Texaco

Last updated
Texaco, Inc.
Formerly
  • The Texas Company (1902–1959) [1]
  • Texaco (1959–2001)
  • ChevronTexaco (2001–2005) [2]
Type
Industry Petroleum
Founded1902;122 years ago (1902) (as Texas Fuel Company) in Beaumont, Texas, U.S. [1]
Founders Joseph S. Cullinan
Thomas J. Donoghue
Lewis Henry Lapham
Arnold Schlaet
FateAcquired by Chevron Corporation in October 2001, [3] changed to "ChevronTexaco" until 2005, when it became a brand of it [2]
Headquarters Texaco Headquarters,
Number of locations
2,000+ (2006) [4]
Area served
Worldwide
Products Gasoline, natural gas, motor oils, other petrochemicals
Brands Havoline (1931–2001)
Owner Chevron Corporation (2001–present)
Subsidiaries Indian Oil Co. (1931–1943)
Website texaco.com

Texaco, Inc. ("The Texas Company") is an American oil brand owned and operated by Chevron Corporation. [5] Its flagship product is its fuel "Texaco with Techron". It also owned the Havoline motor oil brand. Texaco was an independent company until its refining operations merged into Chevron, at which time most of its station franchises were divested to Shell plc through its American division.

Contents

Texaco began as the "Texas Fuel Company", founded in 1902 [6] in Beaumont, Texas, by Joseph S. Cullinan, Thomas J. Donoghue, and Arnold Schlaet upon the discovery of oil at Spindletop. The Texas Fuel Company was not set up to drill wells or to produce crude oil. To accomplish this, Cullinan organized the Producers Oil Company in 1902, as a group of investors affiliated with The Texas Fuel Company. Men such as John W. ("Bet A Million") Gates invested in "certificates of interest" to an amount of almost ninety thousand dollars. [7] Future restructuring would merge Producers Oil Company and The Texas Fuel Company as Texaco when the company needed additional funding, which J.W. Gates provided in the amount of approximately $590,000 in return for company stock.

Texaco was one of the Seven Sisters which dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s. Its current logo features a white star in a red circle (a reference to the lone star of Texas), leading to the long-running advertising jingles "You can trust your car to the man who wears the star" and "Star of the American Road."[ citation needed ] The company was headquartered in Harrison, New York, near White Plains, prior to the merger with Chevron.

Texaco gasoline comes with Techron, an additive developed by Chevron, as of 2005, replacing the previous CleanSystem3. The Texaco brand is strong in the U.S., Latin America, and West Africa. It has a presence in Europe as well; for example, it is a well-known retail brand in the UK, with around 980 Texaco-branded service stations. [8]

History

1902–38: Beginnings

Texas Company Building at 1111 Rusk St. in Houston. The company moved to larger facilities in 1989 Texas Company Building -- Houston.jpg
Texas Company Building at 1111 Rusk St. in Houston. The company moved to larger facilities in 1989
"The Texas Company" Galveston station, c. 1910-20 Texas company galveston.jpg
"The Texas Company" Galveston station, c. 1910-20

Texaco was founded in Beaumont, Texas as the "Texas Fuel Company" in 1902, [6] by Jim Hogg, Joseph S. Cullinan, John Warne Gates, and Arnold Schlaet. On 1 May 1902, the Texas Company was formed from the assets of Texas Fuel assets, and additional capitalization. [9] In 1905, it established an operation in Antwerp, Belgium, under the name Continental Petroleum Company, which it acquired control of in 1913. [10] In 1915, Texaco moved to new 13 story offices on 1111 Rusk St., Houston, Texas. In 1928, Texaco became the first U.S. oil company to sell its gasoline nationwide under one single brand name in all of the then 48 states. [11]

TEXACO MOTOR OIL Poster (1928) Texaco Plakat.jpg
TEXACO MOTOR OIL Poster (1928)
Texaco advertising, Gippsland Motor Garage, Old Gippstown.JPG
Antique Texaco advertising, Gippsland Motor Garage, Old Gippstown
Texaco petrol pump 1925.jpg
Vintage Texaco gas pump (1925)

In 1931, Texaco purchased Indian Oil Company, based in Illinois. This expanded Texaco's refining and marketing base in the Midwest and also gave Texaco the rights to Indian's Havoline motor oil, which became a Texaco product. The next year, Texaco introduced Fire Chief gasoline nationwide, a so-called "super-octane" motor fuel touted as meeting or exceeding government standards for gasoline for fire engines and other emergency vehicles. [12] It was promoted through a radio program over NBC hosted by Ed Wynn, called the Texaco Fire Chief.

