Jessica Tandy

Last updated

Jessica Tandy
Jessica Tandy Publicity Photo.jpg
Tandy, c.1950s
Born
Jessie Alice Tandy

(1909-06-07)7 June 1909
Stoke Newington, London, England
Died11 September 1994(1994-09-11) (aged 85)
Citizenship
  • United Kingdom
  • United States (from 1952)
OccupationActress
Years active1927–1994
Spouses
(m. 1932;div. 1940)
(m. 1942)
Children3

Jessie Alice Tandy (7 June 1909 – 11 September 1994) was a British actress. She appeared in over 100 stage productions and had more than 60 roles in film and TV, receiving an Academy Award, four Tony Awards, a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Primetime Emmy Award. She won a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for playing Blanche DuBois in the original Broadway production of A Streetcar Named Desire in 1948, also winning for The Gin Game and Foxfire . Her films included Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds , Cocoon , Fried Green Tomatoes , and Nobody's Fool. At 80, she became the oldest actress to win the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in Driving Miss Daisy .

Contents

Early life

The youngest of three siblings, Tandy was born in Geldeston Road in Hackney, London, to Harry Tandy and his wife, Jessie Helen Horspool. [1] Her mother was from a large fenland family in Wisbech, Cambridgeshire, and the head of a school for mentally handicapped children, and her father was a travelling salesman for a rope manufacturer. [2] She was educated at Dame Alice Owen's School in Islington.

Her father died when she was 12, and her mother subsequently taught evening courses to earn an income. Her brother Edward was later a prisoner of war of the Japanese in Asia. [3]

Career

Tandy (left, with Kim Hunter and Marlon Brando) portrayed Blanche in the original 1947 Broadway production of A Streetcar Named Desire, a role that earned her the 1948 Tony Award for Best Actress. Jessica Tandy with Kim Hunter and Marlon Brando. cph.3b23243.jpg
Tandy (left, with Kim Hunter and Marlon Brando) portrayed Blanche in the original 1947 Broadway production of A Streetcar Named Desire , a role that earned her the 1948 Tony Award for Best Actress.

Tandy was 18 years old when she made her professional debut on the London stage in 1927. During the 1930s, she acted in many plays in London's West End, playing Ophelia (opposite John Gielgud's legendary Hamlet) and Katherine (opposite Laurence Olivier's Henry V). [4]

She entered films in Britain, but after her marriage to Jack Hawkins failed, she moved to the United States hoping to find better roles. During her time as a leading actress on the stage in London, she often had to fight over roles with her two rivals, Peggy Ashcroft and Celia Johnson. [5] In the following years, she played supporting roles in several Hollywood films.

Like many stage actors, Tandy also worked in radio. Among other programs, she was a regular on Mandrake the Magician [6] (as Princess Narda), and then with her second husband Hume Cronyn in The Marriage [7] which ran on radio from 1953 to 1954, and then segued onto television.

She made her American film debut in The Seventh Cross (1944, appearing alongside Cronyn). She had supporting appearances in The Valley of Decision (1945), The Green Years (1946, as Cronyn's daughter), Dragonwyck (1946) starring Gene Tierney and Vincent Price and Forever Amber (1947). She appeared as the insomniac murderess in A Woman's Vengeance (1948), a film noir adapted by Aldous Huxley from his short story "The Gioconda Smile".

Over the next three decades, her film career continued sporadically while she found better roles on the stage. Her roles during this time included The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel (1951) opposite James Mason, The Light in the Forest (1958), and a role as a domineering mother in Alfred Hitchcock's film The Birds (1963).

Tandy in Alfred Hitchcock Presents "The Glass Eye" (1957) Jessica Tandy The Glass Eye Hitchcock 1957.JPG
Tandy in Alfred Hitchcock Presents "The Glass Eye" (1957)

On Broadway, she won a Tony Award for her performance as Blanche Dubois in the original Broadway production of A Streetcar Named Desire in 1948. After this (she lost the film role to actress Vivien Leigh), she concentrated on the stage. In 1976, she and Cronyn joined the acting company of the Stratford Festival, and returned in 1980 to debut Cronyn's play Foxfire. [8] [9] In 1977, she earned her second Tony Award, for her performance (with Cronyn) in The Gin Game and her third Tony in 1982 for her performance, again with Cronyn, in Foxfire.

The beginning of the 1980s saw a resurgence in her film career, with character roles in The World According to Garp (with Cronyn), Best Friends , Still of the Night (all 1982) and The Bostonians (1984). She and Cronyn were now working together more regularly on stage and television, including the films Honky Tonk Freeway (1981), Cocoon (1985), *batteries not included (1987), Cocoon: The Return (1988), and the Emmy Award winning television film Foxfire (1987, recreating her Tony winning Broadway role).

