Environmental issues in the United States

Last updated

Of the major greenhouse gas emitting nations, the U.S. is among the highest per person emitters. 20210626 Variwide chart of greenhouse gas emissions per capita by country.svg
Of the major greenhouse gas emitting nations, the U.S. is among the highest per person emitters.
Annual CO2 emissions, total by country (2017 data) shows the U.S. trails China in total annual emissions (not per capita). Annual CO2 emissions, OWID.svg
Annual CO2 emissions, total by country (2017 data) shows the U.S. trails China in total annual emissions (not per capita).

Environmental issues in the United States include climate change, energy, species conservation, invasive species, deforestation, mining, nuclear accidents, pesticides, pollution, waste and over-population. Despite taking hundreds of measures, the rate of environmental issues is increasing rapidly instead of reducing. The United States is among the most significant emitters of greenhouse gasses in the world. In terms of both total and per capita emissions, it is among the largest contributors. [2] The climate policy of the United States has a major influence on the world. [3] [4]

Contents

Movements and ideas

20th century

Both conservationism and environmentalism appeared in political debate in forests about the Progressive Era in the early 20th century. There were three main positions. The laissez-faire position held that owners of private property—including lumber and mining companies, should be allowed to do anything they wished for their property. [5]

The Conservationists, led by President Theodore Roosevelt and his close ally Gifford Pinchot, said that the laissez-faire approach was too wasteful and inefficient. In any case, they noted, most of the natural resources in the western states were already owned by the federal government. The best course of action, they argued, was a long-term plan devised by national experts to maximize the long-term economic benefits of natural resources.

Environmentalism was the third position, led by John Muir (1838–1914). Muir's passion for nature made him the most influential American environmentalist. Muir preached that nature was sacred and humans are intruders who should look but not develop. He founded the Sierra Club and remains an icon of the environmentalist movement. He was primarily responsible for defining the environmentalist position, in the debate between Conservation and environmentalism.

Environmentalism preached that nature was almost sacred, and that man was an intruder. It allowed for limited tourism (such as hiking), but opposed automobiles in national parks. It strenuously opposed timber cutting on most public lands, and vehemently denounced the dams that Roosevelt supported for water supplies, electricity and flood control. Especially controversial was the Hetch Hetchy dam in Yosemite National Park, which Roosevelt approved, and which supplies the water supply of San Francisco.

Climate change

This section is an excerpt from Climate change in the United States.[ edit ]
Geographic extent of warming: Average temperatures in almost all regions in the U.S. have increased in the last 120 years. 1900- Temperature change in the United States (color-coded map).png
Geographic extent of warming: Average temperatures in almost all regions in the U.S. have increased in the last 120 years.
Warming over time: Annual temperatures averaged across the U.S. have exceeded the 1971-2000 average almost every year in the 21st century. 1895- Temperature change in the United States - Ed Hawkins - climate change.jpg
Warming over time: Annual temperatures averaged across the U.S. have exceeded the 1971–2000 average almost every year in the 21st century.

Climate change has led to the United States warming by 2.6 °F (1.4 °C) since 1970. [8] The climate of the United States is shifting in ways that are widespread and varied between regions. [9] [10] From 2010 to 2019, the United States experienced its hottest decade on record. [11] Extreme weather events, invasive species, floods and droughts are increasing. [12] [13] [14] Climate change's impacts on tropical cyclones and sea level rise also affect regions of the country.

Cumulatively since 1850, the U.S. has emitted a larger share than any country of the greenhouse gases causing current climate change, with some 20% of the global total of carbon dioxide alone. [15] Current US emissions per person are among the largest in the world. [16] Various state and federal climate change policies have been introduced, and the US has ratified the Paris Agreement despite temporarily withdrawing. In 2021, the country set a target of halving its annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, [17] however oil and gas companies still get tax breaks. [18]

Climate change is having considerable impacts on the environment and society of the United States. This includes implications for agriculture, the economy (especially the affordability and availability of insurance), human health, and indigenous peoples, and it is seen as a national security threat. [19] US States that emit more carbon dioxide per person and introduce policies to oppose climate action are generally experiencing greater impacts. [20] [21] 2020 was a historic year for billion-dollar weather and climate disasters in U.S. [22]

Although historically a non-partisan issue, climate change has become controversial and politically divisive in the country in recent decades. Oil companies have known since the 1970s that burning oil and gas could cause global warming but nevertheless funded deniers for years. [23] [24] Despite the support of a clear scientific consensus, as recently as 2021 one-third of Americans deny that human-caused climate change exists [25] although the majority are concerned or alarmed about the issue. [26]


NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) has reported growing numbers of weather and climate-related events costing at least a billion dollars, exceeding the 1980-2019 inflation-adjusted average of 6.6 such events. 20201211 Billion dollar events related to climate change - U.S. -en.svg
NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) has reported growing numbers of weather and climate-related events costing at least a billion dollars, exceeding the 1980–2019 inflation-adjusted average of 6.6 such events.

Energy

Since about 26% of all types of energy used in the United States are derived from fossil fuel consumption it is closely linked to greenhouse gas emissions. The energy policy of the United States is determined by federal, state and local public entities, which address issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption, such as building codes and gas mileage advancements. The production and transport of fossil fuels are also tied to significant environmental issues.

Species conservation

Many plant and animal species became extinct in North America soon after first human arrival, including the North American megafauna; others have become nearly extinct since European settlement, among them the American bison and California condor. [29]

The last of the passenger pigeons died in 1914 after being the most common bird in North America. They were killed as both a source of food and because they were a threat to farming. Saving the bald eagle, the national bird of the U.S., from extinction was a notable conservation success.

As of 13 December 2016, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List shows the United States has 1,514 species on its threatened list (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable categories).