In 1936, the Texas Corporation purchased the Barco oil concession in Colombia, and formed a joint venture with Socony-Vacuum, now Mobil, to develop it. Over the next three years the company engaged in a highly challenging project to drill wells and build a pipeline to the coast across mountains and then through uncharted swamps and jungles. [13] During this time, Texaco also illegally supplied the fascist Gen. Franco faction in Spanish Civil War, despite a federal fine, with a total 3,500,000 barrels (560,000 m3) of oil. [14]

Also in 1936, marketing operations "East of Suez" (including Asia, East Africa, and Australasia) were placed into a joint venture with Standard Oil Company of California – Socal (now Chevron) – under the brand name Caltex, in exchange for Socal placing its Bahrain refinery and Arabian oilfields into the venture. [15] The next year, Texaco commissioned industrial designer Walter Dorwin Teague to develop a modern service station design.

1939 Texaco tanker truck by Dodge on display at the Henry Ford Museum HFM 1939 Dodge Texaco tanker truck.jpg
1939 Texaco tanker truck by Dodge on display at the Henry Ford Museum

In 1938, Texaco introduced Sky Chief gasoline, a premium fuel developed from the ground up as a high-octane gasoline rather than just an ethylized regular product. In 1939, Texaco became one of the first oil companies to introduce a "Registered Rest Room" program to ensure that restroom facilities at all Texaco stations nationwide maintained a standard level of cleanliness to the motoring public.

After the onset of World War II in 1939, Texaco's CEO, Torkild Rieber, admirer of Hitler, hired pro-Nazi assistants who cabled Berlin "coded information about ships leaving New York for Britain and what their cargoes were." This espionage easily enabled Hitler to destroy the ships. [16] In 1940, Rieber was forced to resign when his connections with German Nazism, and his illegal supply of oil to the fascist forces during the Spanish Civil War were made public by the Herald Tribune through information produced by British Security Coordination. [17] [18] [19] Life Magazine portrayed Rieber's resignation as unfair, advocating that he only dined with Westrick, and lent him a company car.

Historic gasoline pumps in the Ambler's Texaco Gas Station, Dwight, Illinois Ame05198 04.jpg
Historic gasoline pumps in the Ambler's Texaco Gas Station, Dwight, Illinois

During the war, Texaco ranked 93rd among United States corporations in the value of military production contracts. [20] In 1947, Caltex expanded to include Texaco's European marketing operations. That same year, Texaco merged its British operation with Trinidad Leaseholds under the name Regent; it gained full control of Regent in 1956, [21] but the Regent brand remained in use until 1968–9. In 1954, the company added the detergent additive Petrox to its "Sky Chief" gasoline, which was also souped up with higher octane to meet the antiknock needs of new cars with high-compression engines.

The next year, Texaco became the sole sponsor of The Huntley-Brinkley Report on NBC-TV. In 1959, the Texas Company changed its corporate name to Texaco, Inc. to better reflect the value of the Texaco brand name, which represented the biggest selling gasoline brand in the U.S. and only marketer selling gasoline under one brand name in all (by then) 50 states. It also acquired McColl-Frontenac Oil Company Ltd. of Canada and changes its name to Texaco Canada Limited. [22] Around this time, Paragon Oil, a major fuel oil distribution company in the northeastern U.S., was acquired.

1964–98: Various ventures

Texaco gas pumps in Milford, Illinois, photographed in 1977 Texaco gas pumps, Milford, Illinois (LOC).jpg
Texaco gas pumps in Milford, Illinois, photographed in 1977
Station in Arroyo Grande, California, 1977 Cattoir Texaco, Arroyo Grande, California LCCN2017707343.tif
Station in Arroyo Grande, California, 1977

In 1964, Texaco introduced the "Matawan" service station design at a station in Matawan, New Jersey. [23] Two years later, Texaco replaced the long-running banjo sign with a new hexagon logo that had previously been test-marketed with the "Matawan" station design introduced two years earlier. The new logo featured a red outline with TEXACO in black bold lettering and a small banjo logo with a red star and green T at bottom. The following year, the Regent name was replaced by Texaco at British petrol stations. [24] In 1970, in response to increasingly stringent federal emission standards that would ultimately lead to the mandating of unleaded gasoline in 1975, and later-model cars and trucks, Texaco introduced lead-free Texaco as the first regular-octane lead-free gasoline at stations in the Los Angeles area and throughout Southern California. Lead-free Texaco became available nationwide in 1974. On November 20, 1980, the Lake Peigneur/Jefferson Island disaster occurred. Two years later, a new service station design was introduced. Several product names were also changed with the advent of self-service including Lead-free Texaco to Texaco Unleaded, Fire Chief to Texaco Regular, and Super Lead-free Sky Chief to Texaco Super Unleaded.