However, it was her colourful performance in Driving Miss Daisy (1989), as an aging, stubborn Southern Jewish matron, that earned her an Oscar. [10]

She received a Best Supporting Actress nomination for her work in the grassroots hit Fried Green Tomatoes (1991) and co-starred in The Story Lady (1991 TV film, with her daughter Tandy Cronyn), Used People (1992, as Shirley MacLaine's mother), television film To Dance with the White Dog (1993, with Cronyn), and Camilla (1994, with Cronyn). Nobody's Fool (1994) proved to be her last performance, at the age of 84.

Personal life and death

Tandy and Hume Cronyn, 1988 Jessica Tandy & Hume Cronyn.jpg
Tandy and Hume Cronyn, 1988

In 1932 Tandy married English actor Jack Hawkins and together they had a daughter, Susan Hawkins. [11] Susan became an actress and was the daughter-in-law of John Moynihan Tettemer, a former Passionist monk who authored I Was a Monk: The Autobiography of John Tettemer, and was cast in small roles in Lost Horizon and Meet John Doe . [12]

Tandy and Hawkins divorced in 1940. She married Canadian actor Hume Cronyn in 1942. [11] Prior to moving to Connecticut, she and Cronyn lived for many years in nearby Pound Ridge, New York, and they remained together until her death in 1994. They had two children, daughter Tandy Cronyn, an actress who co-starred with her mother in the TV film The Story Lady, and son Christopher Cronyn. Tandy became a naturalized citizen of the US in 1952.

In 1990, Tandy was diagnosed with ovarian cancer, and she also suffered from angina and glaucoma. Despite her illnesses and advancing age she continued working. On September 11, 1994, she died at home in Easton, Connecticut, at the age of 85. [4] [13] [14]

Work

US stage credits

YearTitleRoleNotes
1930 The Matriarch Toni Rakonitz
1930 The Last Enemy Cynthia Perry
1938 Time and the Conways Kay
1939 The White Steed Nora Fintry
1940 Geneva Deaconess
1940 Jupiter Laughs Dr. Mary Murray
1941Anne of EnglandAbigail Hill
1942Yesterday's MagicDaughter Cattrin
1947 A Streetcar Named Desire Blanche DuBois Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play
1950Hilda CraneHilda Crane
1951Madam, Will You WalkMary Doyle
1951 The Fourposter Agnes
1955The Man in the Dog SuitMartha Walling
1955 The Honeys Mary
1959Triple PlayIn Bedtime Story: Angela Nightingale
In Portrait of a Madonna : Miss Lucretia Collins
In A Pound on Demand : The Public
1959 Five Finger Exercise Louise Harrington
1964 The Physicists Fraulein Doktor Mathilde von Zahnd
1966 A Delicate Balance Agnes
1970 Camino Real Marguerite Gautier
1970 Home Marjorie
1971All OverThe Wife
1972 Not I [15] Mouth Obie Award for Best Actress
1974Noël Coward in Two KeysIn A Song at Twilight : Hilde Latymer
In Come Into the Garden, Maud : Anna Mary Conklin
1977 The Gin Game Fonsia Dorsey Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play
1981RoseMotherNominated—Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play
Nominated—Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play
1982 Foxfire Annie Nations Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play
1983 The Glass Menagerie Amanda Wingfield
1986The PetitionLady Elizabeth MilneNominated—Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play

Film

YearTitleRoleNotes
1932 The Indiscretions of Eve Maid
1938 Murder in the Family Ann Osborne
1944 The Seventh Cross Liesel Roeder
1944 Blonde Fever Diner at InnUncredited
1945 The Valley of Decision Louise Kane
1946 The Green Years Kate Leckie
1946 Dragonwyck Peggy O'Malley
1947 Forever Amber Nan Britton
1948 A Woman's Vengeance Janet Spence
1950 September Affair Catherine Lawrence
1951 The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel Frau Lucie Maria Rommel
1958 The Light in the Forest Myra Butler
1962 Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man Helen AdamsNominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
1963 The Birds Lydia Brenner
1976 Butley Edna Shaft
1981 Honky Tonk Freeway Carol
1982 The World According to Garp Mrs. Fields
1982 Still of the Night Grace Rice
1982 Best Friends Eleanor McCullen
1984 The Bostonians Miss Birdseye
1984 Terror in the Aisles HerselfArchival footage
1985 Cocoon Alma FinleyNominated—Saturn Award for Best Actress
1987 *batteries not included Faye Riley Saturn Award for Best Actress
1988 The House on Carroll Street Miss Venable
1988 Cocoon: The Return Alma FinleyNominated—Saturn Award for Best Actress
1989 Driving Miss Daisy Daisy Werthan Academy Award for Best Actress
BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role
Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress
David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress
Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress
Silver Bear for the Best Joint Performance (with Morgan Freeman) [16]
Nominated—American Comedy Award for Funniest Actress in a Motion Picture
Nominated—National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress
Nominated—New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress
1991 Fried Green Tomatoes Ninny ThreadgoodeNominated—Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
Nominated—American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Nominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
1992 Used People Freida
1994A Century of CinemaHerselfDocumentary
1994 Camilla Camilla CaraReleased posthumously
1994 Nobody's Fool Beryl PeoplesReleased posthumously (final film role)