Invasive species

This section is an excerpt from Invasive species in the United States.[ edit ]
The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis), an invasive species in the United States Brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) (8387580552).jpg
The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis), an invasive species in the United States

Invasive species are a crucial threat to many native habitats and species of the United States and a significant cost to agriculture, forestry, and recreation. An invasive species refers to an organism that is not native to a specific region and poses significant economic and environmental threats to its new habitat. [30] The term "invasive species" can also refer to feral species or introduced diseases. Some introduced species, such as the dandelion, do not cause significant economic or ecologic damage and are not widely considered as invasive. Economic damages associated with invasive species' effects and control costs are estimated at $120 billion per year. [31]

The main geomorphological impacts of invasive plants include bioconstruction and bioprotection. [32]

Kudzu, a Japanese vine species invasive in the southeast United States, growing in Atlanta, Georgia Kudzu on trees in Atlanta, Georgia.jpg
Kudzu, a Japanese vine species invasive in the southeast United States, growing in Atlanta, Georgia

Deforestation

This section is an excerpt from Deforestation in the United States.[ edit ]
Virgin forest in the U.S.
Virgin Forest in United States, 1620.png
In 1620
Virgin Forest in United States, 1850.png
In 1850
Virgin Forest in United States, 1926.png
In 1926

In the United States, deforestation was an ongoing process until recently. Between 2010 and 2020, the US forests increased 0.03% annually, according to FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). [a]

Native Americans cleared millions of acres of forest for many reasons, including hunting, farming, berry production, and building materials. [33] Prior to the arrival of European-Americans, about one half of the United States land area was forest, about 1,023,000,000 acres (4,140,000 km2) estimated in 1630. Forest cover in the Eastern United States reached its lowest point in roughly 1872 with about 48 percent compared to the amount of forest cover in 1620. The majority of deforestation took place prior to 1910 with the Forest Service reporting the minimum forestation as 721,000,000 acres (2,920,000 km2) around 1920. [34] The forest resources of the United States remained relatively constant through the 20th century. [35] The Forest Service reported total forestation as 766,000,000 acres (3,100,000 km2) in 2012. [36] [37] [35] A 2017 study estimated 3 percent loss of forest between 1992 and 2001. [38]

The 2005 (FAO) Global Forest Resources Assessment ranked the United States as seventh highest country losing its old-growth forests, a vast majority of which were removed prior to the 20th century. [35]

Mining

This section is an excerpt from Mining in the United States.[ edit ]

Mining in the United States has been active since the beginning of colonial times, but became a major industry in the 19th century with a number of new mineral discoveries causing a series of mining rushes. In 2015, the value of coal, metals, and industrial minerals mined in the United States was US$109.6 billion. 158,000 workers were directly employed by the mining industry. [39]

The mining industry has a number of impacts on communities, individuals and the environment. Mine safety incidents have been important parts of American occupational safety and health history. Mining has a number of environmental impacts. In the United States, issues like mountaintop removal, and acid mine drainage have widespread impacts on all parts of the environment. As of January 2020, the EPA lists 142 mines in the Superfund program. [40]

In 2019, the country was the 4th world producer of gold; [41] 5th largest world producer of copper; [42] 5th worldwide producer of platinum; [43] 10th worldwide producer of silver; [44] 2nd largest world producer of rhenium; [45] 2nd largest world producer of sulfur; [46] 3rd largest world producer of phosphate; [47] 3rd largest world producer of molybdenum; [48] 4th largest world producer of lead; [49] 4th largest world producer of zinc; [50] 5th worldwide producer of vanadium; [51] 9th largest world producer of iron ore; [52] 9th largest world producer of potash; [53] 12th largest world producer of cobalt; [54] 13th largest world producer of titanium; [55] world's largest producer of gypsum; [56] 2nd largest world producer of kyanite; [57] 2nd largest world producer of limestone; [58] in addition to being the 2nd largest world producer of salt. [59] It was the world's 10th largest producer of uranium in 2018. [60]

Abandoned fossil fuel wells

This section is an excerpt from Orphaned wells in the United States.[ edit ]
Abandoned gas well located in Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge. Abandoned gas well.png
Abandoned gas well located in Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge.

Though different jurisdictions have varying criteria for what exactly qualifies as an orphaned or abandoned oil well, generally speaking, an oil well is considered abandoned when it has been permanently taken out of production. Similarly, orphaned wells may have different legal definitions across different jurisdictions, but can be thought of as wells whose legal owner it is not possible to determine. [61]

Once a well is abandoned, it can be a source of toxic emissions and pollution contaminating groundwater and releasing methane, making orphan wells a significant contributor to national greenhouse gas emissions. [62] For this reason, several state and federal programs have been initiated to plug wells; however, many of these programs are under capacity. [62] In states like Texas and New Mexico, these programs do not have enough funding or staff to fully evaluate and implement mitigation programs. [62]

North Dakota dedicated $66 million of its CARES Act pandemic relief funds for plugging and reclaiming abandoned and orphaned wells. [63]

According to the Government Accountability Office, the 2.1 million unplugged abandoned wells in the United States could cost as much as $300 billion. [62] A joint Grist and The Texas Observer investigation in 2021 highlighted how government estimates of abandoned wells in Texas and New Mexico were likely underestimated and that market forces might have reduced prices so much creating peak oil conditions that would lead to more abandonment. [62] Advocates of programs like the Green New Deal and broader climate change mitigation policy in the United States have advocated for funding plugging programs that would address stranded assets and provide a Just Transition for skilled oil and gas workers. [64]

The REGROW Act, which is part of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, includes $4.7 billion in funds for plugging and maintaining orphaned wells. [63] The Interior Department has documented the existence of 130,000 orphaned wells nationwide. An EPA study estimated that there are as many as two to three million wells across the nation.