At the end of 1981 and the beginning of 1982, members of the Medellín Cartel (including the now famous "Pablo Escobar"), the Colombian military, the U.S.-based corporation Texas Petroleum, the Colombian legislature, small industrialists, and wealthy cattle ranchers came together in a series of meetings in Puerto Boyacá, and formed a paramilitary organization known as Muerte a Secuestradores ("Death to Kidnappers", MAS) to defend their economic interests, and to provide protection for local elites from kidnappings and extortion. [25] [26] [27] By 1983, Colombian internal affairs had registered 240 political killings by MAS death squads, mostly community leaders, elected officials, and farmers. [28]

Texaco fuel station in Poa (Sao Paulo), Brazil, 2009 Posto texaco poa.jpg
Texaco fuel station in Poá (São Paulo), Brazil, 2009

On November 19, 1985, Pennzoil won a US$10.53 billion verdict against Texaco in the largest civil verdict in US history. This was due to the fact that Texaco established a signed contract to buy Getty Oil after Pennzoil entered into an unsigned, yet still binding, buyout contract with Gordon Getty. [29] In 1987, Texaco filed for bankruptcy. It was the largest in U.S. history until 2001. [30]

In January 1989, Texaco and Saudi Aramco agreed to form a joint venture known as Star Enterprise in which Saudi Aramco would own a 50% share of Texaco's refining and marketing operations in the eastern U.S. and Gulf Coast. [31] In 1989, Texaco introduced System3 gasolines in all three grades of fuel, featuring the latest detergent additive technology to improve performance by reducing deposits that clog fuel injection systems. The Toronto-based Texaco Canada Incorporated subsidiary was sold to Imperial Oil with all Texaco Canada retail operations converted to Esso brand. [32] [33] Two years later, the company was awarded the National Medal of Arts. [34] In 1993, several dozen tribal leaders and residents from the Ecuadoran Amazon filed a billion-dollar class-action lawsuit against Texaco, as a result of massive ecological pollution of the area and rivers around Texaco's Ecuadorian offshore drilling sites, causing toxic contamination of approximately 30,000 residents. [35]

In 1994, Texaco's System3 gasolines were replaced by new CleanSystem3 gasoline for improved engine performance. In 1995, Texaco merged its Danish and Norwegian downstream operations with those of Norsk Hydro under the new brand HydroTexaco. This joint venture was sold in 2007, to Norwegian retail interests as YX Energi, following the purchase of Hydro by Statoil. In 1996, Texaco paid over $170 million to settle racial discrimination lawsuits filed by black employees at the company. It was the largest racial discrimination lawsuit settlement in the U.S. at the time, and was particularly damaging to Texaco's public relations when tapes were released of meetings with company executives planning to destroy incriminating evidence. [36]

1999–present: Chevron Corporation

A Texaco station in California, 2011 Texaco Gas Station (5699751015).jpg
A Texaco station in California, 2011

In 1999, the company formed the joint venture Equilon with Shell Oil Company, combining their Western and Midwestern U.S. refining and marketing. [37] This gave rise to the 2006 U.S. Supreme Court antitrust case of Texaco Inc. v. Dagher , which cleared both Texaco and Shell of any antitrust liability concerning the pricing of Equilon's gasoline. That same year, another joint venture, Motiva Enterprises, was formed with Shell Oil Company and Saudi Aramco in which the Star Enterprise operations were merged with the Eastern and Gulf Coast U.S. refining and marketing operations of Shell. [37]

Texaco station in Bebington, UK, 2018 Texaco, Old Chester Road, Bebington.jpg
Texaco station in Bebington, UK, 2018

In October 2000, Chevron Corporation agreed to buy Texaco for $36 billion. [38] The merger was completed October 9, 2001. [3] As required by the FTC consent agreement, [39] Texaco's interest in the Equilon and Motiva joint ventures were sold to Shell. [40] [41] Shell began re-branding its Texaco stations as Shell the next year. [42] Around 2003, due to lack of demand, Texaco closed Refineria Panamá, a refinery in Colón, Panama. [43] In July 2004, Chevron regained non-exclusive rights to the Texaco brand name in the U.S. [44] The following year, in August, Texaco introduced the Techron additive into its fuels in the U.S. and parts of Latin America. [45] In 2007, Delek Benelux took over marketing activities for Chevron in Benelux, including 869 filling stations, mostly under the Texaco brand. [46] In 2010, Chevron ended retail operations in the Mid-Atlantic US, removing its brand from 450 stations in Delaware, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, New Jersey, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Washington, D.C. [47]

