Cobasys

Last updated

Cobasys LLC is an American automotive technology corporation. It supplies nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, battery control systems, and packaged solutions for automotive applications, uninterruptible power supplies, telecommunications applications, and distributed power generation. [1] For 8 years ending in 2009, Cobasys was a 50-50 joint venture between California-based Chevron Corporation and Michigan-based Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. (also called ECD Ovonics, ECD, or Ovonics) [2] [3] The intermediary hierarchy of ownership was that Cobasys LLC was owned by Chevron's subsidiary Chevron Technology Ventures LLC, and ECD Ovonics' subsidiary Ovonic Battery Company. [4] Cobasys spent $180 million in funding from Chevron Technology Ventures, and the two owners were unable to agree on further funding of the company. After arbitration between the owners had stalled, a buyer was found.

Contents

On July 14, 2009, the sale of Cobasys to SB LiMotive Co. Ltd., an electric vehicle battery joint venture between Samsung SDI Co. Ltd. and Robert Bosch GmbH, was announced. The joint venture ended in 2012, with Bosch taking full control of Cobasys.

Battelle-Geneva's pioneering work on NiMH, 1967

The pioneering work on NiMH batteries – essentially based on sintered Ti2Ni+TiNi+x alloys for the negative electrode and NiOOH-electrodes for the positives – was performed at the Battelle Geneva Research Center starting after its invention in 1967: The development work was sponsored over nearly two decades by Daimler-Benz Comp./Stuttgart and by Volkswagen AG. within the framework of Deutsche Automobilgesellschaft. The batteries showed high energy and power densities up to 50 Wh/kg, 1000 W/kg and a reasonable cycle life of 500 cycles. - Patent applications were filed in European countries (priority: Switzerland), USA and Japan and the patents transferred to Daimler-Benz Comp./Stuttgart. - Ref: Elektrode zur Speicherung und Aktivierung von Wasserstoff", K.D. Beccu, Battelle-Geneva, CH Priority Application No. 6333/67-Bb3/CH/2 - (2.05.1967), Patent: DE 2317505 C2 (18.10.73). Negative electrode of Ti-Ni alloy hydride phases, US patent US 3,669,745 (06/13,1972), inventor: K.D. Beccu, Ph.D., Battelle-Geneva R&D Center. See also NiMH batteries

The "invented NiMH variation" of Mr. Ovshinsky consisted in special alloys with disordered alloy structure and specific multicomponent alloy compositions. This variation made possible to increase the battery performance, i.e. the energy density, the cycle life and other characteristics.

History

ECD Ovonics, 1960

ECD Ovonics, half owner of Cobasys, was founded in 1960 by Stanford R. Ovshinsky, [5] a scientist and inventor, with his wife and collaborator Iris M. Ovshinsky. [6] [7] Mr. Ovshinsky invented a variation on the NiMH battery, and ECD Ovonics holds crucial patents on some types of NiMH battery technology, licensing them to all major NiMH battery producers. Among its many activities, it produces consumer-oriented NiMH batteries, while Cobasys focuses on higher-energy industrial applications. [4]

Ovonic Battery Company, 1982

Ovonic Battery Company (OBC) was formed in 1982 as a joint venture between ECD Ovonics and Detroit, Michigan-based American Natural Resources Company (ANR) to capitalize on the rechargeable NiMH batteries which Mr. Ovshinsky had invented. [3] [8] ANR had invested $23 million before backing out of the venture in 1995, at which point ECD Ovonics purchased ANR for $8 million in stock and notes, leaving OBC as a wholly owned subsidiary of ECD Ovonics. [8]

In the early 1980s OBC produced Ovonic NiMH batteries for the consumer market. [5] Until that time, Nickel Cadmium (NiCad) batteries dominated the consumer rechargeable battery market, but NiMH batteries were safer, and stored more energy in an equivalent size. It also began work with Hyundai Motor Company and an unnamed Japanese automaker on batteries for electric vehicles (EVs). [8] In 1992, OCB was awarded a contract by the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC), a consortium of US automakers, to develop EV batteries, and in 1993, their first EV NiMH battery pack was used in the Chrysler TE van, [5] which previously used Li-alloy/FeS batteries. [9]