Television

YearTitleRoleNotes
1948 Actors Studio Miss Lucretia CollinsEpisode: "Portrait of a Madonna"
1950 Masterpiece Playhouse HeddaEpisode: "Hedda Gabler"
1951 Lights Out Episode: "Bird of Time"
1951 Somerset Maugham TV Theatre Episode: "The Man from Glasgow"
1951 Prudential Family Playhouse Jane CrosbyEpisode: "Icebound"
1951 Betty Crocker Star Matinee Episode: "The Weak Spot"
1951–1957 Studio One Various2 episodes
1953–1956 Omnibus Various5 episodes
1954 The Marriage Liz Marriott8 episodes
1955 Producers' Showcase AgnesEpisode: "The Fourposter"
Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie
1955 The Philco Television Playhouse Liz MarriottEpisode: "Christmas 'til Closing"
1955–1956 Goodyear Television Playhouse Various2 episodes
1956 The United States Steel Hour Alice WiggimsEpisode: "The Great Adventure"
1956 Star Stage Episode: "The School Mistress"
1956 The Alcoa Hour Olivia CrummitEpisode: "The Confidence Man"
1956 General Electric Theater Laura WhitemoreEpisode: "The Pot of Gold"
1956 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Edwina FreelSeason 2 Episode 6: "Toby"
1957 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Julia LesterSeason 3 Episode 1: "The Glass Eye"
1957 Studio 57 Miss BedfordEpisode: "Little Miss Bedford"
1957 Suspicion Episode: "Murder Me Gently"
1957–1958 Schlitz Playhouse of Stars Various2 episodes
1958 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Laura BowlbySeason 3 Episode 37: "The Canary Sedan"
1958 Telephone Time Bertha KinskyEpisode: "War Against War"
1959 The Ed Sullivan Show The PublicEpisode #12.34
1959 DuPont Show of the Month Mrs. BainesEpisode: "The Fallen Idol"
1959 The Moon and Sixpence Blanche StroeveTelevision movie
1964 Breaking Point Roberta DuncanEpisode: "Glass Flowers Never Drop Petals"
1968 Judd, for the Defense Helen WisterEpisode: "Punishments, Cruel and Unusual"
1972 O'Hara, U.S. Treasury GenevieveEpisode: "Operation: Dorias"
1972 The F.B.I. Ardyth NolanEpisode: "The Set-Up"
1972 Norman Corwin Presents Episode: "A Foreign Field"
1975 Bicentennial Minutes HerselfEpisode #1.424
1981 The Gin Game Fonsia DorseyTelevision movie
1987 Foxfire Annie NationsTelevision movie
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie
1991The Story LadyGrace McQueenTelevision movie
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film
1993 To Dance with the White Dog Cora PeekTelevision movie
Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie

Re-issued on DVD as The Christmas Story Lady

Other awards

Tandy was chosen by People magazine as one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the world in 1990. [17]

Related Research Articles

<i>A Streetcar Named Desire</i> 1947 play by Tennessee Williams

A Streetcar Named Desire is a play written by Tennessee Williams and first performed on Broadway on December 3, 1947. The play dramatizes the experiences of Blanche DuBois, a former Southern belle who, after encountering a series of personal losses, leaves her once-prosperous situation to move into a shabby apartment in New Orleans rented by her younger sister Stella and brother-in-law Stanley.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Susan Cooper</span> English fantasy writer

Susan Mary Cooper is an English author of children's books. She is best known for The Dark Is Rising, a contemporary fantasy series set in England and Wales, which incorporates British mythology such as the Arthurian legends and Welsh folk heroes. For that work, in 2012 she won the lifetime Margaret A. Edwards Award from the American Library Association, recognizing her contribution to writing for teens. In the 1970s two of the five novels were named the year's best English-language book with an "authentic Welsh background" by the Welsh Books Council. In 2024, the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association named her the 40th Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master in recognition of her significant contributions to the literature of science fiction and fantasy. 