Corporate headquarters

Prior to the merger with Chevron, Texaco's headquarters was a 750,000-square-foot (70,000 m2) building in Harrison, in Westchester County, New York, near to White Plains. [48] [49] In 2002, Chevron Corporation sold the former Texaco Headquarters to Morgan Stanley. Morgan Stanley bought the building and the surrounding 107 acres (0.43 km2) for $42 million. [48]

Texaco leased 14 floors of the Chrysler Building in Midtown Manhattan, New York City in the 1930s. As part of the leasing agreement with Texaco the building opened the Cloud Club, a lunch club for executives. Texaco's move to Westchester County in 1977 contributed to the closure of the Cloud Club in 1979. [50]

Leadership

Chairman of the BoardPresident

Elgood C. Lufkin, 1920–1926
Amos L. Beaty, 1926–1927
Ralph C. Holmes, –1933
Charles B. Ames, 1933–1935
Torkild Rieber, 1935–1940
William S. Rodgers, 1944–1953
John S. Leach, 1953–1956
Augustus C. Long, 1956–1965
J. Howard Rambin Jr, 1965–1970
Marion J. Epley, 1970–1971
Maurice F. Granville, 1971–1980
John K. McKinley, 1980–1986
Alfred C. DeCrane Jr, 1987–1996
Peter I. Bijur, 1997–2001
Glenn F. Tilton, 2001

Joseph S. Cullinan, 1901–1913
Elgood C. Lufkin, 1913–1920
Amos L. Beaty, 1920–1926
Ralph C. Holmes, 1926–1933
William S. Rodgers, 1933–1944
Harry T. Klein, 1944–1952
John S. Leach, 1952–1953
Augustus C. Long, 1953–1956
James W. Foley, 1956–1963
J. Howard Rambin Jr, 1964
Marion J. Epley, 1965–1970
Maurice F. Granville, 1970–1971
John K. McKinley, 1971–1983
Alfred C. DeCrane Jr, 1983–1986
James W. Kinnear, 1987–1993

Sponsorships

Sports

Racing driver Nigel Mansell driving in the 1993 CART IndyCar World Series Mansell cart.jpg
Racing driver Nigel Mansell driving in the 1993 CART IndyCar World Series
Kenny Irwin Jr. driving in the 1998 NASCAR Winston Cup Kenseth and Irwin at Dover 1998.jpg
Kenny Irwin Jr. driving in the 1998 NASCAR Winston Cup
The No.7 Eggenberger Motorsport Ford Sierra RS500 of Klaus Ludwig and Klaus Niedzwiedz. Eggenberger Motorsport won the 1987 WTCC Entrants Championship Ford Sierra RS 500 1.jpg
The No.7 Eggenberger Motorsport Ford Sierra RS500 of Klaus Ludwig and Klaus Niedzwiedz. Eggenberger Motorsport won the 1987 WTCC Entrants Championship

Texaco is associated with the Havoline brand of motor oil and other automotive products. It was one of the sponsors of NASCAR with many drivers, such as Davey Allison, Ernie Irvan, Dale Jarrett, Kenny Irwin Jr., Ricky Rudd, Jamie McMurray, Casey Mears, and Juan Pablo Montoya. Havoline continuously sponsored a car from the early 1980s to 2008. At the end of the 2008 season, Texaco/Havoline ended their sponsorship with NASCAR and Chip Ganassi Racing. This brought a 20-plus-year relationship with the sport to a close. [51]

Texaco was also involved in open wheel racing, sponsoring the Texaco Grand Prix of Houston along with sponsoring drivers like Indianapolis 500 winner Mario Andretti and his son Michael.[ citation needed ]

In Formula One, Texaco sponsored the Team Lotus in 1972 and 1973, and McLaren from 1974 to 1978. The company returned to Grand Prix racing at a smaller scale in 1997, with their brands appearing on the Stewart SF01 car. Their association with the team and its successor, Jaguar Racing, continued until the end of 2001, in the same timeline they also sponsored ITV's Formula 1 Coverage.[ citation needed ]

Texaco sponsored the Tom Walkinshaw Racing Rover Vitesse factory team at the 1985 and 1986 European Touring Car Championship (ETCC) under their Bastos brand, and the Ford Sierra RS500 factory cars entered by Eggenberger Motorsport in the 1987 World Touring Car Championship (plus the 1988 ETCC and other European-based championships). Texaco also sponsored cars in the 1987 World Rally Championship.[ citation needed ]