GM Ovonic NiMH battery module GM Ovonic NiMH Battery Module 90 Ah.jpg
GM Ovonic NiMH battery module

GM Ovonic Battery, 1994

In 1994, Ovonic Battery Company formed a joint venture with General Motors (GM), called GM Ovonic Battery, to manufacture NiMH batteries for electric vehicles. [10] GM was given a 60% share of the venture, and provided operating capital, manufacturing capability, and management personnel, while OBC was given a 40% share, and provided patents, licenses, intellectual property, and engineering personnel. [11] Robert Stempel, who in 1992 concluded a 37-year career at GM, finishing as chairman and CEO, joined ECD Ovonics as an advisor in 1993, and has served as ECD Ovonics' chairman since 1995. [8]

This period was during the development of hybrid and electric vehicles by several automotive manufacturers [12] trying to comply with California's Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Program, which required 2% of new vehicles sold or leased in the state to be ZEVs by the 1998 model year, and 10% by the 2003 model year. [13] NiMH batteries were used in small production runs of EVs from Toyota, Honda, [12] DaimlerChrysler, and Ford in 1997, and GM in 1999. [14] In 1996, California pushed back its ZEV compliance requirement from 1998 to 2003, and required the sale of just 3,750 ZEVs between 1998 and 2001. [15] [16]

Texaco Ovonic Battery Systems, and Cobasys, 2000

In October 2000, Texaco Inc. announced it will buy GM's 60% share in GM Ovonics Battery Systems, adding to their existing 20% share in the company, [17] [18] [19] and restructure the joint venture as a 50-50 partnership with ECD Ovonics, renamed Texaco Ovonic Battery Systems LLC. [20] [21] Less than a week later, Texaco and Chevron Corporation announced a merger plan, [22] which was completed a year later as they became ChevronTexaco Corporation. [23]

In 2004 this joint venture was renamed Cobasys LLC. [24]

In addition to holding a 50% share of Cobasys, Chevron holds a 19.99% interest in ECD Ovonics. [25] Chevron maintains veto power over any sale or licensing of Cobasys' NiMH technology. [26] In addition, Chevron maintains the right to seize all of Cobasys' intellectual property rights in the event that ECD Ovonics does not fulfill its contractual obligations. [26] On September 10, 2007, Chevron filed a legal claim that ECD Ovonics has not fulfilled its obligations. ECD Ovonics disputes this claim. [27]

Two other 50/50 joint ventures between Texaco and EVD Ovonics were created shortly before and after Texaco's acquisition of GM's shares in what became Cobasys. One focused on regenerative fuel cell technology, the other on metal hydride hydrogen technology.

Texaco Ovonic Fuel Cell Company, LLC

In September 2000, Texaco Ovonic Fuel Cell Company, LLC was formed as a 50/50 joint venture between ECD Ovonics and Texaco Energy Systems, Inc. to develop and market Ovonic regenerative fuel cell technology. [28] It was later renamed ChevronTexaco Ovonic Fuel Cell Company. [29] In June 2003, ECD acquired Texaco Energy Systems' share for $1.00, effective December 31, 2002, and 100% ownership was assumed by ECD. The name was changed to Ovonic Fuel Cell Company LLC. [30]

Texaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems, LLC

In October 2000, Texaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems, LLC was formed as a 50/50 joint venture between ECD Ovonics and Texaco Energy Systems, Inc. to develop and market ECD's metal hydride hydrogen technology. [31] It was later renamed ChevronTexaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems. [29] In December 2004, ChevronTexaco's share in the venture was traded to ECD Ovonic in a deal that granted Cobasys an expansion of their NiMH battery technology licenses given by ECD Ovonics. [32] The now wholly owned subsidiary of ECD Ovonics was renamed Ovonic Hydrogen Systems LLC. [33]

Patent dispute with Panasonic EV Energy

Panasonic EV Energy (PEVE), a joint venture between Matsushita and Toyota begun in 1996, pioneered several advances in large-format NiMH batteries suitable for electric vehicles.

