Petroleum industry

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World oil reserves, 2013 Oil Reserves.png
World oil reserves, 2013

The petroleum industry, also known as the oil industry or the oil patch, includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transportation (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing of petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, synthetic fragrances, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream, and downstream. Upstream regards exploration and extraction of crude oil, midstream encompasses transportation and storage of crude, and downstream concerns refining crude oil into various end products.

Contents

Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is necessary for the maintenance of industrial civilization in its current configuration, making it a critical concern for many nations. Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world's energy consumption, ranging from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia, to a high of 53% for the Middle East.

Other geographic regions' consumption patterns are as follows: South and Central America (44%), Africa (41%), and North America (40%). The world consumes 36 billion barrels (5.8 km³) of oil per year, [1] with developed nations being the largest consumers. The United States consumed 18% of the oil produced in 2015. [2] The production, distribution, refining, and retailing of petroleum taken as a whole represents the world's largest industry in terms of dollar value.

History

Oil Field in Baku, Azerbaijan, 1926 Oil Field Baku 1926.jpg
Oil Field in Baku, Azerbaijan, 1926

Prehistory

Natural oil spring in Korna, Slovakia. Korna natural oil seep 1.JPG
Natural oil spring in Korňa, Slovakia.

Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations. It consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds. It is generally accepted that oil is formed mostly from the carbon rich remains of ancient plankton after exposure to heat and pressure in Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. Over time, the decayed residue was covered by layers of mud and silt, sinking further down into Earth's crust and preserved there between hot and pressured layers, gradually transforming into oil reservoirs. [3]

Early history

Petroleum in an unrefined state has been utilized by humans for over 5000 years. Oil in general has been used since early human history to keep fires ablaze and in warfare.

Its importance to the world economy however, evolved slowly, with whale oil being used for lighting in the 19th century and wood and coal used for heating and cooking well into the 20th century. Even though the Industrial Revolution generated an increasing need for energy, this was initially met mainly by coal, and from other sources including whale oil. However, when it was discovered that kerosene could be extracted from crude oil and used as a lighting and heating fuel, the demand for petroleum increased greatly, and by the early twentieth century had become the most valuable commodity traded on world markets. [4]

Modern history

Oil wells in Boryslav Oil wells in Boryslav.jpg
Oil wells in Boryslav
Galician oil wells Galicja1881.jpg
Galician oil wells
Net income of the global oil and gas industry reached a record US$4 trillion in 2022. 2008- Oil and gas industry global net income - IEA.svg
Net income of the global oil and gas industry reached a record US$4 trillion in 2022.
After recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic, energy company profits increased with greater revenues from higher fuel prices resulting from the Russian invasion of Ukraine, falling debt levels, tax write-downs of projects shut down in Russia, and backing off from earlier plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Record profits sparked public calls for windfall taxes. 2007- Profits of energy companies (annual) - stacked bar chart.svg
After recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic, energy company profits increased with greater revenues from higher fuel prices resulting from the Russian invasion of Ukraine, falling debt levels, tax write-downs of projects shut down in Russia, and backing off from earlier plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Record profits sparked public calls for windfall taxes.
World crude oil production from wells (excludes surface-mined oil, such as from Canadian heavy oil sands), 1930-2012 World Oil Production.png
World crude oil production from wells (excludes surface-mined oil, such as from Canadian heavy oil sands), 1930–2012
Top oil-producing countries [7]

Imperial Russia produced 3,500 tons of oil in 1825 and doubled its output by mid-century. [8] After oil drilling began in the region of present-day Azerbaijan in 1846, in Baku, the Russian Empire built two large pipelines: the 833 km long pipeline to transport oil from the Caspian to the Black Sea port of Batum (Baku-Batum pipeline), completed in 1906, and the 162 km long pipeline to carry oil from Chechnya to the Caspian. The first drilled oil wells in Baku were built in 1871–1872 by Ivan Mirzoev, an Armenian businessman who is referred to as one of the 'founding fathers' of Baku's oil industry. [9] [10]