From 1987 to 1993, Texaco was the major sponsor (through its Australian Caltex offshoot) Colin Bond Racing in Australian touring car racing, first with the Alfa Romeo 75 in 1987, then the Ford Sierra RS500 from 1988 to 1992 and then Toyota Corollas in 1993. From 2000 until 2007, it was title sponsor of Stone Brothers Racing with Russell Ingall winning the 2005 championship. In 2016, Caltex became title sponsor of the Triple Eight Race Engineering car of Craig Lowndes, having previously been an associate sponsor of the team. [52]

From 1984 to 1998, Texaco were the title sponsors of the main One Day International cricket tournament in England, the Texaco Trophy. It also sponsored the Texaco Cup, a football tournament for clubs of the British Isles.[ citation needed ]

Entertainment broadcast (music or comedy/variety)

Texaco was long associated with the Metropolitan Opera as sole sponsor of its radio broadcasts for 63 years. It was identified as well with such entertainment legends as Ed Wynn, Fred Allen and Milton Berle (many of their shows were originally sponsored by Texaco – see Texaco Star Theatre, which includes the sponsorship lyrics of the opening theme: "We're the men of Texaco, We work from Maine to Mexico..."). Berle's program was broadcast in the same time slot as Fulton J. Sheen's religious program for a while, thus leading to Berle's oft-quoted quip, "We both have the same boss – Sky Chief!"[ citation needed ]

Texaco was also the sponsor of the weekly Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts, which air to this day since its inception in 1931.

In the 1930s, comedian Ed Wynn hosted a half hour stand-up comedy/variety show on the NBC Radio Network, billed as "The Texaco Fire Chief", a reference to its regular grade gasoline. This trend continued into the late 1940s, when Wynn was replaced by Milton Berle as television becoming the dominant medium. The title was changed to the 60-minute Texaco Star Theater , which was also broadcast on NBC. [53]

Environmental issues

From 1965 to 1993, Texaco participated in a consortium to develop the Lago Agrio oil field in Ecuador. The company was accused of extensive environmental damage from these operations, and faces legal claims from both private plaintiffs and from the government of Ecuador. The case was widely publicized by environmental activists and was the subject of Crude, a 2009 documentary film by Joe Berlinger.

In turn, Texaco's owner Chevron claims that it was being unfairly targeted as a deep pocket defendant, when the actual responsibility lies with the government and its national oil company, Petroecuador. [54]

Texaco allegedly decided to forgo their standard drilling practices in favor for a minor savings on the cost to produce a barrel of crude oil (approximately $3/barrel). Texaco allegedly dumped toxic wastewater directly into rivers, dumped waste into unlined pits, and created pits that were fitted with overflow pipes to nearby waterways, with pits also never being emptied after the drilling operations were concluded. In total, it is estimated that over 18 billion gallons of toxic waste were released into the Amazon Rainforest. In addition to the liquid pollution, it is alleged that workers burned off toxic natural gasses and some liquid waste, thus releasing highly toxic dioxins into the atmosphere. [55]

Diversification

The NiMH chemistry used in modern hybrid vehicles was invented by ECD Ovonics founder, Stan Ovshinsky, and Dr. Masahiko Oshitani of the Yuasa Company [56] [57] In 1994, General Motors acquired a controlling interest in Ovonics's battery development and manufacturing. On October 10, 2001, Texaco purchased GM's share in GM Ovonics, and Chevron completed its acquisition of Texaco six days later. In 2003, Texaco Ovonics Battery Systems was restructured into Cobasys, a 50/50 joint venture between Chevron and Energy Conversion Devices (ECD) Ovonics. [58]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulf Oil</span> American oil company

Gulf Oil was a major global oil company in operation from 1901 to 1985. The eighth-largest American manufacturing company in 1941 and the ninth-largest in 1979, Gulf Oil was one of the Seven Sisters oil companies. Prior to its merger with Standard Oil of California, Gulf was one of the chief instruments of the Mellon family fortune; both Gulf and Mellon Financial had their headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with Gulf's headquarters, the Gulf Tower, being Pittsburgh's tallest building until the completion of the U.S. Steel Tower.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amoco</span> American fuel station chain owned by British BP plc