PEVE supplied higher-capacity (28–95 Ah) NiMH batteries for use in Toyota, Honda, and Ford battery electric vehicles (BEVs) that began production in 1997. [34] PEVE's lower capacity batteries powered the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) Toyota Prius, which was introduced in Japan in 1997, and sold 18,000 units in its first year of production, [35] as well as the first Honda Insight and, with Sanyo Electric Co, first generation Civic hybrid models. BEV production by major automakers ceased in the early 2000s, with most leased BEV vehicles crushed by their manufacturers, and replacement batteries unavailable for remaining vehicles.

A 2001 patent infringement lawsuit brought by ECD Ovonics and Ovonic Battery Company, Inc. against Matsushita, Toyota, and PEVE was settled in July 2004. Settlement terms called for cross-licensing between parties of current and future NiMH-related patents filed through December 31, 2014. The terms prevented Matushita, Toyota, and PEVE from selling certain NiMH batteries for transportation applications in North America until the second half of 2007, and commercial quantities of certain NiMH batteries in North America until the second half of 2010. Additionally, Ovonic Battery Co. and ECD Ovonics received a $10 million patent license fee, Cobasys received a $20 million patent license fee, $16 million of which was earmarked to reimburse legal expenses, and Cobasys would receive royalties on certain batteries sold by Matushita/PEVE in North America. [36]

Licensing terms were expanded in 2005, with PEVE granted further license to sell NiMH batteries for certain transportation applications in North America, in exchange for royalties paid to Cobasys through 2014. [37]

Sale and dissolution

According to SEC filings, ECD Ovonics and Cobasys hold 125 US patents related to NiMH battery technology. 13 of the patents, considered particularly important, were due to expire by 2014. [38]

Cobasys and A123Systems announced a partnership in 2007 to develop, manufacture, sell and service lithium-ion batteries for automotive applications. A123Systems will provide their proprietary nanophosphate lithium ion technology and manufacture the batteries, while Cobasys will act as the tier one supplier to the automotive industry, providing extensive development and integration services. [39]

Cobasys was contracted to provide NiMH battery systems for the GM's Saturn Vue Green Line SUV, GM's Saturn Aura Green Line sedan, and GM's Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid Sedan. [40] In 2009, GM discontinued the Saturn brand, ending the contract.

In March, 2007, Cobasys announced that they were exploring strategic alternatives to growth, engaging the services of financial advisors from UBS Investment Bank and Goldman, Sachs & Co. [41]

On July 14, 2009, the sale of Cobasys to SB LiMotive Co. Ltd., an electric vehicle battery joint venture between Samsung SDI Co. Ltd. and Robert Bosch GmbH, was announced. This joint venture was terminated in 2012, with Cobasys being folded into Bosch, with joint access of the partners to the 3000 or so patents held by it.

On February 14, 2012, the former Energy Conversion Devices Inc. operating subsidiary "Ovonic Battery Company" was acquired by BASF Corporation of Germany.

Criticisms

Large-format NiMH batteries may have been commercially viable and ready for mass production, but there have been claims that Chevron and other oil-related interests may have suppressed the technology. Presumably to forestall the introduction of battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids. [42]

On October 10, 2000, Texaco announced the purchase of GM's share in GM Ovonics, [17] [18] [19] and Chevron announced its acquisition of Texaco six days later. [22] [43] In 2003, Texaco Ovonics Battery Systems was restructured into Cobasys, a 50/50 joint venture between Chevron and Energy Conversion Devices (ECD) Ovonics. [44] Chevron's influence over Cobasys extended beyond a strict 50/50 joint venture, holding a 19.99% interest in ECD Ovonics. [45] In addition, Chevron maintained the right to seize all of Cobasys' intellectual property rights in the event that ECD Ovonics did not fulfill its contractual obligations. [26] On September 10, 2007, Chevron filed a legal claim that ECD Ovonics had not fulfilled its obligations. ECD Ovonics disputed this claim. [46] Since that time, the arbitration hearings were repeatedly suspended while the parties negotiated with an unknown prospective buyer. No agreement was reached with the potential buyer. [47] Cobasys's patents relating to NiMH batteries expired in 2015.