At the turn of the 20th century, Imperial Russia's output of oil, almost entirely from the Apsheron Peninsula, accounted for half of the world's production and dominated international markets. [11] Nearly 200 small refineries operated in the suburbs of Baku by 1884. [12] As a side effect of these early developments, the Apsheron Peninsula emerged as the world's "oldest legacy of oil pollution and environmental negligence". [13] In 1846 Baku (Bibi-Heybat settlement) featured the first ever well drilled with percussion tools to a depth of 21 meters for oil exploration. In 1878 Ludvig Nobel and his Branobel company "revolutionized oil transport" by commissioning the first oil tanker and launching it on the Caspian Sea. [11]

Samuel Kier established America's first oil refinery in Pittsburgh on Seventh avenue near Grant Street in 1853. Ignacy Łukasiewicz built one of the first modern oil-refineries near Jasło (then in the Austrian dependent Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria in Central European Galicia), present-day Poland, in 1854–56. [14] Galician refineries were initially small, as demand for refined fuel was limited. The refined products were used in artificial asphalt, machine oil and lubricants, in addition to Łukasiewicz's kerosene lamp. As kerosene lamps gained popularity, the refining industry grew in the area.

The first commercial oil-well in Canada became operational in 1858 at Oil Springs, Ontario (then Canada West). [15] Businessman James Miller Williams dug several wells between 1855 and 1858 before discovering a rich reserve of oil four metres below ground. [16] [17] Williams extracted 1.5 million litres of crude oil by 1860, refining much of it into kerosene-lamp oil. [15] Some historians challenge Canada's claim to North America's first oil field, arguing that Pennsylvania's famous Drake Well was the continent's first. But there is evidence to support Williams, not least of which is that the Drake well did not come into production until August 28, 1859. The controversial point might be that Williams found oil above bedrock while Edwin Drake's well located oil within a bedrock reservoir. The discovery at Oil Springs touched off an oil boom which brought hundreds of speculators and workers to the area. Canada's first gusher (flowing well) erupted on January 16, 1862, when local oil-man John Shaw struck oil at 158 feet (48 m). [18] For a week the oil gushed unchecked at levels reported as high as 3,000 barrels per day.

The first modern oil-drilling in the United States began in West Virginia and Pennsylvania in the 1850s. Edwin Drake's 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, typically considered[ by whom? ] the first true[ citation needed ] modern[ citation needed ] oil well, touched off a major boom. [19] [20] [21] [ need quotation to verify ] In the first quarter of the 20th century, the United States overtook Russia as the world's largest oil producer. By the 1920s, oil fields had been established[ by whom? ] in many countries including Canada, Poland, Sweden, Ukraine, the United States, Peru and Venezuela. [21]

The first successful oil tanker, the Zoroaster, was built in 1878 in Sweden, designed by Ludvig Nobel. It operated from Baku to Astrakhan. [22] A number of new tanker designs developed in the 1880s.

In the early 1930s the Texas Company developed the first mobile steel barges for drilling in the brackish coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico. In 1937 Pure Oil Company (now part of Chevron Corporation) and its partner Superior Oil Company (now part of ExxonMobil Corporation) used a fixed platform to develop a field in 14 feet (4.3 m) of water, one mile (1.6 km) offshore of Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana. In early 1947 Superior Oil erected a drilling/production oil-platform in 20 ft (6.1 m) of water some 18 miles[ vague ] off Vermilion Parish, Louisiana. Kerr-McGee Oil Industries, as operator for partners Phillips Petroleum (ConocoPhillips) and Stanolind Oil & Gas (BP), completed its historic Ship Shoal Block 32 well in November 1947, months before Superior actually drilled a discovery from their Vermilion platform farther offshore. In any case, that made Kerr-McGee's Gulf of Mexico well, Kermac No. 16, the first oil discovery drilled out of sight of land. [23] [ page needed ] [24] Forty-four Gulf of Mexico exploratory wells discovered 11 oil and natural gas fields by the end of 1949. [25]