Amoco is a brand of fuel stations operating in the United States and owned by British conglomerate BP since 1998. The Amoco Corporation was an American chemical and oil company, founded by Standard Oil Company in 1889 around a refinery in Whiting, Indiana, and was officially the Standard Oil Company of Indiana until 1985. Originally part of the Standard Oil Company trust, it focused on producing gasoline for the new automobile market. In 1911, as part of the break-up of the Standard Oil trust, it became an independent corporation. Incorporated in Indiana, it was headquartered in Chicago, and formally adopted the name Amoco in 1985. Although the Amoco Corporation merged in 1998 into BP Amoco, the Amoco name was resurrected in 2017 as a brand that service station owners could choose to use when they purchased supplies from BP in selected areas of the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sunoco</span> American fuel station chain

Sunoco LP is an American master limited partnership organized under Delaware state laws and headquartered in Dallas, Texas. Dating back to 1886, the company has transitioned from a vertically integrated energy company to a distributor of fuels. It was previously engaged in oil, natural gas exploration and production, refining, chemical manufacturing, and retail fuel sales, but divested these businesses. Sunoco is the largest independent distributor of fuels in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Esso</span> Oil and gas company

Esso is a trading name for ExxonMobil. Originally, the name was primarily used by its predecessor Standard Oil of New Jersey after the breakup of the original Standard Oil company in 1911. The company adopted the name "Esso", to which the other Standard Oil companies would later object.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chevron Corporation</span> American multinational energy corporation

Chevron Corporation is an American multinational energy corporation predominantly specializing in oil and gas. The second-largest direct descendant of Standard Oil, and originally known as the Standard Oil Company of California, it is headquartered in San Ramon, California, and active in more than 180 countries. Within oil and gas, Chevron is vertically integrated and is involved in hydrocarbon exploration, production, refining, marketing and transport, chemicals manufacturing and sales, and power generation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">76 (gas station)</span> American fuel station chain owned by Phillips 66

76 is a chain of gas stations located within the United States. The 76 brand is owned by Phillips 66. Unocal, the original owner and creator of the 76 brand, merged with Chevron Corporation in 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shell USA</span> United States-based subsidiary of Shell plc

Shell USA, Inc. is the United States-based wholly owned subsidiary of Shell plc, a UK-based transnational corporation "oil major" which is amongst the largest oil companies in the world. Approximately 18,000 Shell employees are based in the U.S. Its U.S. headquarters are in Houston, Texas. Shell USA, including its consolidated companies and its share in equity companies, is one of America's largest oil and natural gas producers, natural gas marketers, fuel marketers and petrochemical manufacturers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pennzoil</span> American motor oil brand owned by British Shell plc

Pennzoil is an American motor oil brand currently owned by Shell plc. The former Pennzoil Company had been established in 1913 in Pennsylvania, being active in business as an independent firm until it was acquired by Shell in 2002, becoming a brand of the conglomerate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caltex</span> International petroleum brand owned by Chevron Corporation

Caltex is a petroleum brand name of Chevron Corporation used in the Asia-Pacific region, the Middle East, and Southern Africa. Headquartered in Singapore, it is also the brand name of non-Chevron petroleum companies in some countries under a trademark licensing agreement with Chevron.

Techron is a patented fuel additive developed by Chevron Corporation and sold in its fuel operations. It contains a polyether amine-based detergent, which is purported to dissolve deposits in automotive engines and prevent them from building up. Chevron released Techron as an additive in 1981, and began including it in all of their gasoline products in 1995. It is still available as a concentrate today.

Motiva Enterprises, LLC, is an American company that operates as a wholly owned US subsidiary of Saudi Aramco. Headquartered in Houston, Texas, it had revenue of $37 Billion. Motiva operates as a distributor of Shell and 76 branded gasolines within its operating territory.

Havoline is a motor oil brand currently commercialized by Chevron. The brand had been previously owned by Texaco, until the company was acquired by Chevron in 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ampol</span> Australian multinational petroleum retail company

Ampol Limited is an Australian petroleum company headquartered in Sydney, New South Wales. Ampol is the largest transport energy distributor and retailer in Australia, with more than 1,900 Ampol-branded stations across the country as of October 2022. Ampol also operates in New Zealand through its subsidiary Z Energy.