New York State is expecting to receive $70 million from the Act in 2022 which will be used to plug orphaned wells. The state has 6,809 orphaned wells, and the NYSDEC estimates it will cost $248 million to plug them all. The NYSDEC uses a fleet of drones carrying magnetometers to find orphaned wells. [65]

In 2023, state governments in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and California reported a shortage of trained staff necessary to implement federally funded well capping programs. Qualified oil field workers were also in short supply in Pennsylvania and Ohio. Federally funded well plugging contracts are required to meet Davis-Bacon Act standards for prevailing wages, in order to ensure that the training of new oil field workers will contribute to local economic development in rural areas. [66]

Nuclear

The locations across the U.S. where nuclear waste is stored Spent nuclear fuel in the US.jpg
The locations across the U.S. where nuclear waste is stored

The most notable accident involving nuclear power in the United States was Three Mile Island accident in 1979. Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station has been the source of two of the top five most dangerous nuclear incidents in the United States since 1979. [67]

Nuclear safety in the United States is governed by federal regulations and continues to be studied by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The safety of nuclear plants and materials controlled by the U.S. government for research and weapons production, as well those powering naval vessels, is not governed by the NRC.

The anti-nuclear movement in the United States consists of more than eighty anti-nuclear groups which have acted to oppose nuclear power and/or nuclear weapons in the USA. The movement has delayed construction or halted commitments to build some new nuclear plants, [68] [69] and has pressured the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to enforce and strengthen the safety regulations for nuclear power plants. [70] Anti-nuclear campaigns that captured national public attention in the 1970s and 1980s involved the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant, Diablo Canyon Power Plant, Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant, and Three Mile Island. [68]

Pesticides

Pesticide use in the United States is predominately by the agricultural sector, which in 2012 comprised 89% of conventional pesticide usage in the United States. [71]

1976. Sign reads Warning Keep Out Pesticide Storage Area. Oregon and Washington cooperative western spruce budworm control project. 1976. Sign reads Warning Keep Out Pesticide Storage Area. Oregon and Washington cooperative western spruce budworm control project. (36042166692).jpg
1976. Sign reads Warning Keep Out Pesticide Storage Area. Oregon and Washington cooperative western spruce budworm control project.

The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) was first passed in 1947, giving the United States Department of Agriculture responsibility for regulating pesticides. In 1972, FIFRA underwent a major revision and transferred responsibility of pesticide regulation to the Environmental Protection Agency and shifted emphasis to protection of the environment and public health.

Pollution

This section is an excerpt from Pollution in the United States.[ edit ]
Pollution from the Exxon Valdez oil spill OilPoolFromValdezSpill.jpeg
Pollution from the Exxon Valdez oil spill

As with many countries, pollution in the United States is a concern for environmental organizations, government agencies, and individuals.

Pollution from U.S. manufacturing has declined massively since 1990 (despite an increase in production). A 2018 study in the American Economic Review found that environmental regulation is the primary driver of the reduction in pollution. [72]

Air pollution

This section is an excerpt from Air pollution in the United States.[ edit ]
Looking down from the Hollywood Hills, with Griffith Observatory on the hill in the foreground, air pollution is visible in downtown Los Angeles on a late afternoon. Los Angeles Pollution.jpg
Looking down from the Hollywood Hills, with Griffith Observatory on the hill in the foreground, air pollution is visible in downtown Los Angeles on a late afternoon.

Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials into the atmosphere that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damage ecosystems. Health problems attributed to air pollution include premature death, cancer, organ failure, infections, behavioral changes, and other diseases. These health effects are not equally distributed across the U.S. population; there are demographic disparities by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and education. [73] Air pollution can derive from natural sources, such as wildfires and volcanoes, or from anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic air pollution has affected the United States since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. [74]

According to a 2024 report: "39% of people living in America—131.2 million people—still live in places with failing grades for unhealthy levels of ozone or particle pollution." Analyzing data from 2020 to 2022, the American Lung Association found the number of people living in counties with a failing grade for ozone declined, this year by 2.4 million people. [75]

A 2016 study reported that levels of nitrogen oxides, which contribute to smog and acid rain, had plummeted over the previous decade, [76] due to better regulations, economic shifts, and technological innovations. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) reported a 32% decrease of nitrogen dioxide in New York City and a 42% decrease in Atlanta between the periods of 2005–2007 and 2009–2011. [77]

During June 2023, due to early season wildfires in Canada, cities like New York and Washington D.C. suffered from dangerous levels of air pollution. It was the worst regional air quality in decades for the Northeast. [78]

Water pollution

This section is an excerpt from Water pollution in the United States.[ edit ]
Topsoil runoff from farm, central Iowa (2011) NRCSIA99134 - Iowa (2969)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg
Topsoil runoff from farm, central Iowa (2011)

Water pollution in the United States is a growing problem that became critical in the 19th century with the development of mechanized agriculture, mining, and manufacturing industrys—although laws and regulations introduced in the late 20th century have improved water quality in many water bodies. [79] Extensive industrialization and rapid urban growth exacerbated water pollution as a lack of regulation allowed for discharges of sewage, toxic chemicals, nutrients, and other pollutants into surface water. According to the US geographical survey, the water area of the United States is approximately 264,837 square miles. [80] [81] [82]

In the early 20th century, communities began to install drinking water treatment systems, but control of the principal pollution sources—domestic sewage, industry, and agriculture—was not effectively addressed in the US until later in the 20th century. These pollution sources can affect both groundwater and surface water. Multiple pollution incidents such as the Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill (2008) and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2010) have left lasting impacts on water quality, ecosystems, and public health in the United States. [83] [84] The United States Geological Survey reported in 2023 that at least 45% of drinking water in the United States contains per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly referred to as "forever chemicals." [85] [86]

Many solutions to water pollution in the United States can be implemented to curtail water pollution: municipal wastewater treatment, agricultural and industrial wastewater treatment, erosion and sediment control, and the control of urban runoff. The continued implementation of pollution prevention, control, and treatment measures are used to pursue the goal of maintaining water quality within levels specified in federal and state regulations; however, many water bodies across the country continue to violate water quality standards in the 21st century. [87]