In her book, Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that Will Recharge America, published in February 2007, Sherry Boschert argues that large-format NiMH batteries are commercially viable but that Cobasys refuses to sell or license them to small companies or individuals. Boschert concludes that "it's possible that Cobasys (Chevron) is squelching all access to large NiMH batteries through its control of patent licenses in order to remove a competitor to gasoline. Or it's possible that Cobasys simply wants the market for itself and is waiting for a major automaker to start producing plug-in hybrids or electric vehicles." [48]

In an interview with The Economist, Stan Ovshinsky stated, "I think we at ECD we made a mistake of having a joint venture with an oil company, frankly speaking. And I think it’s not a good idea to go into business with somebody whose strategies would put you out of business, rather than building the business. [49] " In a later interview, however, when asked, "So it's your opinion that Cobasys is preventing other people from making it for that reason?", he responded "Cobasys is not preventing anybody. Cobasys just needs an infusion of cash.". [50] Cobasys CEO Tom Neslage refuted the financial criticisms, saying that Cobasys had been continuously funded since its 2001 founding, and Chevron's funding had totaled more than $350 million. [51]

In October 2007, International Acquisitions Services, Inc. and Innovative Transportation Systems AG filed suit against Cobasys and its parents for refusing to fill a large, previously agreed-upon order for large-format NiMH batteries to be used in the electric Innovan. [52]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nickel–metal hydride battery</span> Type of rechargeable battery

A nickel–metal hydride battery is a type of rechargeable battery. The chemical reaction at the positive electrode is similar to that of the nickel-cadmium cell (NiCd), with both using nickel oxide hydroxide (NiOOH). However, the negative electrodes use a hydrogen-absorbing alloy instead of cadmium. NiMH batteries can have two to three times the capacity of NiCd batteries of the same size, with significantly higher energy density, although only about half that of lithium-ion batteries.

Texaco, Inc. is an American oil brand owned and operated by Chevron Corporation. Its flagship product is its fuel "Texaco with Techron". It also owned the Havoline motor oil brand. Texaco was an independent company until its refining operations merged into Chevron in 2001, at which time most of its station franchises were divested to Shell plc through its American division.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rechargeable battery</span> Type of electrical battery

A rechargeable battery, storage battery, or secondary cell, is a type of electrical battery which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times, as opposed to a disposable or primary battery, which is supplied fully charged and discarded after use. It is composed of one or more electrochemical cells. The term "accumulator" is used as it accumulates and stores energy through a reversible electrochemical reaction. Rechargeable batteries are produced in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several different combinations of electrode materials and electrolytes are used, including lead–acid, zinc–air, nickel–cadmium (NiCd), nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), and lithium-ion polymer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Stempel</span> General Motors executive

Robert Carl Stempel was chairman and CEO of General Motors (GM) from August 1990 to November 1992. He joined GM in 1958 as a design engineer at Oldsmobile and was key in the development of the front-wheel drive Toronado. He was also involved with the team that created the first catalytic converter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">General Motors EV1</span> Subcompact electric car

The General Motors EV1 is a battery electric car produced by the American automaker General Motors from 1996 until its demise in 1999.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toyota RAV4 EV</span> All-electric compact crossover SUV

The Toyota RAV4 EV is an all-electric version of the popular RAV4 SUV produced by Toyota until 2014. Two generations of the EV model were sold in California, and to fleets elsewhere in the US, with a gap of almost ten years between them.

Global Hybrid Cooperation, formerly Advanced Hybrid System 2 (AHS2), is a set of hybrid vehicle technologies jointly developed by General Motors, Daimler, and Chrysler LLC, with BMW joining in 2005. It uses 2 or 3 planetary gearsets in an automatic transmission: one on the internal combustion engine (ICE) side paired with a second, forming the compound split, and possibly one third additional planetary gearset to multiply the number of fixed gear ratios. General Motors has stopped using the "AHS2" name as of 2006, preferring to call it simply a two-mode hybrid system.

Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD), also known as Toyota Hybrid System II, is the brand name of Toyota Motor Corporation for the hybrid car drive train technology used in vehicles with the Toyota and Lexus marques. First introduced on the Prius, the technology is an option on several other Toyota and Lexus vehicles and has been adapted for the electric drive system of the hydrogen-powered Mirai, and for a plug-in hybrid version of the Prius. Previously, Toyota also licensed its HSD technology to Nissan for use in its Nissan Altima Hybrid. Its parts supplier Aisin offers similar hybrid transmissions to other car companies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plug-in hybrid</span> Hybrid vehicle whose battery may be externally charged

A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) or simply plug-in hybrid is a type of hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a rechargeable battery pack that can be directly replenished via a charging cable plugged into an external electric power source, in addition to charging internally by its on-board internal combustion engine-powered generator. While PHEVs are predominantly passenger cars, there are also plug-in hybrid variants of sports cars, commercial vehicles, vans, utility trucks, buses, trains, motorcycles, mopeds, military vehicles and boats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chevrolet S-10 EV</span> Motor vehicle

The Chevrolet S-10 Electric was an American electric-powered vehicle built by Chevrolet. It was introduced in 1997, becoming the world's first electric pickup truck from the original manufacturer, updated in 1998, and then discontinued. It was an OEM BEV variant of Chevrolet's S-10 pickup truck. The S-10 Electric was solely powered by electricity (batteries) and was marketed primarily to utility fleet customers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stanford R. Ovshinsky</span> American engineer, scientist and inventor

Stanford Robert Ovshinsky was an American engineer, scientist and inventor who over a span of fifty years was granted well over 400 patents, mostly in the areas of energy and information. Many of his inventions have had wide-ranging applications. Among the most prominent are: the nickel-metal hydride battery, which has been widely used in laptop computers, digital cameras, cell phones, and electric and hybrid cars; flexible thin-film solar energy laminates and panels; flat panel liquid crystal displays; rewritable CD and DVD discs; hydrogen fuel cells; and nonvolatile phase-change memory.

Energy Conversion Devices (ECD) was an American photovoltaics manufacturer of thin-film solar cells made of amorphous silicon used in flexible laminates and in building-integrated photovoltaics. The company was also a manufacturer of rechargeable batteries and other renewable energy related products. ECD was headquartered in Rochester Hills, Michigan.

<i>Who Killed the Electric Car?</i> 2006 documentary film

Who Killed the Electric Car? is a 2006 American documentary film directed by Chris Paine that explores the creation, limited commercialization and subsequent destruction of the battery electric vehicle in the United States, specifically the General Motors EV1 of the mid-1990s. The film explores the roles of automobile manufacturers, the oil industry, the federal government of the United States, the California government, batteries, hydrogen vehicles and consumers in limiting the development and adoption of this technology.

Primearth EV Energy Co., Ltd. is a Japanese manufacturer of prismatic nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion battery packs for hybrid electric vehicles, located in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. PEVE's products had been solely based on NiMH until early 2011 when the company has started mass production of Li-ion battery.

Iris M. Ovshinsky was an American businesswoman and scientist, and the co-founder of Energy Conversion Devices with her husband Stanford R. Ovshinsky, serving as its Vice President from its founding in 1960 until her death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electric vehicle battery</span> Battery used to power the electric motors of a battery electric vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle

An electric vehicle battery is a rechargeable battery used to power the electric motors of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).

SB LiMotive was a 50:50 joint company of Bosch and Samsung SDI founded in June 2008. The joint venture developed and manufactured lithium-ion batteries for use in hybrid-, plug-in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles. It was officially ended in September 2012 with both companies focusing on automotive batteries alone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries</span> Conspiracy theory

The patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries refers to allegations that corporate interests have used the patent system to prevent the commercialization of nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery technology. Nickel metal hydride battery technology was considered important to the development of battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) before the technology for lithium-ion battery packs became a viable replacement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Criticism of Chevron</span> Overview of controversies involving Chevron Corporation

Chevron Corporation has been one of the most widely-criticized companies in the world, mostly stemming from its activities and involving climate change. Chevron's most widely-known scandal involves Texaco's activities in the Lago Agrio oil field, which Chevron is deemed responsible for due to its acquisition of Texaco in 2001. Chevron has been most widely criticized for its handling of litigation against it filed by residents of the Lago Agrio region, which included what activists see as the "jailing" of Lago Agrio lawyer Steven Donziger.

