the mid-20th century. [116] [117]
October 22, 1868Assassination10 US flag 37 stars.svg Little Rock, Arkansas James M. Hinds, Arkansas congressional representative, was assassinated by a member of the Ku Klux Klan in Little Rock.
November 10, 1898Riot22+ Flag of North Carolina (1885-1991).svg Wilmington, North Carolina In the Wilmington Insurrection of 1898, white supremacists overthrew the biracial Republican government of Wilmington, North Carolina, killing at least 22 African Americans, and marking the beginning of the Jim Crow era in North Carolina.
December 25, 1951Bombing, assassination20 Flag of Florida (1900-1985).svg Mims, Florida Harry T. Moore, state co-coordinator of the Florida NAACP, and his wife were killed by a dynamite bomb in his Mims, Florida home. Despite an extensive FBI investigation, no one was arrested, but the Orlando KKK was suspected. [106] [107]
June 12, 1963Shooting, assassination10 Flag of Mississippi (1894-1996).png Jackson, Mississippi NAACP organizer Medgar Evers was killed in front of his Mississippi home by member of the Ku Klux Klan.
September 15, 1963Bombing422 Flag of Alabama.svg Birmingham, Alabama 16th Street Baptist Church bombing : A member of the Ku Klux Klan bombed a church in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four girls.
June 21, 1964Kidnapping and murder30 Flag of Mississippi (1894-1996).png Philadelphia, Mississippi The murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner, three civil rights workers, in Philadelphia, Mississippi by the Ku Klux Klan.
March 25, 1965Shooting10 Flag of Alabama.svg Selma, Alabama The Ku Klux Klan murdered Viola Liuzzo, a Southern-raised white mother of five who was visiting Alabama from her home in Detroit to attend a civil rights march. At the time of her murder, Liuzzo was transporting civil rights marchers.
January 10, 1966Firebombing10 Flag of Mississippi (1894-1996).png Hattiesburg, Mississippi Vernon Dahmer died in the firebombing of his home in Mississippi at the hands of the Ku Klux Klan.
November 3, 1979Shooting55 Flag of North Carolina (1885-1991).svg Greensboro, North Carolina Greensboro massacre : Members of the Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party jumped out of vehicles and fired on an anti-Klan demonstration. [118] The demonstration was led by members of a Communist group who were trying to organize local African American workers in Greensboro, North Carolina. Five demonstration participants were killed.
March 20, 1981Lynching10 Flag of Alabama.svg Mobile, Alabama Michael Donald was randomly selected to be lynched by two Ku Klux Klan members near his Alabama home. He was beaten, had his throat slit, and was hanged.

Deadliest attacks

The following is a list of the deadliest known single-day terrorist attacks in the United States to date. Only incidents with ten or more deaths, excluding those of the perpetrators, are included.

Was previously the deadliest terrorist attack.
RankDateFatalitiesInjuriesArticleLocation(s)
1 2,977 (plus 19 perps.) 6,000–25,000 September 11 attacks New York City, New York; Arlington, Virginia; Shanksville, Pennsylvania
2168680+ Oklahoma City bombing Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
3 75–300 (plus perps.)800+ Tulsa race massacre Greenwood, Tulsa, Oklahoma
4120+17+ Mountain Meadows Massacre Mountain Meadows, Utah Territory
549 (plus the perp.)58 (53 from gunfire) Orlando nightclub shooting Orlando, Florida
644 (plus the perp.)58 Bath School disaster Bath Charter Township, Michigan
738143 Wall Street bombing New York City, New York
823 [fn 1] 22 El Paso Walmart shooting El Paso, Texas
922+unknown Wilmington insurrection Wilmington, North Carolina
1021100+ Los Angeles Times bombing Los Angeles, California
1114 [fn 2] 32 (plus the perp.) Fort Hood shooting Fort Cavazos, Texas (formerly Fort Hood)
14 (plus both perps.)24 San Bernardino attack San Bernardino, California
1212 [fn 3] 130+ Haymarket affair Chicago, Illinois
131174 LaGuardia Airport bombing New York City, New York
116 (plus the perp.) Pittsburgh synagogue shooting Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
141040 Preparedness Day Bombing San Francisco, California
103 Buffalo supermarket shooting Buffalo, New York
102 Milwaukee Police Department bombing Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Failed attacks

Alleged and proven plots

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. including a victim who died due to complications in 2020
  2. The fatality total includes an unborn child.
  3. including a victim who died due to complications two years later

Related Research Articles

The FBI Most Wanted Terrorists is a list created and first released on October 10, 2001, with the authority of United States President George W. Bush, following the September 11 attacks (9/11 incident). Initially, the list contained 22 of the top suspected terrorists chosen by the FBI, all of whom had earlier been indicted for acts of terrorism between 1985 and 1998. None of the 22 had been captured by US or other authorities by that date. Of the 22, only Osama Bin Laden was by then already listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jewish Defense League</span> Jewish far-right organization

The Jewish Defense League (JDL) is a far-right religious and political organization in the United States and Canada. Its stated goal is to "protect Jews from antisemitism by whatever means necessary"; it has been classified as "right-wing terrorist group" by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) since 2001, and is also designated as hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center. According to the FBI, the JDL has been involved in plotting and executing acts of terrorism within the United States. Most terrorist watch groups classify the group as inactive as of 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2000 millennium attack plots</span> Planned terrorist attacks linked to al-Qaeda in the year 2000

A series of Islamist terrorist attacks linked to al-Qaeda were planned to occur on or near January 1, 2000, in the context of millennium celebrations, including bombing plots against four tourist sites in Jordan, the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), USS The Sullivans, and the hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight 814.