Cobasys LLC supplies nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, battery control systems, and packaged solutions for automotive applications, uninterruptible power supplies, telecommunications applications, and distributed power generation. For 8 years ending in 2009, Cobasys was a 50-50 joint venture between California-based Chevron Corporation and Michigan-based Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. The intermediary hierarchy of ownership was that Cobasys LLC was owned by Chevron's subsidiary Chevron Technology Ventures LLC, and ECD Ovonics' subsidiary Ovonic Battery Company. Cobasys spent $180 million in funding from Chevron Technology Ventures, and the two owners were unable to agree on further funding of the company. After arbitration between the owners had stalled, a buyer was found.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enco (brand)</span>

Enco was a secondary retail brand name for products of the Humble Oil Corporation in certain parts of the United States from 1960 to 1977. It was used on service stations operated by Humble in states where they were not permitted to use the Esso brand under conditions set by the court-ordered breakup of Standard Oil in 1911.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries</span> Conspiracy theory

The patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries refers to allegations that corporate interests have used the patent system to prevent the commercialization of nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery technology. Nickel metal hydride battery technology was considered important to the development of battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) before the technology for lithium-ion battery packs became a viable replacement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Z Energy</span> New Zealand fuel station chain owned by Australian Ampol

Z Energy is a New Zealand fuel distributor with branded service stations. It comprises some of the former assets of Shell New Zealand and Chevron New Zealand. Shell left the New Zealand fuel distribution business in April 2010, selling its operations to Infratil and the New Zealand Superannuation Fund. The former Shell operations were rebranded as Z Energy in 2011. Since May 2022, it is a subsidiary of Australian petroleum company Ampol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puget Sound Refinery</span>

The Puget Sound Refinery is an oil refinery on March Point near Anacortes, Washington, United States. It is operated by HF Sinclair and is one of the largest employers in Skagit County. The refinery has a capacity of 145,000 barrels a day, making it the 52nd largest in the United States, in 2015, with facilities that include a delayed coker, fluid catalytic cracker, polymerization unit and alkylation units. HF Sinclair’s refinery produces three grades of gasoline, fuel oil, diesel fuel, propane and butane. This plant is currently the only refinery in Washington state unable to accommodate tight oil via rail. The permitting process is currently underway for the proposed 60,000 b/d unloading capacity of the East Gate Rail Project.