During World War II (1939–1945) control of oil supply from Romania, Baku, the Middle East and the Dutch East Indies played a huge role in the events of the war and the ultimate victory of the Allies. The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (1941) secured Allied control of oil-production in the Middle East. The expansion of Imperial Japan to the south aimed largely at accessing the oil-fields of the Dutch East Indies. Germany, cut off from sea-borne oil supplies by Allied blockade, failed in Operation Edelweiss to secure the Caucasus oil-fields for the Axis military in 1942, while Romania deprived the Wehrmacht of access to Ploesti oilfields – the largest in Europe – from August 1944. Cutting off the East Indies oil-supply (especially via submarine campaigns) considerably weakened Japan in the latter part of the war. After World War II ended in 1945, the countries of the Middle East took the lead in oil production from the United States. Important developments since World War II include deep-water drilling, the introduction of the drillship, and the growth of a global shipping network for petroleum – relying upon oil tankers and pipelines. In 1949 the first offshore oil-drilling at Oil Rocks (Neft Dashlari) in the Caspian Sea off Azerbaijan eventually resulted in a city built on pylons. In the 1960s and 1970s, multi-governmental organizations of oil–producing nations – OPEC and OAPEC – played a major role in setting petroleum prices and policy. Oil spills and their cleanup have become an issue of increasing political, environmental, and economic importance. New fields of hydrocarbon production developed in places such as Siberia, Sakhalin, Venezuela and North and West Africa.

With the advent of hydraulic fracturing and other horizontal drilling techniques, shale play has seen an enormous uptick in production. Areas of shale such as the Permian Basin and Eagle-Ford have become huge hotbeds of production for the largest oil corporations in the United States. [26]

Structure

NIS refinery in Pancevo, Serbia 042 Pancevo refinery, Serbia.jpg
NIS refinery in Pančevo, Serbia

The American Petroleum Institute divides the petroleum industry into five sectors: [27]

Upstream

Oil companies used to be classified by sales as "supermajors" (BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil, ConocoPhillips, Shell, Eni and TotalEnergies), "majors", and "independents" or "jobbers". In recent years however, National Oil Companies (NOC, as opposed to IOC, International Oil Companies) have come to control the rights over the largest oil reserves; by this measure the top ten companies all are NOC. The following table shows the ten largest national oil companies ranked by reserves [28] [29] and by production in 2012. [30]

Top 10 largest world oil companies by reserves and production
RankCompany (Reserves)Worldwide Liquids Reserves (109 bbl)Worldwide Natural Gas Reserves (1012 ft3)Total Reserves in Oil Equivalent Barrels (109 bbl)Company (Production)Output (Millions bbl/day) [1]
1 Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Aramco 260254303 Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Aramco 12.5
2 Flag of Iran.svg NIOC 138948300 Flag of Iran.svg NIOC 6.4
3 Flag of Qatar.svg QatarEnergy 15905170 Flag of the United States.svg ExxonMobil 5.3
4 Flag of Iraq.svg INOC 116120134 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg PetroChina 4.4
5 Flag of Venezuela.svg PDVSA 99171129 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg BP 4.1
6 Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg ADNOC 92199126 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Royal Dutch Shell 3.9
7 Flag of Mexico.svg Pemex 10256111 Flag of Mexico.svg Pemex 3.6
8 Flag of Nigeria.svg NNPC 3618468 Flag of the United States.svg Chevron 3.5
9 Flag of Libya.svg NOC 415050 Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait Petroleum Corporation 3.2
10 Flag of Algeria.svg Sonatrach 1215939 Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg ADNOC 2.9
^1 : Total energy output, including natural gas (converted to bbl of oil) for companies producing both.

Most upstream work in the oil field or on an oil well is contracted out to drilling contractors and oil field service companies.[ citation needed ]

Aside from the NOCs which dominate the Upstream sector, there are many international companies that have a market share. For example: [31]

Midstream

Midstream operations are sometimes classified within the downstream sector, but these operations compose a separate and discrete sector of the petroleum industry. Midstream operations and processes include the following:

While some upstream companies carry out certain midstream operations, the midstream sector is dominated by a number of companies that specialize in these services. Midstream companies include:

Social impact

The oil and gas industry spends only 0.4% of its net sales on research & development (R&D) which is in comparison with a range of other industries the lowest share. [35] Governments such as the United States government provide a heavy public subsidy to petroleum companies, with major tax breaks at various stages of oil exploration and extraction, including the costs of oil field leases and drilling equipment. [36] In recent years, enhanced oil recovery techniques – most notably multi-stage drilling and hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") – have moved to the forefront of the industry as this new technology plays a crucial and controversial role in new methods of oil extraction. [37]

Environmental impact

Water pollution

Some petroleum industry operations have been responsible for water pollution through by-products of refining and oil spills. Though hydraulic fracturing has significantly increased natural gas extraction, there is some belief and evidence to support that consumable water has seen increased in methane contamination due to this gas extraction. [38] Leaks from underground tanks and abandoned refineries may also contaminate groundwater in surrounding areas. Hydrocarbons that comprise refined petroleum are resistant to biodegradation and have been found to remain present in contaminated soils for years. [39] To hasten this process, bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants is often employed by means of aerobic degradation. [40] More recently, other bioremediative methods have been explored such as phytoremediation and thermal remediation. [41] [42]

Air pollution

The industry is the largest industrial source of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a group of chemicals that contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone (smog). [43] The combustion of fossil fuels produces greenhouse gases and other air pollutants as by-products. Pollutants include nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, volatile organic compounds and heavy metals.

Researchers have discovered that the petrochemical industry can produce ground-level ozone pollution at higher amounts in winter than in summer. [44]

Climate change

The greenhouse gases due to fossil fuels drive climate change. Already in 1959, at a symposium organised by the American Petroleum Institute for the centennial of the American oil industry, the physicist Edward Teller warned then of the danger of global climate change. [45] Edward Teller explained that carbon dioxide "in the atmosphere causes a greenhouse effect" and that burning more fossil fuels could "melt the icecap and submerge New York". [45]

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, founded by the United Nations in 1988, concludes that human-sourced greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the twentieth century.

As a result of climate change concerns, many alternative energy enthusiasts have begun using other methods of energy such as solar and wind, among others. This recent view has some petroleum enthusiasts skeptical about the true future of the industry. [46]

See also

Industry pioneers
Oil production
Financial and political
Environmental issues
Oil geology
Oil-producing areas
Industry Research Projects
Other articles