Marine pollution

Plastic pollution

The United States is the biggest creator of plastic waste and the third largest source of ocean plastic pollution, e.g. plastic waste that gets into the oceans. Much of the plastic waste generated in the United States is shipped to other countries. [88]

Solid waste

At 760 kg per person the United States generates the greatest amount of municipal waste. [89] In 2018 municipal waste totaled 292.4 million short tons (265.3×10^6 t), or 4.9 pounds (2.2 kg) per person per day. [90]

Policy

This section is an excerpt from Solid waste policy of the United States.[ edit ]
Solid waste policy in the United States is aimed at developing and implementing proper mechanisms to effectively manage solid waste. For solid waste policy to be effective, inputs should come from stakeholders, including citizens, businesses, community-based organizations, non-governmental organizations, government agencies, universities, and other research organizations. These inputs form the basis of policy frameworks that influence solid waste management decisions. [91] In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates household, industrial, manufacturing, and commercial solid and hazardous wastes under the 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). [92] Effective solid waste management is a cooperative effort involving federal, state, regional, and local entities. [93] Thus, the RCRA's Solid Waste program section D encourages the environmental departments of each state to develop comprehensive plans to manage nonhazardous industrial and municipal solid waste. [92]
Electronic waste
This section is an excerpt from Electronic waste in the United States.[ edit ]
Cathode ray tube monitors being packed for shipping E-Waste Landfill.jpg
Cathode ray tube monitors being packed for shipping

Electronic waste or e-waste in the United States refers to electronic products that have reached the end of their operable lives, and the United States is beginning to address its waste problems with regulations at a state and federal level. Used electronics are the quickest-growing source of waste and can have serious health impacts. [94] The United States is the world leader in producing the most e-waste, followed closely by China; both countries domestically recycle and export e-waste. [95] Only recently has the United States begun to make an effort to start regulating where e-waste goes and how it is disposed of. There is also an economic factor that has an effect on where and how e-waste is disposed of. Electronics are the primary users of precious and special metals, retrieving those metals from electronics can be viewed as important as raw metals may become more scarce [96]

The United States does not have an official federal e-waste regulation system, yet certain states have implemented state regulatory systems. The National Strategy for Electronic Stewardship was co-founded by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), and the General Services Administration (GSA), and was introduced in 2011 to focus on federal action to establish electronic stewardship in the United States. [97] E-waste management is critical due to the toxic chemicals present in electronic devices. According to the United States EPA, toxic substances such as lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium are often released into the environment and endanger whole communities; these toxic contaminants can have detrimental effects on the health of ecosystems and living organisms. [98] United States e-waste management includes recycling and reuse programs, domestic landfill dumping, and international shipments of domestically produced e-waste. The EPA estimates that in 2009, the United States disposed of 2.37 million tons of e-waste, 25% of which was recycled domestically. [98]

Lack of awareness for e-waste issues is also a problem in the U.S., especially among young people. In a 2020 survey of people between the ages of 18 and 38, 60% did not know what the term "e-waste" is, and 57% did not consider electronic waste to be "a significant contributor to toxic waste." [99] With electronic recycling options readily available in most states, the issue seems to be awareness, not availability. In 2018, an association of European electronic recyclers based in Brussels called the WEEE Forum, created International E-Waste Day on October 13, with the support of 19 e-waste companies globally, in order to raise awareness about how large of an issue e-waste has become. [100]

Hazardous waste

This section is an excerpt from Hazardous waste in the United States.[ edit ]
A household hazardous waste collection center in Seattle, Washington, U.S. North Seattle Household Hazardous Waste Collection Facility 01.jpg
A household hazardous waste collection center in Seattle, Washington, U.S.

Under United States environmental policy, hazardous waste is a waste (usually a solid waste) that has the potential to:

  • cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness; or
  • pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed.

Under the 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), a facility that treats, stores or disposes of hazardous waste must obtain a permit for doing so. Generators of and transporters of hazardous waste must meet specific requirements for handling, managing, and tracking waste. Through RCRA, Congress directed EPA to issue regulations for the management of hazardous waste. EPA developed strict requirements for all aspects of hazardous waste management including the treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. In addition to these federal requirements, states may develop more stringent requirements or requirements that are broader in scope than the federal regulations.

EPA authorizes states to implement the RCRA hazardous waste program. Authorized states must maintain standards that are equivalent to and at least as stringent as the federal program. Implementation of the authorized program usually includes activities such as permitting, corrective action, inspections, monitoring and enforcement.

Population

The total U.S. population crossed the 100 million mark around 1915, the 200 million mark in 1967, and the 300 million mark in 2006 (estimated on Tuesday, October 17). [101] [102] The U.S. population more than tripled during the 20th century — a growth rate of about 1.3 percent a year — from about 76 million in 1900 to 281 million in 2000. This is unlike most European countries, especially Germany, Russia, Italy and Greece, whose populations are slowly declining, and whose fertility rates are below replacement.

Population growth is fastest among minorities, and according to the United States Census Bureau's estimation for 2005, 45% of American children under the age of 5 are minorities. [103] In 2007, the nation's minority population reached 102.5 million. [104] A year before, the minority population totaled 100.7 million. Hispanic and Latino Americans accounted for almost half (1.4 million) of the national population growth of 2.9 million between July 1, 2005, and July 1, 2006. [105]

Based on a population clock maintained by the U.S. Census Bureau, the current U.S. population, as of July 2021 is about 332 million. [106] A 2004 U.S. Census Bureau report predicted an increase of one third by the year 2050. [107] A subsequent 2008 report projects a population of 439 million, which is a 44% increase from 2008.