References

  1. ↑ Markets Served Archived January 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Cobasys. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  2. ↑ Cobabsys: Investors Archived January 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (Corporate website). Cobasys. Retrieved on 2007-08-07.
  3. 1 2 Roberson, J. Supplier Cobasys exploring more hybrid batteries. Archived 2010-12-05 at the Wayback Machine Detroit Free Press, 2007-03-14. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  4. 1 2 Ovonic Materials Division — NiMH Battery JV Overview Archived 2009-05-22 at the Wayback Machine ECD Ovonics. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  5. 1 2 3 ECD Ovonics History Archived 2007-09-04 at the Wayback Machine ECD Ovonics. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  6. ↑ ENER: Profile for Energy Conversion Devices. Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  7. ↑ Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. 2006 Proxy Statement Archived 2006-10-16 at the Wayback Machine . Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. 2006-10-16.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Energy Conversion Devices, Inc.: Information from Answers.com. Answers.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  9. ↑ Chilenskas, A. A., and G. Barlow. Li/FeS battery design for an electric van. (Abstract Only). Society of Automotive Engineers international congress and exposition; 27 Feb - 3 Mar 1989; Detroit, MI (USA); DOE Project; Technical Paper 890785. 1989. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  10. ↑ Texaco and ECD Restructure NiMH Battery Joint Venture - Texaco Ovonic, LLC Archived 2012-07-30 at archive.today (Press release). Cobabsys, 2000-10-12. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  11. ↑ Energy Conversion Devices Inc, 10-Q, For 3/31/97 (SEC Filing). SEC Info, 1997-05-14. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  12. 1 2 Honda EV Plus: The Dream of an Electric Vehicle(1988). Honda. Retrieved on 2007-08-07.
  13. ↑ Status Report on the California Air Resource Board's Zero Emission Vehicle Program Air Resource Board, California Environmental Protection Agency, 2007-04-20. Retrieved on 2007-08-07.
  14. ↑ Anderman, Menahem, Fritz R. Kalhammer, Donald MacArthur, The Year 2000 Battery Technology Advisory Panel. [o3.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/2000review/btapreport.doc Advanced Batteries for Electric Vehicles: An Assessment of Performance, Cost, and Availability (Draft) June 22, 2000] State of California Air Resources Board, 2000-06-22. Retrieved on 2007-08-07.
  15. ↑ Zero Emission Vehicle Study, January 2000 Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine Bureau of Air Quality, Maine Department of Environmental Protection, January, 2000. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  16. ↑ Fact Sheet: 2003 Zero Emission Vehicle Program Changes Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine State of California Air Resources Board, 2004-03-18. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  17. 1 2 Texaco To Acquire General Motor's Share of GM Ovonic Battery Joint Venture: Deal Reflects Technology's Potential For Broad Energy Applications Archived 2012-07-24 at archive.today . (Press release). Cobabsys, 2000-10-10. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  18. 1 2 "GM will sell its 60% stake in battery maker to Texaco". 23 October 2000.
  19. 1 2 "Electric Vehicles UK".
  20. ↑ Texaco and ECD Restructure NiMH Battery Joint Venture - Texaco Ovonic, LLC Archived 2012-07-30 at archive.today (Press release). Cobabsys, 2000-10-12. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  21. ↑ Texaco Ovonic Battery Systems to Build New Plant in Ohio Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine (Press release). Chevron, 2002-10-29.
  22. 1 2 Chevron and Texaco Agree to $100 Billion Merger Creating Top-tier Integrated Energy Company Archived 2009-05-20 at the Portuguese Web Archive Texaco Investor Relations Archive, 2000-10-16. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  23. ↑ ChevronTexaco Corporation Announce Completion of Merger Archived 2009-05-20 at the Portuguese Web Archive. Texaco Investor Relations Archive, 2001-10-09. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  24. ↑ We have changed our name to COBASYS Archived 2012-07-23 at archive.today . (Press release). Cobabsys, 2004-03-15. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  25. ↑ ECD Ovonics Definitive Proxy Statement Archived April 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine of January 15, 2003
  26. 1 2 3 ECD Ovonics Amended General Statement of Beneficial Ownership Archived July 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine of December 2, 2004