Notes and references

  1. Sönnichsen, N. "Daily global crude oil demand 2006–2020". Statista. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  2. "Country Comparison :: Refined Petroleum Products – Consumption". Central Intelligence Agency – World Factbook. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  3. Speight, James (2014). The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum. Chemical Industries (5th ed.). CRC Press. doi:10.1201/b16559. ISBN   978-1439873892.
  4. Halliday, Fred. The Middle East in International Relations: Cambridge University Press: US, p. 270 [ ISBN missing ]
  5. "World Energy Investment 2023" (PDF). IEA.org. International Energy Agency. May 2023. p. 61. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2023.
  6. 1 2 Bousso, Ron (8 February 2023). "Big Oil doubles profits in blockbuster 2022". Reuters. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Details for 2020 from the more detailed diagram in King, Ben (12 February 2023). "Why are BP, Shell, and other oil giants making so much money right now?". BBC. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023.
  7. "Crude oil including lease condensate production (Mb/d)". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  8. N.Y. Krylov, A.A. Bokserman, E.R.Stavrovsky. The Oil Industry of the Former Soviet Union. CRC Press, 1998. P. 187.
  9. Altstadt, Audrey L. (1980). Economic Development and Political Reform in Baku: The Response of the Azerbaidzhani Bourgeoisie. Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies.
  10. Daintith, Terence (2010). Finders Keepers?: How the Law of Capture Shaped the World Oil Industry. Earthscan. ISBN   978-1-936331-76-5.
  11. 1 2 Shirin Akiner, Anne Aldis. The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security. Routledge, 2004. p. 5.
  12. United States Congress, Joint Economic Committee. The Former Soviet Union in Transition. M.E. Sharpe, 1993. p. 463.
  13. Quoted from: Tatyana Saiko. Environmental Crises. Pearson Education, 2000. p. 223.
  14. Frank, Alison Fleig (2005). Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia (Harvard Historical Studies). Harvard University Press. ISBN   978-0-674-01887-7.
  15. 1 2 "Black Gold: Canada's Oil Heritage". The Corporation of the County of Lambton. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013. The North American oil industry began in Oil Springs in 1858 in less spectacular fashion. James Miller Williams, a coachmaker from Hamilton, dug into the tar-like gum beds of Enniskillen Township to find their source. At a depth of fourteen feet, he struck oil. Williams immediately built a small refinery and began to produce illuminating oil for lamps – kerosene. It was Williams who was able to take full advantage of the ancient resource. Not only was he astute enough to look below the surface of the gum beds to find oil and to realize its commercial potential, but the timing of his discovery was perfect.
  16. Turnbull Elford, Jean. Canada West's Last Frontier. Lambton County Historical Society, 1982, p. 110
  17. Sarnia Observer and Lambton Advertiser, "Important Discovery in the Township of Enniskillen Archived 2015-04-03 at the Wayback Machine ," 5 August 1858, p. 2.
  18. "Extraordinary Flowing Oil Well". Hamilton Times. 20 January 1862. p. 2. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2013. Our correspondent writes us from the Oil Springs, under date of the 16th inst., [an] interesting account of a flowing Oil well which has just been tapped. He says: I have just time to mention that to-day at half past eleven o'clock, a.m., Mr. John Shaw, from Kingston, C. W., tapped a vein of oil in his well, at a depth of one hundred and fifty-eight feet in the rock, which filled the surface well, (forty-five feet to the rock) and the conductors [sic] in the course of fifteen minutes, and immediately commenced flowing. It will hardly be credited, but nevertheless such is the case, that the present enormous flow of oil cannot be estimated at less than two thousand barrels per day, (twenty-four hours), of pure oil, and the quantity increasing every hour. I saw three men in the course of one hour, fill fifty barrels from the flow of oil, which is running away in every direction; the flat presenting the appearance of a sea of oil. The excitement is intense, and hundreds are rushing from every quarter to see this extraordinary well. Experience oil well diggers from the other side, affirm that this week equals their best flowing wells in Pennsylvania, and they pronounced the oil as being of a superior quality. This flowing well is situation on lot No. 10, Range B, Messrs. Sanborn & Co.'s Oil Territory.
  19. John Steele Gordon Archived 2008-04-20 at the Wayback Machine "10 Moments That Made American Business," American Heritage, February/March 2007, "Drake, who seems to have awarded himself the title of colonel by which he is often known, had a great deal of trouble persuading a salt-drilling crew to try to drill for oil, but on August 27, 1859, he struck it at 69 feet."
  20. Vassiliou, Marius S. (2 March 2009). "Titusville". Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry. Historical Dictionaries of Professions and Industries, No. 3. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press (published 2009). p. 508. ISBN   978-0810862883 . Retrieved 22 February 2021. In August 1859, an important early well was drilled by Edwin Drake outside Titusville, initiating the Pennsylvania oil boom.