Conservation and environmental movement

Today, the organized environmental movement is represented by a wide range of organizations sometimes called non-governmental organizations or NGOs. These organizations exist on local national and international scales. Environmental NGOs vary widely in political views and in the amount they seek to influence the government. The environmental movement today consists of both large national groups and also many smaller local groups with local concerns. Some resemble the old U.S. conservation movement - whose modern expression is the Nature Conservancy, Audubon Society and National Geographic Society - American organizations with a worldwide influence.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ See FAO 2020, p. 18, table 8.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental movement in the United States</span> Organized environmental movement in the US

The organized environmental movement is represented by a wide range of non-governmental organizations or NGOs that seek to address environmental issues in the United States. They operate on local, national, and international scales. Environmental NGOs vary widely in political views and in the ways they seek to influence the environmental policy of the United States and other governments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pollution</span> Introduction of contaminants that cause adverse change

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of any substance or energy. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Environmental Protection Agency</span> U.S. federal government agency

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an independent agency of the United States government tasked with environmental protection matters. President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA on July 9, 1970; it began operation on December 2, 1970, after Nixon signed an executive order. The order establishing the EPA was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Concentrated animal feeding operation</span> Type of American intensive animal farming

In animal husbandry, a concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO), as defined by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), is an intensive animal feeding operation (AFO) in which over 1,000 animal units are confined for over 45 days a year. An animal unit is the equivalent of 1,000 pounds of "live" animal weight. A thousand animal units equates to 700 dairy cows, 1,000 meat cows, 2,500 pigs weighing more than 55 pounds (25 kg), 10,000 pigs weighing under 55 pounds, 10,000 sheep, 55,000 turkeys, 125,000 chickens, or 82,000 egg laying hens or pullets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human impact on the environment</span> Impact of human life on Earth and environment

Human impact on the environment refers to changes to biophysical environments and to ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans. Modifying the environment to fit the needs of society is causing severe effects including global warming, environmental degradation, mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse. Some human activities that cause damage to the environment on a global scale include population growth, neoliberal economic policies and rapid economic growth, overconsumption, overexploitation, pollution, and deforestation. Some of the problems, including global warming and biodiversity loss, have been proposed as representing catastrophic risks to the survival of the human species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</span> Climate changing gases from the North American country

The United States produced 5.2 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2020, the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and among the countries with the highest greenhouse gas emissions per person. In 2019 China is estimated to have emitted 27% of world GHG, followed by the United States with 11%, then India with 6.6%. In total the United States has emitted a quarter of world GHG, more than any other country. Annual emissions are over 15 tons per person and, amongst the top eight emitters, is the highest country by greenhouse gas emissions per person.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green-collar worker</span> Environmental-sector worker

A green-collar worker is a worker who is employed in an environmental sector of the economy. Environmental green-collar workers satisfy the demand for green development. Generally, they implement environmentally conscious design, policy, and technology to improve conservation and sustainability. Formal environmental regulations as well as informal social expectations are pushing many firms to seek professionals with expertise with environmental, energy efficiency, and clean renewable energy issues. They often seek to make their output more sustainable, and thus more favorable to public opinion, governmental regulation, and the Earth's ecology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environment of the United States</span>

The environment of the United States comprises diverse biotas, climates, and geologies. This diversity leads to a number of different distinct regions and geographies in which human communities live. This includes a rich variety of species of animals, fungi, plants and other organisms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health and environmental impact of the coal industry</span>

The health and environmental impact of the coal industry includes issues such as land use, waste management, water and air pollution, caused by the coal mining, processing and the use of its products. In addition to atmospheric pollution, coal burning produces hundreds of millions of tons of solid waste products annually, including fly ash, bottom ash, and flue-gas desulfurization sludge, that contain mercury, uranium, thorium, arsenic, and other heavy metals. Coal is the largest contributor to the human-made increase of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental policy of the United States</span> Governmental action to protect the environment

The environmental policy of the United States is a federal governmental action to regulate activities that have an environmental impact in the United States. The goal of environmental policy is to protect the environment for future generations while interfering as little as possible with the efficiency of commerce or the liberty of the people and to limit inequity in who is burdened with environmental costs. As his first official act bringing in the 1970s, President Richard Nixon signed the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) into law on New Year's Day, 1970. Also in the same year, America began celebrating Earth Day, which has been called "the big bang of U.S. environmental politics, launching the country on a sweeping social learning curve about ecological management never before experienced or attempted in any other nation." NEPA established a comprehensive US national environmental policy and created the requirement to prepare an environmental impact statement for "major federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the environment." Author and consultant Charles H. Eccleston has called NEPA the world's "environmental Magna Carta".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in the United States</span> Emissions, impacts and responses of the United States related to climate change

Climate change has led to the United States warming by 2.6 °F since 1970. The climate of the United States is shifting in ways that are widespread and varied between regions. From 2010 to 2019, the United States experienced its hottest decade on record. Extreme weather events, invasive species, floods and droughts are increasing. Climate change's impacts on tropical cyclones and sea level rise also affect regions of the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wetland conservation</span> Conservation of wet areas

Wetland conservation is aimed at protecting and preserving areas of land including marshes, swamps, bogs, and fens that are covered by water seasonally or permanently due to a variety of threats from both natural and anthropogenic hazards. Some examples of these hazards include habitat loss, pollution, and invasive species. Wetland vary widely in their salinity levels, climate zones, and surrounding geography and play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity, ecosystem services, and support human communities. Wetlands cover at least six percent of the Earth and have become a focal issue for conservation due to the ecosystem services they provide. More than three billion people, around half the world's population, obtain their basic water needs from inland freshwater wetlands. They provide essential habitats for fish and various wildlife species, playing a vital role in purifying polluted waters and mitigating the damaging effects of floods and storms. Furthermore, they offer a diverse range of recreational activities, including fishing, hunting, photography, and wildlife observation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental impact of paper</span>

The environmental impact of paper are significant, which has led to changes in industry and behaviour at both business and personal levels. With the use of modern technology such as the printing press and the highly mechanized harvesting of wood, disposable paper became a relatively cheap commodity, which led to a high level of consumption and waste. The rise in global environmental issues such as air and water pollution, climate change, overflowing landfills and clearcutting have all lead to increased government regulations. There is now a trend towards sustainability in the pulp and paper industry as it moves to reduce clear cutting, water use, greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel consumption and clean up its influence on local water supplies and air pollution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental impact of the energy industry</span>