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hume Cronyn</span> Canadian actor and writer (1911–2003)

Hume Blake Cronyn Jr. was a Canadian-American actor and writer. He appeared in many stage productions, television and film roles throughout his career, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Seventh Cross (1944).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joan Plowright</span> British actress (born 1929)

Joan Ann Plowright, Baroness Olivier,, professionally known as Dame Joan Plowright, is a British actress whose career spanned over six decades. She has won two Golden Globe Awards and a Tony Award and has been nominated for an Academy Award, an Emmy and two BAFTA Awards. She was the second of only four actresses to have won two Golden Globes in the same year. She won the Laurence Olivier Award for Actress of the Year in a New Play in 1978 for Filumena.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary-Louise Parker</span> American actress (born 1964)

Mary-Louise Parker is an American actress. After making her Broadway debut as Rita in Craig Lucas' Prelude to a Kiss in 1990, Parker came to prominence for film roles in Grand Canyon (1991), Fried Green Tomatoes (1991), The Client (1994), Bullets over Broadway (1994), A Place for Annie (1994), Boys on the Side (1995), The Portrait of a Lady (1996), and The Maker (1997). Among stage and independent film appearances thereafter, Parker received the 2001 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her portrayal of Catherine Llewellyn in David Auburn's Proof, among other accolades. Between 2001 and 2006, she recurred as Amy Gardner in the NBC television series The West Wing, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2002. She received both a Golden Globe and a Primetime Emmy Award for her portrayal of Harper Pitt in the acclaimed HBO television miniseries Angels in America in 2003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maureen Stapleton</span> American actress (1925–2006)

Lois Maureen Stapleton was an American actress. She received numerous accolades becoming one of the few actors to have achieved the Triple Crown of Acting winning an Academy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award and two Tony Awards. She has also received a British Academy Film Award and a Golden Globe Award, as well as a nomination for a Grammy Award.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Keith Carradine</span> American actor (born 1949)

Keith Ian Carradine is an American actor. In film he is known for his roles as Tom Frank in Robert Altman's Nashville, E. J. Bellocq in Louis Malle's Pretty Baby, and Mickey in Alan Rudolph's Choose Me. On television he is known for his roles as Wild Bill Hickok on the HBO series Deadwood, FBI agent Frank Lundy on the Showtime series Dexter, Lou Solverson in the first season of FX's Fargo, Penny's father Wyatt on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory, and U.S. President Conrad Dalton on the CBS political drama Madam Secretary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfred Uhry</span> American playwright and screenwriter (born 1936)

Alfred Fox Uhry is an American playwright and screenwriter. He has received an Academy Award, two Tony Awards and the 1988 Pulitzer Prize for dramatic writing for Driving Miss Daisy. He is a member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers.

To Dance with the White Dog is a 1990 novel by Georgia author Terry Kay, based on the experiences of his father.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frances Sternhagen</span> American actress (1930–2023)

Frances Hussey Sternhagen was an American actress. She was known as a character actress who appeared on- and off-Broadway, in movies, and on television for over six decades. Sternhagen received numerous accolades including two Tony Awards, a Drama Desk Award and a Saturn Award, as well as nominations for three Primetime Emmy Awards.

<i>Hilda Crane</i> 1956 film by Philip Dunne

Hilda Crane is a 1956 American drama film made by 20th Century Fox. It was directed by Philip Dunne and produced by Herbert B. Swope Jr. from a screenplay adapted by Dunne from the play by Samson Raphaelson. The music score was by David Raksin and the cinematography by Joseph MacDonald. The film was made in Technicolor and Cinemascope.

The Gin Game is a two-person, two-act play by Donald L. Coburn that premiered at American Theater Arts in Hollywood in September 1976, directed by Kip Niven. It was Coburn's first play, and the theater's first production. The play won the 1978 Pulitzer Prize for Drama.

<i>The Fourposter</i> Play written by Jan de Hartog

The Fourposter is a play written by Jan de Hartog. The two-character story spans 35 years, from 1890 to 1925, as it focuses on the trials and tribulations, laughters and sorrows, and hopes and disappointments experienced by Agnes and Michael throughout their marriage. The set consists solely of their bedroom, dominated by the large, fourposter bed in the centre of the room. Among the couple's milestones are the consummation of their marriage, the birth of their first child, Michael's success as a writer, his extramarital affair, their daughter's wedding, and their preparations to move to smaller quarters and pass their home on to another newlywed couple.