  27. ↑ ECD Ovonics 10-Q Quarterly Report Archived May 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine for the period ending September 30, 2007
  28. ↑ Texaco and Energy Conversion Devices Inc. Form Fuel Cell Joint Venture Archived 2009-05-20 at the Portuguese Web Archive (Press release). Texaco Investor Relations Archive, 2000-09-21. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  29. 1 2 Energy Conversion Devices Inc, DEF 14A, For 1/18/02, EX-99 (SEC Filing). SECInfo.com, 2002-01-18. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  30. ↑ The (De-)Construction Site: M&A Activity Power Currents, Vol. 1, Issues 6-8, June–August 2003. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  31. ↑ Texaco and Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. Form Hydrogen Storage Joint Venture Archived 2005-05-07 at archive.today (Press release). Ovonic Hydrogen Solutions, 2000-10-31. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  32. ↑ ECD Announces Expansion of NiMH Battery License to Cobasys and Restructuring of Relationship with ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures Archived 2006-10-25 at the Wayback Machine (Press release). ECD Ovonics, 2004-12-03. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  33. ↑ Our Company: Welcome to Ovonic Hydrogen Systems Archived 2006-03-21 at archive.today . (Corporate website). Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  34. ↑ Panasonic EV Energy Co., Ltd.: News Archived 2007-08-10 at the Wayback Machine (Corporate website). Panasonic EV Energy Co., Ltd. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  35. ↑ Timeline: Life & Death of the Electric Car PBS NOW, 2006-06-09. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  36. ↑ US SEC Form 8-K, Energy Conversion Devices, Inc., July 7, 2004 Archived July 17, 2004, at the Wayback Machine . (SEC filing). ECD Ovonics, 2004-07-07. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  37. ↑ Cobasys and Panasonic Expand Relationship for NiMH Batteries Archived 2012-07-29 at archive.today (Press release). Cobasys, 2005-07-06. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  38. ↑ "ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES INC, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Sep 13, 2005". secdatabase.com. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
  39. ↑ Cobasys and A123Systems Announce Partnership to Develop Lithium Ion Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Systems Archived 2013-01-19 at archive.today (Press release). Cobasys, 2007-01-03. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  40. ↑ Cobasys Confirms Production Contract for 2008 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid Sedan Archived 2012-07-24 at archive.today Cobasys, 2007-03-13. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  41. ↑ Cobasys to Explore Alternatives to Support Growth Strategy Archived 2013-01-19 at archive.today Cobasys, 2007-03-14. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
  42. ↑ Boschert, S. Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that Will Recharge America Archived 2011-02-06 at the Wayback Machine Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2007. ISBN   978-0-86571-571-4.
  43. ↑ "ChevronTexaco Corporation Announces Completion of Merger | Chevron Corporation".
  44. ↑ Roberson, J. (March 14, 2007) "Supplier Cobasys exploring more hybrid batteries" Archived 2010-12-05 at the Wayback Machine Detroit Free Press
  45. ↑ ECD Ovonics Definitive Proxy Statement Archived 2012-04-19 at the Wayback Machine of January 15, 2003
  46. ↑ ECD Ovonics 10-Q Quarterly Report Archived 2009-05-24 at the Wayback Machine for the period ending September 30, 2007
  47. ↑ ECD Ovonics 10-Q Quarterly Report Archived 2009-07-28 at the Wayback Machine for the period ending March 31, 2008
  48. ↑ Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that Will Recharge America Archived 2011-02-06 at the Wayback Machine (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers) ISBN   978-0-86571-571-4
  49. ↑ "The Energy Roadmap - the Edison of our Age: Stan Ovshinsky and the Future of Energy [Video Interview Part 1]". Archived from the original on 2017-11-27. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
  50. ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine : Stanford Ovshinsky Interview, Part 2. YouTube .
  51. ↑ Neslage, Tom (August 10, 2008). "Cobasys CEO Defends His Battery Company" (Interview). Archived from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
  52. ↑ ECD Ovonics 10-Q Quarterly Report Archived July 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine for the period ending March 31, 2008
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.