In the United States, domestic terrorism is defined as terrorist acts that were carried out within the United States by U.S. citizens and/or U.S. permanent residents. As of 2021, the United States government considers white supremacists to be the top domestic terrorism threat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Right-wing terrorism</span> Terrorism motivated by right-wing and far-right ideologies

Right-wing terrorism, hard right terrorism, extreme right terrorism or far-right terrorism is terrorism that is motivated by a variety of different right-wing and far-right ideologies. It can be motivated by Ultranationalism, neo-Nazism, anti-communism, neo-fascism, ecofascism, ethnonationalism, religious nationalism, anti-immigration, anti-semitism, anti-government sentiment, patriot movements, sovereign citizen beliefs, and occasionally, it can be motivated by opposition to abortion, tax resistance, and homophobia. Modern right-wing terrorism largely emerged in Western Europe in the 1970s, and after the Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, it emerged in Eastern Europe and Russia.

Terrorism in Australia deals with terrorist acts in Australia as well as steps taken by the Australian government to counter the threat of terrorism. In 2004 the Australian government has identified transnational terrorism as also a threat to Australia and to Australian citizens overseas. Australia has experienced acts of modern terrorism since the 1960s, while the federal parliament, since the 1970s, has enacted legislation seeking to target terrorism.

The 2007 Fort Dix attack plot involved a group of six radicalized individuals who were found guilty of conspiring to stage an attack against U.S. Military personnel stationed at Fort Dix, New Jersey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 Bronx terrorism plot</span> Foiled terrorism plot

On May 20, 2009, US law enforcement arrested four men in connection with a fake plot concocted by a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) informant to shoot down military airplanes flying out of an Air National Guard base in Newburgh, New York, and blow up two synagogues in the Riverdale community of the Bronx using weapons supplied by the FBI. The group was led by Shahed Hussain, a Pakistani criminal who was working for the FBI to avoid deportation for having defrauded the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles. Hussain has never been charged in the United States with any terrorism related offenses and was paid nearly US$100,000 by the FBI for his work on this plot.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Little Rock recruiting office shooting</span>

The 2009 Little Rock recruiting office shooting took place on June 1, 2009, when Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad, born Carlos Leon Bledsoe, opened fire with a rifle in a drive-by shooting on soldiers in front of a United States military recruiting office in Little Rock, Arkansas. He killed Private William Long and wounded Private Quinton Ezeagwula.

The 2005 Los Angeles bomb plot was a 2005 effort by a group of ex-convicts calling themselves Jamiyyat Ul-Islam Is-Saheeh to bomb several military bases, a number of synagogues, and an Israeli consulate in California.

The 2009 New York City Subway and United Kingdom plot was a plan to bomb the New York City Subway as well as a target in the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Najibullah Zazi</span> Afghan member of Al-Qaeda (born 1985)

Najibullah Zazi is an Afghan-American who was arrested in September 2009 as part of the 2009 U.S. al Qaeda group accused of planning suicide bombings on the New York City Subway system, and who pleaded guilty as have two other defendants. U.S. prosecutors said Saleh al-Somali, al-Qaeda's head of external operations, and Rashid Rauf, an al-Qaeda operative, ordered the attack. Both were later killed in drone attacks.

Islamic extremism in the United States comprises all forms of Islamic extremism occurring within the United States. Islamic extremism is an adherence to fundamentalist interpretations of Islam, potentially including the promotion of violence to achieve political goals. In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terror attacks, Islamic extremism became a prioritized national security concern of the U.S. government and a focus of many subsidiary security and law enforcement entities. Initially, the focus of concern was on foreign Islamic terrorist organizations, particularly al-Qaeda, but in the course of the years since the September 11 terror attacks, the focus has shifted more towards Islamic extremist and jihadist networks within the United States.

Amine El Khalifi is a Moroccan man who was arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for plotting to carry out a suicide bombing on the United States Capitol. He was charged with "attempting to use a weapon of mass destruction against federal property" and now convicted, faces 30 years in prison.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Domestic terrorism</span> Terrorism committed in a country by its own natives or nationals, without support from abroad

Domestic terrorism or homegrown terrorism is a form of terrorism in which victims "within a country are targeted by a perpetrator with the same citizenship" as the victims. There are various different definitions of terrorism, with no universal agreement about it.

In late December 2015, authorities in several countries announced the discovery of attack plots, organized by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), targeting New Year's celebrations. Police in North America and Europe were on high alert in December 2015 because of a series of terrorist attacks and attack plots, including the November 2015 Paris attacks, and because of information picked up by security agencies indicating that militants might plan to attack public New Year's Eve celebrations.

Ralph Kenneth Deleon is a Filipino, and legal permanent resident of the United States, who in 2015 was convicted of conspiracy to commit murder of members of the United States military and government, and providing material support for terrorists. Deleon is serving a 25-year sentence.

This is a timeline of terrorist attacks in the United States throughout history.

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