  21. 1 2 Vassiliou, Marius (2018). Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry, 2nd Ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 621 pp.
  22. Tolf, Robert W. (1976). "4: The World's First Oil Tankers". The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry. Hoover Press. ISBN   0-8179-6581-5. p. 55.
  23. Ref accessed 02-12-89 by technical aspects and coast mapping. Kerr-McGee
  24. "Project Redsand". www.project-redsand.com.
  25. Wells, Bruce. "Offshore Petroleum History". American Oil & Gas Historical Society. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  26. Farah, Stanley, Rachel (24 July 2018). "Comparison of Two Active Hydrocarbon Production Regions in Texas to Determine Boomtown Growth and Development: A Geospatial Analysis of Active Well Locations and Demographic Changes, 2000–2017".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. "Industry Sectors", American Petroleum Institute , archived from the original on 25 January 2012, retrieved 12 May 2008
  28. "Ranked in order of 2007 worldwide oil equivalent reserves as reported in "OGJ 200/100"". Oil & Gas Journal. 15 September 2008.
  29. Pirog, Robert (21 August 2007). "The Role of National Oil Companies in the International Oil Market" (PDF). Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 17 September 2009.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)Ranking by oil reserves and production, 2006 values
  30. "The World's 25 Biggest Oil Companies". Forbes . 16 July 2012.
  31. "Membership". International Association of oil and Gas Producers. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  32. "The Transportation of Natural Gas". NaturalGas.org. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  33. 1 2 "Refining and Product Specifications Module Overview". Petroleum Online. International Human Resources Development Corporation. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  34. Trench, Cheryl J. (December 2001). "How Pipelines Make the Oil Market Work – Their Networks, Operation and Regulation" (PDF). Allegro Energy Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2013.
  35. "The Pharmaceutical Industry in Figures Key Data 2021" (PDF). European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  36. Kocieniewski, David (3 July 2010). "As Oil Industry Fights a Tax, It Reaps Subsidies". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  37. Boudet, Hilary; Clarke, Christopher; Bugden, Dylan; Maibach, Edward; Roser-Renouf, Connie; Leiserowitz, Anthony (1 February 2014). "'Fracking' controversy and communication: Using national survey data to understand public perceptions of hydraulic fracturing". Energy Policy. 65: 57–67. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.017. ISSN   0301-4215.
  38. Osborn, Stephen G.; Vengosh, Avner; Warner, Nathaniel R.; Jackson, Robert B. (17 May 2011). "Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (20): 8172–8176. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.8172O. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1100682108 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   3100993 . PMID   21555547.
  39. Diphare, Motshumi., Muzenda, Edison., Remediation of Contaminated Soils: A Review. Intl' Conf. on Chemical, Integrated Waste Management & Environmental Engineering (ICCIWEE'2014) April 15–16, 2014 Johannesburg.
  40. M D Yuniati 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 118 012063
  41. Liu, Rui., Jadeja, N. Rajendrasinh., Zhou, Qixing., Liu, Zhe. Treatment and Remediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils Using Selective Ornament Plants. Environmental Engineering Sci. 2012 Jun; 29(6): 494–501.
  42. Lim, Wei Mei., Lau, Von Ee., Poh, Eong Phaik. A comprehensive guide of remediation technologies for oil contaminated soil — Present works and future directions. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Volume 109, Issue 1, 15 August 2016, Pages 14-45.
  43. "Air Quality Planning and Standards".
  44. Zamora, Robert; Yuan, Bin; Young, Cora J.; Wild, Robert J.; Warneke, Carsten; Washenfelder, Rebecca A.; Veres, Patrick R.; Tsai, Catalina; Trainer, Michael K.; Thompson, Chelsea R.; Sweeney, Colm; Stutz, Jochen; Soltis, Jeffrey; Senff, Christoph J.; Parrish, David D.; Murphy, Shane M.; Stuart A. McKeen; Li, Shao-Meng; Li, Rui; Lerner, Brian M.; Lefer, Barry L.; Langford, Andrew O.; Koss, Abigail; Helmig, Detlev; Graus, Martin; Gilman, Jessica B.; Flynn, James H.; Field, Robert A.; Dubé, William P.; deGouw, Joost A.; Banta, Robert M.; Ahmadov, Ravan; Roberts, James M.; Brown, Steven S.; Edwards, Peter M. (1 October 2014). "High winter ozone pollution from carbonyl photolysis in an oil and gas basin". Nature. 514 (7522): 351–354. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..351E. doi:10.1038/nature13767. PMID   25274311. S2CID   4466316.
  45. 1 2 Benjamin Franta, "On its 100th birthday in 1959, Edward Teller warned the oil industry about global warming", The Guardian , 1 January 2018 (page visited on 2 January 2018).
  46. Martín, Mariano, ed. (2016). Alternative Energy Sources and Technologies. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28752-2. ISBN   978-3-319-28750-8.