The environmental impact of the energy industry is significant, as energy and natural resource consumption are closely related. Producing, transporting, or consuming energy all have an environmental impact. Energy has been harnessed by human beings for millennia. Initially it was with the use of fire for light, heat, cooking and for safety, and its use can be traced back at least 1.9 million years. In recent years there has been a trend towards the increased commercialization of various renewable energy sources. Scientific consensus on some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are considered to be increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, causing a warming effect, global changes to land surface, such as deforestation, for a warming effect, increasing concentrations of aerosols, mainly for a cooling effect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nutrient pollution</span> Contamination of water by excessive inputs of nutrients

Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters, in which excess nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algal growth. Sources of nutrient pollution include surface runoff from farm fields and pastures, discharges from septic tanks and feedlots, and emissions from combustion. Raw sewage is a large contributor to cultural eutrophication since sewage is high in nutrients. Releasing raw sewage into a large water body is referred to as sewage dumping, and still occurs all over the world. Excess reactive nitrogen compounds in the environment are associated with many large-scale environmental concerns. These include eutrophication of surface waters, harmful algal blooms, hypoxia, acid rain, nitrogen saturation in forests, and climate change.

This timeline of the history of environmentalism is a listing of events that have shaped humanity's perspective on the environment. This timeline includes human induced disasters, environmentalists that have had a positive influence, and environmental legislation.

Mining in the United States has been active since the beginning of colonial times, but became a major industry in the 19th century with a number of new mineral discoveries causing a series of mining rushes. In 2015, the value of coal, metals, and industrial minerals mined in the United States was US$109.6 billion. 158,000 workers were directly employed by the mining industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental issues in Russia</span>

Environmental issues in Russia include pollution and erosion, and have impacts on people, wildlife and ecosystems.

The environmental policy of the first Donald Trump administration represented a shift from the policy priorities and goals of the preceding Barack Obama administration. Where President Obama's environmental agenda prioritized the reduction of carbon emissions through the use of renewable energy with the goal of conserving the environment for future generations, the Trump administration policy was for the US to attain energy independence based on fossil fuel use and to rescind many environmental regulations. By the end of Trump's term, his administration had rolled back 98 environmental rules and regulations, leaving an additional 14 rollbacks still in progress. As of early 2021, the Biden administration was making a public accounting of regulatory decisions under the Trump administration that had been influenced by politics rather than science.

The environmental policy of the Joe Biden administration includes a series of laws, regulations, and programs introduced by United States President Joe Biden since he took office in January 2021. Many of the actions taken by the Biden administration reversed the policies of his predecessor, Donald Trump. Biden's climate change policy focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, similar to the efforts taken by the Obama administration. Biden promised to end and reverse deforestation and land degradation by 2030. The main climate target of the Biden administration is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by the United States to net zero by 2050. A climate team was created to lead the effort.