References

  1. 1 2 About The Texas Company on Texaco website
  2. 1 2 "Chevron Corp, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date May 10, 2005" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  3. 1 2 Shareholders approval of Chevron-Texaco deal creates industy's lates behemoth by eorge Raine at SFGate
  4. "History of Texaco - Texaco With Techron". Archived from the original on 2013-07-08. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  5. Chevron fuel brands and stations on Chevron website (retr. 2022-6-11)
  6. 1 2 "About". Archived from the original on 2016-10-15. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  7. Gish, Elton N. "HISTORY of THE TEXAS COMPANY And PORT ARTHUR WORKS Refinery" . Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  8. "Texaco UK Station Locator". texaco.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
  9. Linsley, Judith; Rienstrad, Ellen; Stiles, Jo (2002). Giant Under the Hill, A History of the Spindletop Oil Discovery at Beaumont, Texas in 1901. Austin: Texas State Historical Association. pp. 188–195. ISBN   9780876112366.
  10. News of the Week: Union Oil of Delaware, Business Digest and Investment Weekly, Volume 26, Issue 5, Arthur Fremont Rider (editor), 1920, p. 95 (retrieved August 2, 2010 from Google Books)
  11. "History of Texaco | Texaco engine oils and lubricants". www.texacobaltic.eu. Archived from the original on 2019-02-02. Retrieved 2019-02-02.
  12. "Depend on the Gasoline Fire Engines Depend On! Texaco Fire Chief Super-Octane Gasoline," Albany Democrat-Herald, May 27, 1932, pg. 4. (Ad.)
  13. "U.S. Business Opens the Great New Barco Oil Fields in Colombia". LIFE. Vol. 7, no. 20. Time Inc. 1939-11-13. pp. 15ff. ISSN   0024-3019 . Retrieved 2013-07-24.
  14. Tierney, Dominic (2007). "American Men, American Oil, American Arms". FDR and the Spanish Civil War: neutrality and commitment in the struggle that divided America. Duke University Press. p. 68. ISBN   978-0822340768 . Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  15. Yergin, Daniel (1991). The Prize, The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power. New York: Touchstone. p. 299. ISBN   9780671799328.
  16. "‘Spain in Our Hearts,’ by Adam Hochschild," Book Review by Michael Kazin, New York Times, March 29, 2016.
  17. Tierney, Dominic (2007). FDR and the Spanish Civil War: neutrality and commitment in the struggle that divided America (in French). Duke University Press. p. 68. ISBN   978-0-8223-4076-8.
  18. Chomsky, Noam (2001). Understanding Power . The New Press. p.  159, Chapter 5 footnotes 61–64. ISBN   978-1-5658-4703-3.
  19. The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940-1945 pp56-57
  20. Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p.619
  21. Report by the Monopolies Commission on the Supply of Petrol to Retailers in the United Kingdom, 1965
  22. "Texaco Canada Inc". The Canadian Encyclopedia . March 7, 2014. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  23. Texaco: Service Stations, accessed November 23, 2006 Archived July 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  24. "News and Views: Regent become Texaco". Autocar . Vol. 127, no. 3746. November 30, 1967. p. 48.
  25. HRW, 1996: "II. History of the Military-Paramilitary Partnership"
  26. Richani, 2002: p.38
  27. Hristov, 2009: pp. 65-68
  28. Santina, Peter "Army of terror", Harvard International Review, Winter 1998/1999, Vol. 21, Issue 1
  29. "Texaco Inc. | American corporation". Encyclopædia Britannica. February 19, 2014. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
  30. "Largest corporate bankruptcies" (PDF). Bankruptcydata.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-04. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
  31. "Saudi-Texaco Joint Venture". The New York Times. January 3, 1989. p. 11. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  32. DeMONT, JOHN. "TEXACO CANADA SAYS GOODBYE | Maclean's | JANUARY 30, 1989". Maclean's | The Complete Archive. Archived from the original on 2021-12-23. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
  33. "Texaco Canada Inc | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
  34. "National Medal of Arts". National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on 2010-01-20. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  35. Forero, Juan (April 30, 2009). "Rain Forest Residents, Texaco Face Off In Ecuador". Morning Edition . NPR . Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  36. Mulligan, Thomas S.; Kraul, Chris (November 16, 1996). "Texaco Settles Race Bias Suit for $176 Million". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  37. 1 2 Aspects of the Refining/Marketing Joint Ventures of Shell Oil, Star Enterprises, and Texaco Archived 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine , Retrieved on June 10, 2009.
  38. Chevron agrees to boy Texaco on The New York Times
  39. "FTC Consent Agreement Allows the Merger of Chevron Corp. and Texaco Inc., Preserves Market Competition". Federal Trade Commission. 7 September 2001.
  40. "TEXACO INC.|Company Profile|Vault.com". Vault. Archived from the original on 2017-08-25. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
  41. "Shell to brand new U.S. gas stations". Houston Business Journal . February 8, 2002.
  42. Nerad, Jack (May 8, 2002). "Trust Your Car to the Man who Wears the... Shell". Driving Today. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
  43. "Refinería Panamá, entre rosas y espinas". Panamá América. February 17, 2003. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019.
  44. "ChevronTexaco Welcomes Back the Texaco Retail Brand in the U.S." (Press release). ChevronTexaco. Jul 1, 2004. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
  45. "Chevron Launches Texaco with Techron at Service Stations in U.S." (Press release). August 15, 2005. Archived from the original on October 26, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  46. "Delek Petroleum, Ltd". Delek Petroleum. Archived from the original on 2008-12-27.
  47. Abcede, Angel (December 7, 2009). "Eastern Withdrawal for Chevron". CSP Magazine. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
  48. 1 2 Brenner, Elsa (March 31, 2002). "Morgan Stanley Seals Deal on Texaco Headquarters". The New York Times . Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  49. "Contact Us". Texaco. Archived from the original on December 5, 1998. Retrieved April 16, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  50. McGrath, Charles (May 26, 2005). "A Lunch Club for the Higher-Ups". The New York Times . Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  51. "Texaco leaving Montoya, NASCAR at season's end". ESPN.com. 2008-08-19. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
  52. Craig Lowndes continues with Triple Eight Auto Action May 16, 2017
  53. Cross, Mary (2002). A Century of American Icons: 100 Products and Slogans from the 20th-Century Consumer Culture. Greenwood Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN   978-0313314810 . Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  54. Stephens, Beth (2002). "The Amorality of Profit: Transnational Corporations and Human Rights". Berkeley Journal of International Law. 20 (1): 45–90. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  55. "The 'Amazon Chernobyl' Disaster in Ecuador" (video). youtube.com. Dark Records. March 23, 2023.
  56. Olvera, Jennifer (July 3, 2008). "5 Things You Need to Know About Nickel-Metal-Hybrid Batteries". GreenCar.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009.
  57. "Stanford Ovshinsky : Amorphous semiconductor materials". Inventor of the Week. March 2000. Archived from the original on 2003-04-17.
  58. Roberson, J. (March 14, 2007) "Supplier Cobasys exploring more hybrid batteries" Archived 2010-12-05 at the Wayback Machine Detroit Free Press