Eliot Wigginton is an American oral historian, folklorist, writer and former educator. He is most widely known for developing with his high school students the Foxfire Project, a writing project consisting of interviews and stories about Appalachia. The project was developed into a magazine and series of best-selling Foxfire books. The series comprised essays and articles by high school students from Rabun County, Georgia focusing on Appalachian culture. In 1987, Wigginton was named "Georgia Teacher of the Year," and in 1989, he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.

<i>The Green Years</i> (film) 1946 film by Victor Saville

The Green Years is a 1946 American drama film directed by Victor Saville and featuring Charles Coburn, Tom Drake, Beverly Tyler and Hume Cronyn. It was adapted by Robert Ardrey and Sonya Levien from A. J. Cronin's 1944 novel of the same name. It tells the story of the coming-of-age of an Irish orphan in Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">48th Tony Awards</span> 1994 awards ceremony

The 48th Annual Tony Awards was broadcast by CBS from the Gershwin Theatre on June 12, 1994. The hosts were Sir Anthony Hopkins and Amy Irving.

Foxfire is a play with songs, book by Susan Cooper, Hume Cronyn, music by Jonathan Brielle (Holtzman) and lyrics by Susan Cooper, Hume Cronyn, and Jonathan Brielle. The show was based on the Foxfire books, about Appalachian culture and traditions in north Georgia and the struggle to keep the traditions alive.

Foxfire is an American drama television film that premiered on CBS on December 13, 1987, as part of the Hallmark Hall of Fame anthology series. It is directed by Jud Taylor from a teleplay by Susan Cooper, based on the play of the same name by Cooper and Hume Cronyn. The film stars Jessica Tandy, Cronyn, and John Denver, with Tandy and Cronyn both reprising their roles from the 1982 Broadway production.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arie Carpenter</span>

Aunt Arie Carpenter (1885-1978) was a resident of Macon County, North Carolina, in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. She was interviewed for the Foxfire Book published in 1972, through which she became known to thousands of readers. High school students interviewed her and reproduced her stories and skills of living in the Foxfire oral history-based books.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doreen Hawkins</span> English actress

Doreen Mary Beadle, also known as Doreen Lawrence and by her married name Doreen Hawkins, was a British actress.

References

  1. Jessica Tandy's family to unveil plaque to commemorate star's Hackney birthplace 19 November 1998 [ permanent dead link ]; accessed 10 May 2007
  2. "The Academy Awards: A Look At Jessica Tandy". Oxford University Press. February 2007.
  3. Kelly, Terence (1977). Living with Japanese. Kellan Press. p. 136. ISBN   978-0-9530-1930-4.
  4. 1 2 Berger, Marilyn (12 September 1994). "Jessica Tandy, a Patrician Star Of Theater and Film, Dies at 85" . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  5. "At Home with Cronyn and Tandy" . The New York Times. 26 May 1994. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  6. Cronyn, Hume (1991). Terrible Liar: A Memoir. New York: William Morrow. p.  159. ISBN   978-0-6881-2844-9.
  7. Cronyn 1991, pp.  253–54.
  8. "Jessica Tandy acting credits". Stratford Festival Archives. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  9. Blackadar, Bruce (10 May 1980). "Hume Cronyn turns playwright with Foxfire". Toronto Star . p. F1.
  10. "Miss Daisy, Jessica Tandy Win Top Oscars". Chicago Tribune . 27 March 1990. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  11. 1 2 Champlin, Charles (18 June 1995). "Life After Jessie: For 52 years, Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy shared the love story of the century. Her death last year devastated him, but his love lives on". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  12. "John Tettemer". American Film Institute Catalog. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  13. Shipman, David (12 September 1994). "Obituary: Jessica Tandy" . The Independent . London. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  14. "From the Archives: Jessica Tandy, Star of Stage, Screen and TV, Dies at 85". Los Angeles Times. 12 September 1994. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  15. Wickstrom, Gordon M. (March 1973). "Theatre in Review" . Educational Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 102–104. JSTOR   3205842.
  16. "Berlinale: 1990 Prize Winners". Berlin International Film Festival . Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  17. "Beautiful Through the Years". People . Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  18. "Notes for Jessica Tandy". Turner Classic Movies . Accessed 11 July 2016.
  19. "Past Recipients: Crystal Award". Women In Film. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.