References

  1. ↑ ● Source for carbon emissions data: "Territorial (MtCO₂) / Emissions / Carbon emissions / Chart View". Global Carbon Atlas. 2024.
    ● Source for country population data: "Population 2022" (PDF). World Bank. 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2024.
  2. ↑ EPA, OA, US (2016-01-12). "Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  3. ↑ "United States: Climate Policy". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  4. ↑ McGrath, Matt (20 October 2020). "US election 2020: What the results will mean for climate change". BBC. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  5. ↑ Samuelement, 1890-1920 (1959)
  6. ↑ "Climate Change Indicators: U.S. and Global Temperature". EPA.gov. Environmental Protection Agency. 2021. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. (FIg. 3) EPA's data source: NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2021. Climate at a glance. Accessed February 2021. www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag. (Direct link to graphic; archive)
  7. ↑ Hawkins, Ed (2023). "Temperature change in the USA". ShowYourStripes.info. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. — Based on warming stripes concept.
  8. ↑ "Earth Day: U.S. Warming Rankings". Climate Central. April 20, 2022. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022.
  9. ↑ "Sixth Assessment Report". www.ipcc.ch. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
  10. ↑ Heidari, Hadi; Arabi, Mazdak; Warziniack, Travis; Kao, Shih-Chieh (2020). "Assessing Shifts in Regional Hydroclimatic Conditions of U.S. River Basins in Response to Climate Change over the 21st Century". Earth's Future. 8 (10): e2020EF001657. Bibcode:2020EaFut...801657H. doi: 10.1029/2020EF001657 . ISSN   2328-4277. S2CID   225251957.
  11. ↑ US EPA, OAR (2016-06-27). "Climate Change Indicators: U.S. and Global Temperature". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
  12. ↑ Heidari, Hadi; Arabi, Mazdak; Ghanbari, Mahshid; Warziniack, Travis (June 2020). "A Probabilistic Approach for Characterization of Sub-Annual Socioeconomic Drought Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Relationships in a Changing Environment". Water. 12 (6): 1522. doi: 10.3390/w12061522 .
  13. ↑ US EPA, OAR (2015-11-06). "Climate Change Indicators in the United States". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  14. ↑ Casagr, Tina (2022-02-16). "Climate Change and Invasive Species - NISAW" . Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  15. ↑ "Analysis: Which countries are historically responsible for climate change?". Carbon Brief. 2021-10-05. Archived from the original on December 23, 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  16. ↑ www.climatewatchdata.org Archived 2021-06-24 at the Wayback Machine , at Calculations select per capita.
  17. ↑ "New momentum reduces emissions gap, but huge gap remains - analysis". Climate Action Tracker . Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  18. ↑ Friedman, Lisa (15 March 2024). "The Zombies of the U.S. Tax Code: Why Fossil Fuels Subsidies Seem Impossible to Kill". The New York Times.
  19. ↑ "Climate Change and US National Security: Past, Present, Future". atlanticcouncil.org. Atlantic Council. March 29, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
  20. ↑ Tollefson, Jeff (12 February 2019). "US climate costs will be highest in Republican strongholds". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00327-2. S2CID   188147110 . Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  21. ↑ "States Blocking Climate Action Hold Residents Who Suffer the Most From Climate Impacts". Climate Nexus, Ecowatch. October 29, 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  22. ↑ Smith, Adam B.; NOAA National Centers For Environmental Information (December 2020). "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Overview / 2020 in Progress". NCDC.NOAA. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCDC, part of NOAA). doi:10.25921/stkw-7w73. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020. and "Contiguous U.S. ranked fifth warmest during 2020; Alaska experienced its coldest year since 2012 / 2020 Billion Dollar Disasters and Other Notable Extremes". NCEI.NOAA.gov. NOAA. January 2021. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. For 2021 data: "Calculating the Cost of Weather and Climate Disasters / Seven things to know about NCEI's U.S. billion-dollar disasters data". ncei.noaa.gov. 6 October 2017. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
  23. ↑ Egan, Timothy (November 5, 2015). "Exxon Mobil and the G.O.P.: Fossil Fools". The New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  24. ↑ Goldenberg, Suzanne (July 8, 2015). "Exxon knew of climate change in 1981, email says – but it funded deniers for 27 more years". The Guardian . Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  25. ↑ "A third of Americans deny human-caused climate change exists". The Economist. 2021-07-08. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  26. ↑ Yang, Maya (13 January 2021). "Six in 10 Americans 'alarmed' or 'concerned' about climate change – study". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022.
  27. ↑ Annual data: "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters / United States Billion-Dollar Disaster Events 1980- (CPI-Adjusted)". National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Archived from the original on 13 January 2024.
  28. ↑ Smith, Adam B.; NOAA National Centers For Environmental Information (December 2020). "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Overview / 2020 in Progress". NCDC.NOAA. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCDC, part of NOAA). doi:10.25921/stkw-7w73. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020. and "Contiguous U.S. ranked fifth warmest during 2020; Alaska experienced its coldest year since 2012 / 2020 Billion Dollar Disasters and Other Notable Extremes". NCEI.NOAA.gov. NOAA. January 2021. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. For 2021 data: "Calculating the Cost of Weather and Climate Disasters / Seven things to know about NCEI's U.S. billion-dollar disasters data". ncei.noaa.gov. 6 October 2017. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
  29. ↑ Pleistocene Megafauna Extinctions Archived 2010-03-08 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ "Invasive Species". education.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
  31. ↑ David Pimentel, Rodolfo Zuniga, Doug Morrison. Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecological Economics. 52 (2005) 273-288.
  32. ↑ "Invasive species", Wikipedia, 2024-03-21, retrieved 2024-03-30
  33. ↑ "American Prehistory: 8000 Years of Forest Management". Forest History Society. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  34. ↑ "Major Trends, Forest Inventory & Analysis, 2002" (PDF). United States Forest Service. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
  35. 1 2 3 Forest Resources of the United States Archived May 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  36. ↑ "Forest Facts, 2012" (PDF). United States Forest Service. 2014-08-31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
  37. ↑ "National Report on Sustainable Forests — 2010". United States Forest Service. 2014-04-29. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
  38. ↑ Yin, Steph (2017-02-23). "How Far to the Next Forest? A New Way to Measure Deforestation". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  39. ↑ US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2016.
  40. ↑ US EPA, OLEM (2015-05-27). "Abandoned Mine Lands: Site Information". US EPA. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  41. ↑ "USGS Gold Production Statistics" (PDF).
  42. ↑ "USGS Copper Production Statistics" (PDF).
  43. ↑ "USGS Platinum Production Statistics" (PDF).
  44. ↑ "USGS Silver Production Statistics" (PDF).
  45. ↑ "USGS Rhenium Production Statistics" (PDF).
  46. ↑ "USGS Sulfur Production Statistics" (PDF).
  47. ↑ "USGS Phosphate Production Statistics" (PDF).
  48. ↑ "USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics" (PDF).
  49. ↑ "USGS Lead Production Statistics" (PDF).
  50. ↑ "USGS Zinc Production Statistics" (PDF).