Further reading

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The petroleum industry in Azerbaijan produces about 873,260 barrels (138,837 m3) of oil per day and 29 billion cubic meters of gas per year as of 2013. Azerbaijan is one of the birthplaces of the oil industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the petroleum industry</span> Aspect of history

While the local use of oil goes back many centuries, the modern petroleum industry along with its outputs and modern applications are of a recent origin. Petroleum's status as a key component of politics, society, and technology has its roots in the coal and kerosene industry of the late 19th century. One of the earliest instances of this is the refining of paraffin from crude oil. Abraham Gesner developed a process to refine a liquid fuel from coal, bitumen and oil shale; it burned more cleanly and was cheaper than whale oil. James Young in 1847 noticed a natural petroleum seepage when he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as lamp oil, at the same time obtaining a thicker oil suitable for lubricating machinery. The world's first refineries and modern oil wells were established in the mid-19th century. While petroleum industries developed in several countries during the nineteenth century, the two giants were the United States and the Russian Empire, specifically that part of it that today forms the territory of independent Azerbaijan. Together, these two countries produced 97% of the world's oil over the course of the nineteenth century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kent Refinery</span>

The BPRefinery (Kent) was an oil refinery on the Isle of Grain in Kent. It was commissioned in 1953 and had a maximum processing capacity of 11 million tonnes of crude oil per year. It was decommissioned in August 1982.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Petroleum in the United States</span>

Petroleum has been a major industry in the United States since shortly after the oil discovery in the Oil Creek area of Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859. The industry includes exploration, production, processing (refining), transportation, and marketing of natural gas and petroleum products. In 2018, the U.S. became the world's largest crude oil producer, producing 15% of global crude oil, surpassing Russia and Saudi Arabia. The leading oil-producing area in the United States in 2019 was Texas, followed by the offshore federal zone of the Gulf of Mexico, North Dakota and New Mexico. In 2020, the top five U.S. oil-producing states were Texas (43%), North Dakota (10.4%), New Mexico (9.2%), Oklahoma (4.1%), and Colorado (4.0%).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Petroleum industry in Western Australia</span> Overview of WA energy sector

The petroleum industry in Western Australia is the largest contributor to the country's petroleum exports. Western Australia's North West Shelf (NWS) is the primary location from which production originates. Oil exports are shipped from Port Hedland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oil and gas industry in New Zealand</span>

The oil and gas industry in New Zealand explores and develops oil and gas fields, and produces and distributes petroleum products and natural gas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Petroleum industry in Iran</span> Overview of the petroleum industry of Iran

Iran is an energy superpower and the petroleum industry in Iran plays an important part in it. In 2004, Iran produced 5.1 percent of the world's total crude oil, which generated revenues of US$25 billion to US$30 billion and was the country's primary source of foreign currency. At 2006 levels of production, oil proceeds represented about 18.7% of gross domestic product (GDP). However, the importance of the hydrocarbon sector to Iran's economy has been far greater. The oil and gas industry has been the engine of economic growth, directly affecting public development projects, the government's annual budget, and most foreign exchange sources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Petroleum refining processes</span> Methods of transforming crude oil

Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tema Oil Refinery</span> Oil refinery in Greater Accra Region of Ghana

The Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) is one of two crude oil refineries in Ghana. In 1977, the Government of Ghana became the sole shareholder. The name of the refinery was changed to the Tema Oil Refinery in 1991. The refinery was first named the Ghanaian Italian Petroleum Company (GHAIP).

The oil industry in Poland began at Bóbrka Field in 1853, followed by the first refinery in 1854. Poland was the third most productive region in the world in 1900. It now has only a small, mostly state-owned component, with production from its Permian Basin in the west, small and very old fields in the Carpathians in the south, and offshore in the Baltic Sea. For natural gas the country is almost completely dependent on legacy pipelines from the former Soviet Union.

According to the United States Energy Information Administration (EIA), Pakistan may have over 9 billion barrels (1.4×109 cubic metres) of petroleum oil and 105 trillion cubic feet (3.0 trillion cubic metres) in natural gas (including shale gas) reserves.

The Whitegate refinery, near Whitegate, County Cork, is Ireland's only oil refinery. It has a capacity of 75,000 barrels of oil per day (bpd), sufficient to provide 40 percent of Ireland's fuel requirements. It was commissioned in 1959 and was redeveloped several times and produces a range of petroleum products.