  51. ↑ "USGS Vanadinum Production Statistics" (PDF).
  52. ↑ "USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics" (PDF).
  53. ↑ "USGS Potash Production Statistics" (PDF).
  54. ↑ "USGS Cobalt Production Statistics" (PDF).
  55. ↑ "USGS Titanium Production Statistics" (PDF).
  56. ↑ "USGS Gypsum Production Statistics" (PDF).
  57. ↑ "USGS Kyanite Production Statistics" (PDF).
  58. ↑ "USGS Lime Production Statistics" (PDF).
  59. ↑ "USGS Salt Production Statistics" (PDF).
  60. ↑ "- World Nuclear Association". world-nuclear.org.
  61. ↑ Mitchell, Austin L.; Casman, Elizabeth A. (2011-11-15). "Economic Incentives and Regulatory Framework for Shale Gas Well Site Reclamation in Pennsylvania". Environmental Science & Technology. 45 (22): 9506–9514. Bibcode:2011EnST...45.9506M. doi:10.1021/es2021796. ISSN   0013-936X. PMID   21985662.
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 Aldern, Clayton; Collins, Christopher; Sadasivam, Naveena (April 2021). "Waves of Abandonment". Grist. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  63. 1 2 Jean, Renée (2021-08-16). "Bakken Restart is among energy priorities sandwiched in bipartisan infrastructure deal". Williston Herald. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  64. ↑ Marcacci, Silvio. "Plugging Abandoned Oil Wells Is One 'Green New Deal' Aspect Loved By Both Republicans And Democrats". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  65. ↑ Schoenbaum, Hannah; Miller, Isabel (February 10, 2022). "New York to receive $70M in federal grants to plug abandoned oil, gas wells". www.timesunion.com. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  66. ↑ Peischel, Will (2023-09-28). "Inside the rough-and-tumble race to clean up America's abandoned oil wells". Grist . Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  67. ↑ Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2004-09-16). "Davis–Besse preliminary accident sequence precursor analysis" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-06-14. and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2004-09-20). "NRC issues preliminary risk analysis of the combined safety issues at Davis-Besse". Archived from the original on 2006-10-03. Retrieved 2006-06-14.
  68. 1 2 Giugni, Marco (2004). Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements p. 44.
  69. ↑ Lights Out at Shoreham: Anti-nuclear activism spurs the closing of a new $6 billion plant Newsday.com, undated.
  70. ↑ Jerry Brown and Rinaldo Brutoco (1997). Profiles in Power: The Anti-nuclear movement and the Dawn of the Solar Age, p. 198.
  71. ↑ "US-EPA - Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage 2008-2012" (PDF). EPA.
  72. ↑ Walker, Reed; Shapiro, Joseph S. (2018). "Why Is Pollution from US Manufacturing Declining? The Roles of Environmental Regulation, Productivity, and Trade". American Economic Review. 108 (12): 3814–3854. doi: 10.1257/aer.20151272 . ISSN   0002-8282.
  73. ↑ O'Leary, Karen (2022-01-27). "Air pollution disparities in the USA". Nature Medicine. doi:10.1038/d41591-022-00029-9. ISSN   1078-8956. PMID   35087244.
  74. ↑ "Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). July 21, 2023.
  75. ↑ "Key Findings | State of the Air". www.lung.org. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  76. ↑ Lloret, Javier; Valiela, Ivan (1 August 2016). "Unprecedented decrease in deposition of nitrogen oxides over North America: the relative effects of emission controls and prevailing air-mass trajectories". Biogeochemistry. 129 (1–2): 16563. Bibcode:2016Biogc.129..165L. doi:10.1007/s10533-016-0225-5. S2CID   99196860.
  77. ↑ Garner, Rob (2014-06-20). "New NASA Images Highlight U.S. Air Quality Improvement". Greenbelt, MD: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  78. ↑ Christel Meredith, Stephanie. "Air Pollution Around the World: Data is Key". DipNote. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of State.
  79. ↑ Water Pollution Control: 25 years of Progress and Challenges for the New Millennium (Report). Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). June 1998. EPA 833-F-98-003.
  80. ↑ "How Wet is Your State? The Water Area of Each State | U.S. Geological Survey". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
  81. ↑ Burian, Steven J.; Nix, Stephan J.; Pitt, Robert E.; Durrans, S. Rocky (2000). "Urban Wastewater Management in the United States: Past, Present, and Future" (PDF). Journal of Urban Technology. 7 (3): 33–62. doi:10.1080/713684134. S2CID   23561154.
  82. ↑ Merchant, Carolyn (2007). American Environmental History: An Introduction. Columbia University Press. ISBN   978-0231140355.
  83. ↑ Bourne, Joel K. (February 19, 2019). "Coal's other dark side: Toxic ash that can poison water, destroy life and toxify people". National Geographic . Archived from the original on February 19, 2019. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
  84. ↑ "Deepwater Horizon oil spill". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
  85. ↑ Christensen, Jen (2023-07-05). "Nearly half of the tap water in the US is contaminated with 'forever chemicals,' government study finds". CNN. Archived from the original on 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2023-07-07.
  86. ↑ Brown, Kyle (2023-07-07). "Federal study finds nearly half of US tap water contains PFAS". KSTP Eyewitness News. Minneapolis, MN.
  87. ↑ "National Summary of State Information". Water Quality Assessment and TMDL Information. EPA. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  88. ↑ Rosane, Olivia (3 November 2020). "U.S. Leads the World in Plastic Waste, New Study Finds". Ecowatch.
  89. ↑ http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/env_mun_was_gen-environment-municipal-waste-generation Municipal waste generation
  90. ↑ "National Overview: Facts and Figures on Materials, Wastes and Recycling". EPA. 2020-11-10.
  91. ↑ "Michigan Solid Waste Policy 2007" (PDF). Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. May 2007.
  92. 1 2 EPA. "Waste". Archived from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
  93. ↑ Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. "Resources on Managing Municipal Solid Waste".
  94. ↑ Campbell, Katie (2016-05-10). "Where does America's e-waste end up? GPS tracker tells all". PBS NewsHour . PBS. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  95. ↑ "Electronic Waste (E-waste) Recycling Facts (2008)". Electronics TakeBack Coalition. 2008. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
  96. ↑ Namias, Jennifer. "The future of electronic waste recycling in the United States: Obstacles and Domestic Solutions." Columbia University. MS degree in Earth Resources Engineering Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Columbia University July (2013).
  97. ↑ Used electronic products: An examination of US exports. Washington, D.C. USA: USITC. 2012. pp. 332–528.
  98. 1 2 United States Environmental Protection Agency (2014-03-18). "Cleaning Up Electronic Waste". The Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  99. ↑ Ruiz, Angelina (2020-08-19). "3 In 5 Young Americans Don't Know What E-Waste Is, Leading 60 Percent of Them to Throw Electronics in the Trash". Waste Advantage Magazine. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
  100. ↑ "International E-Waste Day aims to raise public awareness". Recycling Today. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  101. ↑ "Statistical Abstract of the United States" (PDF). United States Census Bureau.
  102. ↑ "U.S. population hits 300 million mark". MSNBC (Associated Press). 2006-10-17. Archived from the original on 2006-10-17. Retrieved 2006-10-17.
  103. ↑ "Population Is Now One-Third Minority". Archived from the original on 2008-10-11.
  104. ↑ US Census Press Releases, U.S. Census Bureau
  105. ↑ "U.S. Census Bureau: Minority Population Tops 100 Million". Archived from the original on 2007-05-20.
  106. ↑ "U.S. Population Clock". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2011-02-23. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
  107. ↑ "Resident Population Projections by Sex and Age: 2010 to 2050" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF (455k)) on 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2008-04-29.

Works cited

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.